Mavambo eHuari kana Wari tsika, maitiro uye nezvimwe

Budiriro iyi yakavaka zvivakwa zvakawanda zvikuru. Akavaka nzvimbo dzehurumende munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana. Akagadzirawo hurongwa hwemateru kuti huwedzere goho rekurima. The Huari culture akaisa nheyo apo umambo hweInca hwakavakwa.

HUARI CULTURE

Huari Culture

Iyo Huari kana Wari tsika yakagadziridzwa panguva yepre-Inca nguva yeMiddle Horizon. Inoonekwa muzana ramakore rechitanhatu AD munharaunda yeAyacucho, iri mumakomo eAndes kumaodzanyemba kwePeru yanhasi. Zita rayo guru riri pedyo neguta remazuva ano reAyacucho, Peru. Kuwedzera kwetsika iyi kwaive kwekutanga kumahombekombe, kwakananga kunzvimbo yakakosha yechitendero yePachacamac, inoita kunge yakachengetedza kuzvitonga kwakasimba.

Gare gare, maHuari akapararira kuchamhembe achipinda munyika dzechinyakare cheMoche tsika, uko budiriro yeChimu yaizosimudzira. Pakureba kwayo, tsika yeHuari yakapararira kumahombekombe uye nepamusoro pepakati pePeru. Iwo akanakisa akachengetedzwa emhando dzeHuari tsika anoramba ari padyo neguta reQuinua. Anozivikanwa zvakaenzana matongo eHuari ePiquillacta ("guta renhata"), chinhambwe chipfupi kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweCuzco akananga kuLake Titicaca, iyo yakatangira kutonga kweIncas.

Historia

Munguva yeMiddle Horizon, makore akapoteredza XNUMX AD, tsika mbiri dzakamuka munzvimbo dzakakwirira dzeAndean uye nzvimbo yegungwa rePacific, dzichikunda humambo huripo: tsika yeHuari uye tsika yeTiahuanaco. Iyo tsika yeHuari yakanangana nemauto yakakura kubva mutsika yeRecuay uye yakakunda Nazca, Mochica, Huarpa, nedzimwe nzvimbo diki dzetsika. Iro zita retsika rinobva pazita renzvimbo, Huari, muzinda wezvematongerwo enyika uye wemadhorobha ehumambo, anenge makiromita makumi maviri neshanu kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweguta razvino reAyacucho kumaodzanyemba kwePeru.

VaHuari vakanga vari, kweinenge hafu yezana remakore uye zvichida kupfuura, vakararama panguva yeTiahuanaco budiriro yakasimudzirwa pakakwirira yeBolivia, pamhenderekedzo yeLake Titicaca. Vanochera matongo vanowana zvakawanda zvakafanana pakati petsika mbiri idzi kunyanya mune zvehunyanzvi. Zvinogonekawo kuti magariro maviri aya akarwisana pamusoro pemigodhi iri pamiganhu yenzvimbo dzavo dzesimba. VaHuari vanoita kunge vapedzwa simba nemakwikwi aya.

VaHuari vakanga vari vavaki vakuru: vakavamba maguta mumapurovhinzi anoverengeka, vakagadzira gadziriro yokurima yemateru kuti vawedzere goho rokurima munzvimbo dzine makomo, uye vakaita migwagwa yakawanda iyo vaInca vaizobatanidza gare gare mugadziriro yavo yekurukurirano. VaInca, avo vakabuda mazana matatu emakore mushure mekunyangarika kwevaHuari, vanowanzoonekwa sevadyi venhaka yebudiriro iyi uye yeTiahuanacos.

HUARI CULTURE

Huari Tiahuanaco Culture

MuAyacucho, tsika yeHuarpa yaive nechigaro chayo, icho chaichengeta hukama hukuru hwekutengeserana nebudiriro yeNazca. Nokudaro kuwana kufambira mberi kwakakosha mukugadzirwa kwemabasa emaoko muguta. Kuvapo kwetsika yeTiahuanaco muAyacucho kunopupurirwa nekumiririrwa kwamwari akanyorwa pa "Puerta del Sol".

Ichi chifananidzo, sengirozi dzinoperekedza, inodhirowewa pama urns makuru kubva kuAyacucho, iyo yatinoziva seye conchopata maitiro, nekuti iyi maitiro anobva munzvimbo ino. Conchopata rakanga risiri guta rakakura, asi rakatambanudzira pamusoro penzvimbo yakakura, pasina kusanganisa huwandu hwevanhu.

Muchirevo chechinyorwa ichi, hutsika hweHuari hwakatanga kubva kuHuarpa hutsika, pakati pe560 ne600. Kuvandudzwa kweceramics yemhemberero yakagamuchira zita raRobles Moqo yakaonekwa, ichipararira kune imwe nzvimbo yakakura, kusanganisira nzvimbo dzeAyacucho, Ica, Nazca, the Santa Valley uye mhiri kwegomo kuenda kuCallejón de Huaylas.

Uku kuwedzera kwekutanga kunoratidza chikamu chekutanga chesimba reTiahuanaco-Huari tsika. Mubudiriro iyi, akakwenenzverwa epolychrome ceramics, machira epolychrome, zvivezwa zvidiki zveturquoise, zvishongo nemabasa akasiyana ehunyanzvi nehunyanzvi akagadzirwa.

Conchopata iri makiromita makumi maviri nemashanu kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweAyacucho. Iri guta raive guta guru rebudiriro yakaoma ine nharaunda yepesvedzero yakawedzera kubva kuCajamarca neLambayeque (kuchamhembe) kuenda kuMoquegua neCuzco (kumaodzanyemba). Conchopata yakafukidza anenge 25 mahekita munzvimbo yehukuru hukuru, uko kwaigona kugara zviuru zvemhuri. Guta racho rakanga rakavakwa nematombo, rakapoteredzwa nemadziro marefu akagadzirwa nematombo nevhu, pamwe chete nemateru nezvikuva.

HUARI CULTURE

Muguta reHuari, zvivako zvakakura zvinogona kuonekwa, kusanganisira temberi, mausoleums uye dzimba dzeboka rinotonga. Munzvimbo yeCheqo Wasi, mune zvidimbu zvematombo zvakanyatsoiswa: idzi idzimba dzepasi pevhu, zvichida dzinoshandiswa nevanoremekedzwa.

Pauriri hwepasi hwezvivako, mvura yakapiwa nerutivi rwemigero. Zvechokwadi, mvura yaiva chinhu chekugadzirisa: zvakakosha canalization uye mabasa emvura akaitwa. Matunhu ekurima akawedzera zvikuru ivhu rinorimika. Yakavakwa pamateru ezvikomo, iwo anonyanya kuwanikwa padyo nemaguta makuru uye echipiri emaguta, kuitira kuzadzisa zvinodiwa neruzhinji.

Tiwanaku influence

Tsika yeTiahuanaco yakagadzirwa munzvimbo dzakakwirira pakati pe550 ne900: pesvedzero yayo paHuari inocherechedzwa munharaunda yechitendero uye mumariro. Mune dzimwe ceramics kumiririrwa kwevamwari vane anthropomorphic uye zoomorphic features inooneka, yakafanana neyeViracocha yeTiahuanaco tsika. Humwari uhu hunowanikwa mutsika dzakazotevera. Inomiririrwa muPuerta del Sol iri munzvimbo yeKalasasaya (muBolivia).

Kuwedzera kweHuari tsika

Kupararira kwetsika yeWari kwakabatana nekuchinja kukuru muhupenyu hwezvematongerwo enyika, hwemagariro uye hwechitendero hwevanhu veAndean. Shanduko idzi dzakaratidzwa mune zvivakwa zvitsva, zvivakwa zvekugara mumadhorobha, hupfumi hwakawedzerwa, uye tsika yakarongeka yehondo. Chitendero chechitendero chakakomberedza mwari mutsva wemusiki Viracocha munguva pfupi yakasimudza zvitendero zvose zvemazana emakore akapfuura, chikonzero chekufanana kwayo nemwari wetsvimbo weTiahuanaco chakanga chisati chagona kujekeswa nemazvo.

Hunhu hunoshamisa hunowanikwa mutsika mbiri idzi mumicheka, muzvigadzirwa zvemaoko, uye mumakeramisheni anowanikwa zvakare ane polychrome zvinhu zvine zvishongo zvakaoma, pakati peiyo inoshamisa inogara ichishandiswa yengano yemhuka motifs ine condors uye jaguar inomira kunze kwezvose.

HUARI CULTURE

Pakati penguva nhatu dzakasiyana dzeHuari, yechipiri (kubva muzana remakore rechinomwe kusvika kuzana remakore rechiXNUMX) ndiyo yakanyanya apogee. Inotsanangurwa neiyo ceramic dhizaini inonzi Huari, iyo ine misiyano yedunhu: Viñaque, Atarco, Pachacamac, Qosqo nevamwe. Ino ndiyo nguva yekuwedzera kukuru kwebudiriro iyi, yakasvika kuLambayeque neCajamarca (kuchamhembe), neMoquegua neCuzco (kumaodzanyemba) nepo Tiahuanaco yakawedzera kubva kuCuzco kuenda kuChile uye kumabvazuva kweBolivia.

Tsika yeHuari yakaunza fungidziro nyowani yehupenyu hwemudhorobha, ichigadzira modhi yenzvimbo huru yemadhorobha yakakomberedzwa nemadziro. Maguta eHuari anozivikanwa zvikuru (nekuti ndiwo akacherwa zvakanyanya) iPiquillacta (pedyo neCuzco) uye Huiracochapampa (pedyo neHuamachuco, mudunhu reLa Libertad). Aya maguta akagadziridzwa mukati memiganhu yeHuari pesvedzero.

Guta reHuari rinonyanya kudzika hupfumi hwaro pakuchinjana nemamwe maguta anogovana tsika imwechete. Asi mukati menguva yechitatu, kuchinjana uku kwakadzikira, zvichikonzera kudzikira kwezvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi kwevaHuaris uye, pakupedzisira, kusiiwa kweguta uye kurasikirwa kwekutonga pamusoro penzvimbo yavo yaimbova pesvedzero.

Mushure mezana ramakore regumi nerimwe, vanhu vezvinonzi European historiographic ikozvino "Huari empire" vakaramba vachikura vari voga. Ayacucho inoderera nekusiya modhi yehupenyu hwemudhorobha kudzokera kunharaunda yekumaruwa yevagari vemo, yakafanana nezvikamu zvekare zveHuarpas.

Pakureba kwayo muXNUMXth uye XNUMXth mazana emakore, nzvimbo yekupesvedzera yeHuari tsika yakawedzera kweanopfuura chiuru nemazana mashanu emakiromita kubva kuSihuas (Arequipa) uye Sicuani (Cuzco) kumaodzanyemba kwehumambo kuenda kuPiura neMarañón. Mupata wekuchamhembe uye wakafukidza nzvimbo inosvika mazana matatu ezviuru zvemakiromita mativi.

HUARI CULTURE

Panguva iyoyo, vanhu vanosvika zviuru zana vaigara muguta guru munzvimbo yemakiromita makumi maviri. Humbowo hwekuvakisa kwemadhorobha hunoshamisa hunogonawo kuwanikwa mumaguta akadai seOtuzco (Cajamarca), Tomeval, Piquillacta uye Viracocha pampa, ayo akavakwa pamuenzaniso weguta guru. Zvivako zvekutonga zveHuari zvakashanda semuenzaniso kune yakazotevera Inca Tsika.

Architecture uye zvigadzirwa

MuHuari tsika, kekutanga muSouth America, maguta akagadzirwa akakomberedzwa nemadziro edziviriro uye akagoverwa muchessboard pattern uye akaenda kure kupfuura nzvimbo dzechitendero. Guta guru reHuari rakanga rakashongedzerwa zvizere netemberi, mizinda, uye matunhu, uye guta racho rakanga riine hurongwa hwakaoma hwemigero nemigero yemvura.

Zvimiro zvakaita setembere yeHuari Huillcahuayín padyo neHuaraz zvainakidza maererano nekuvaka. Temberi yeHuillcahuayín inoshongedzwa nedenga rine gable rakagadzirwa nematombo mahombe akatsetseka, mukati nekunze megaliths anorema anochinjika ane madiki mafomati masiraidhi.

Nekuda kwekuvaka uku kwakareruka, temberi yakatsemuka kaviri chete kunyangwe mukudengenyeka kwenyika kwakanyanya muna 1970. Munguva yavo, vaHuari vakagadzira network yenzira dzeAndean dzaive dzakanyatsoita seyakazotevera Inca road network, Qhapaq Ñan, uye yakatambanudzwa kubva kuAyacucho. kuLake Titicaca kumaodzanyemba uye kuPiura kuchamhembe.

Guta rewari

Guta reHuari rakanga riri guta guru rine zita rakafanana. Pamwe chete neTiahuanaco, guta iri rakanga riri pakati pehumambo hwekutanga hweAndes, pamberi pekuuya kweIncas. Tichifunga nezve decentralized mode yekushanda kwenzvimbo iyi yekupesvedzera, izwi rekuti "pesvedzero" rinenge rakakodzera kupfuura iro rehumambo, iro rinofungidzira hutongi hwepakati hwakafanana nehweIncas, uye kumisikidzwa kwenzvimbo.

Nzvimbo yemadhorobha yeWari yaive nenzvimbo inoda kusvika zviuru zviviri mahekita. Pakukwirira kwebudiriro iyi, zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvimwe zvivakwa zvinogona kunge zvine nhanho nhanhatu. Zvizhinji zvezvivakwa zvakafukidzwa nepurasita chena, ine polychrome yekushongedza motif.

Guta rakakwanisa kudarika zviuru makumi mashanu vagari pakukwirira kwaro, risati raderera zvakanyanya kutenderedza gore 1000. Zvikonzero uye maitiro ekuderera uku hazvizivikanwe parizvino. Zvizhinji zvezvivakwa zveWari zvinosara zvichicherwa.

Vatsvagiri vakapatsanura nzvimbo yepakati peguta (iyo inotambanudzira anopfuura gumi nemasere emakiromita) kuita zvikamu gumi nemaviri. Zvese zvivakwa izvi zviri makiromita makumi maviri nemashanu kuchamhembe kweAyacucho uye maawa masere ekutyaira kubva kuLima.

  • Monqachayoc Kune maberere epasi pevhu ane matenga akagadzirwa nematombo makuru muchidimbu chimwe. Madziro akafukidzwa nematombo akati sandara echimiro chakareba. Zvakare, kune mapaipi ematombo ayo aishandiswa kutakura mvura kuenda kuguta.
  • Capillapata Chikamu ichi chinoumbwa nemadziro makuru ane mbiri anoyera pakati pemamita masere kusvika gumi nemaviri kureba. Pakureba kwemamita 400, madziro anotetepa sezvaanowedzera kureba. Muchokwadi, chigadziko chakareba mamita matatu, nepo chepamusoro chinoyera chete pakati pe0.80 ne1.20 metres.
  • Yoc Turquoise Ichi chikamu chinotora zita rayo kubva pakuvapo kweturquoise inosara kubva pamaparera mitsipa kana zvidhori zvidiki. Iko kusungirirwa kwechinhu ichi kwakadai zvekuti zvinotendwa kuti maworkshops akatsaurirwa kumuenzaniso wayo aive muchikamu ichi.

  • Casa de Blas Munharaunda yese iyi, kune akawanda masara ematombo emidziyo, senge projectile point, awls uye yakavezwa flint. Zvinhu zvakashandiswa zvakashandiswa zvaive obsidian, flint uye bhonzo kubva muguinea pig bowl.
  • Canterón Zvinofungidzirwa kuti quarry yaive munzvimbo iyi.
  • Ushpa Qoto Muunganidzwa wezvivakwa zvakasiyana siyana zviri padyo neplaza. Masvingo makuru matatu akavakwa akaenzana. Zvivako zvacho zviri muchimiro chechidimbu chine mikoto yepasi pevhu.
  • Robles Moqo Muchikamu ichi mune midziyo yeceramic uye yakakamurwa lithic mabasa. Chimiro cheHuari ceramic style inodaidzwa kuti Robles Moqo, sezvo yakatemwa kubva pazvidimbu zvakawanikwa munzvimbo iyi negwara renzvimbo anonzi Robles.
  • Campanayoc Aya akavharirwa muchimiro chedenderedzwa uye trapezoid, parizvino akaparadzwa zvachose. Zvisinei, tinogona kuonga nheyo dzaro.
  • Tranka House Gumi nenhanhatu petroglyphs akavezwa mumatombo. Migoro yaigadzirwa panzvimbo yakati sandara yozokwenenzverwa zvishoma. Aya ndiwo mitsara yakaomesesa, mipumburu, nyoka, madenderedzwa uye mamwe manhamba ejometri.
  • Ushpa Mamodheru ekumiririra kwevanhu awanikwa munzvimbo ino. Saka, inofungidzirwa kuti yakashandiswa senzvimbo chaiyo yebasa, mashopu uye zvitoro.
  • Gálvez Chayo Iri gomba, rakacherwa nemamita gumi nerimwe muhupamhi uye mamita gumi kudzika. Mukati, mugero wakanyatsocherwa wakatarisa kuchamhembe uye wechipiri wakatarisa kumaodzanyemba.
  • Churucana Masvingo yakaenzana neaya anowanikwa muCapillapata achigadzira nzvimbo muchimiro chetrapezoid nemakona.

Slope

Kuderera kwehupfumi hweHuari Empire kwakatanga muzana remakore rechiXNUMX. Huwandu hwevanhu hwakadzikira, guta guru reHuari nemamwe maguta emumakomo akasiiwa zvishoma nezvishoma. Gare gare, vanhu vakasiyawo maguta ari mumhenderekedzo yegungwa ndokudzokera kumisha yemisha.

Zvinotendwa kuti kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kune El Niño kungave kwakakonzera kutsakatika kwetsika iyi, asi mamwe mashoko chaiwo haasati avapo. Nekuwa kwetsika yeHuari, simba rayo rekubatanidza rakarasikawo; Kwemazana emakore akati wandei, dunhu reAndean rakaumbwa zvakare nehumambo hwakazvimirira hwematunhu uye tsika dzedunhu.

Zvitsva zvakawanikwa

Muna 2008, mamwe makuva eHuari uye mummies akawanikwa muHuaca Pucllana muLima, zvichiratidza kuti vaWari vakanga vaputirawo rutivi urwu. Muna 2013, chikwata chevanochera matongo, chinotungamirwa naMilosz Giersz weYunivhesiti yeWarsaw, chakazivisa kuwanikwa kweguva rehumambo rakazara riri muHuarmey castle rine masara evanhu makumi matanhatu nevatatu, kusanganisira vatatu vaHuari queen. Kuripoteredza, vanochera matongo vakawana zvinhu zvinopfuura chiuru, zvinosanganisira zvishongo zvegoridhe nesirivha, matemo ebhuronzi uye maturusi egoridhe.

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