Kuburikidza neichi chinyorwa iwe uchadzidza zvakawanda nezve hindu art, zvakakosha, hunyanzvi hwepurasitiki uye zvimwe zvakawanda zveiyi nzanga yakaoma yetsika dzakatsaurirwa kunharaunda yechitendero uye kudyidzana kwayo nemasikirwo sechikamu chehurongwa hwepasi rose. Kuburikidza nechinyorwa ichi chinonakidza. Usarega kuiverenga!
Chii chinonzi Hindu Art nezve?
Pakutanga iwe unofanirwa kuziva kuti Hindu Art inoumbwa nezvido zvayo, tsika uye dzidziso dzenzanga ine tsika dzakasiyana maererano nekuvapo uko zvinhu zvakaita sekukwana, shanduko inosanganiswa nekusingaperi uye nguva inotorwa.
Zvitendero zvakasiyana-siyana zvichibatanidzwa muHindu Art, yakadai ndiyo nyaya yeHinduism, Islam, Buddhism uye ChiKristu, kushamwaridzana nezvisikwa kutsvaga kurongeka kunoyera nekubatanidza makomo, miti nenzizi.
Zvakakosha kuziva kuti Hindu Art inobva kuhupfumi hwetsika dzevanhu vakasiyana-siyana vakapinda munharaunda, kutanga nevagari vemo vane ganda rakasviba, kuva madzitateguru eDravidians pamwe chete nedzimwe tsika.
Pakati pavo kubva kuAustralia, Mesolithic Mediterranean, Armenians, Mongols, Aryan vaiva munyika iyi muna 1500 BC pamwe chete nevaGiriki nevaPersia pakati pe600 ne300 BC.
Tisingarevi maParthians nemaMongol vakapinda pakati pe50 ne -300 BC, saka kune maHun akapinda munharaunda yeHindu muzana ramakore rechitanhatu nerechisere, pamwe chete nemaArabu pakati peXNUMXth neXNUMXth century pasina kukanganwa Turko. -Afghans pakati pezana remakore rechiXNUMX neXNUMX.
Izvo zvinodikanwawo kuratidza kupindira kwakaitwa nemaTurko-Mongols pakati pezana ramakore rechi XNUMX negumi nesere, pamwe neBritish pakati pezana ramakore rechi XNUMX neXNUMX, ndosaka kusiyana kukuru kwetsika uku kwakakonzera kuti Hindu Art ive yakapfuma uye. zvakasiyana-siyana zvichienderana nenharaunda yayo.
Unyanzvi hwechiHindu hwakakwanisa kuparadzira kutenda kuBuddhism, kunyanya muSoutheast neCentral Asia, ine simba mutsika dzakaita seJapan neChina, uye kumadokero inozivikanwa nezvehunyanzvi uhu nekuda kweExpedition yaAlexander Mukuru.
Kwavakakwanisa kukoshesa kufambira mberi kwehunyanzvi, hunyanzvi uye tsika kwebudiriro iyi inoratidzira hunhu hwechiHindu Art apo mifananidzo ine hunhu hukuru inocherechedzwa, ichiratidza kukwenenzverwa kwerunako.
Hunhu Hunokosha hweHindu Art
Izvo zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti hunhu hwakakosha hweHindu Art hwakaisiyanisa kubva kune mamwe masitayera akabuda murudzi urwu munhoroondo yaro anotevera:
- Vaive nehunyanzvi hwekudhirowa
- rusununguko rukuru rwokutaura
- Art inosanganisirwa mune zvinodiwa zvekunaka zvakanyanya mutsika dzehuwandu
- Nezvekuzvida uye hunhubu, zvakafanorongwa
- Mumabasa ake makakatanwa maviri pakati pehupenyu nerufu anocherechedzwa kuwedzera kukusingaperi nenguva
- Misoro mikuru yakamira muHindu Art yaive ine chekuita nechitendero uye zvinhu zvinoumba zvisikwa sechinhu chinoyera.
Nheyo yeHindu Art
Sezvauri kuona, hunyanzvi hwechiHindu hwakaiswa mukati mekuratidzira kwechitendero, zvichibvumira vanhu kuti vabatane nevamwari, sezvinoonekwa mune zvivakwa zvekuvaka.
Uko kufarirwa kusiri chiratidzo chemunyori asi kubatanidzwa kwemhoteredzo yechisikigo nevamwari vakamira muunyanzvi hwakanakisa, sezvakaita nezvechivezwa pamwe nekupenda uye, sezvatakataura, zvivakwa.
Kugadzira ega masitaera eHindu Art mukuveza kuburikidza nehunyanzvi uye masitayera aive achibuda achibatanidza zvisikwa mumabasa ake, kusiyana nemurume wekuMadokero anga achitungamira kugadzirisa hunhu kune magadzirirwo ake.
Hindu Art ndiyo inotarisira kugadzira mabasa ayo maererano nechimiro chakaipoteredza, sezvinogona kuonekwa munzvimbo dzemapako umo vakachera dombo uye mumapako, vachiratidza unyanzvi hukuru mumagadzirirwo avo.
Naizvozvo, muHindu Art, zvisikwa inyaya inoera, saka zviitiko zvinosanganisirwa makomo, miti nenzizi, pamwe neZuva rinonzi Surya, Mwedzi Chandra, mvura Indra uye moto Agni.
Uye zvakare, iyo monsoon mamiriro ekunze aive chikamu cheHindu Art nekuda kwekutenderera kwayo uye huviri, izvo zvakaratidzwa muhunhu hweumwe neumwe wevagari venzvimbo ino, izvo zvinovatendera kuti vagare pamwe neanopokana uye anopokana masitaera.
Pakati pezvitaera izvi pane zvechisikigo, realism, abstraction uye mafungiro aripo mumabasa echiHindu Art, achibvumira kushandiswa kweunyanzvi hwema eclectic pakati pevakatanga kugara vedzinza reNegroid vakaumba boka redzinza kana zvizvarwa zvemo zvinonzi Dravidians.
Idzo dzaive kumaodzanyemba kwerudzi rweIndia, kunyangwe vaAryan vakasvika uyezve maMuslim, vakagara vachidzokorora kusviba kwavo nekuda kwechiratidzo senge indigo yebhuruu paganda revamwari.
Kufanana nekushandiswa kwematombo ejecha muzvivakwa nechinangwa chekugadzira yakasviba yekuona maitiro ane chekuita nedombo nemarble.
Kunyangwe chimwe chezvikamu zvinonyanya kufarirwa nenyika dzekuMadokero zvine chekuita neHindu Art ndiyo inomiririra eroticism pasina chero rudzi rwetaboo, zvichiratidza kuti kune iyi budiriro hukama hwepabonde imhando yemunamato pakati pevanhu nevamwari.
Zvemweya kubudikidza navamwari
Kuve nzira yekukwanisa kupfuudza maererano nekunamata, iyo lingam cult inoratidzira, iyo inomiririra yemurume pabonde mukuwedzera kune iyo ioni inofananidzira bonde rechikadzi.
Kuve chimiro chetsika dzenguva yeNeolithic maererano nembereko uye dzakafanana neHindu Art, iyo Lingam iri simba rekugadzira ramwari Shiva, riri iro rinonyanya kunamatwa mumatemberi echitendero.
Panoonekwa mbiru inopedzisa magadzirirwo ayo ari muchimiro chegirazi kubva kune zvakasikwa kuenda kune abstract form zvichireva humburumbira inonongedza kune phallus.
Iyi phallus ine maziso anofananidzira chiso kana kusvika kune zviso zvina maererano netsika yeDravidian tsika, iyo yekare yeHindu Art, inobatanidzwa nezvinhu zvina zvikuru zvezvisikwa zvakadai seMvura, Mhepo, Pasi, Moto uye Mhepo. .
Kune rumwe rutivi, ioni inofananidzira Amai Mwarikadzi vanonzi Sakti, kusanganisira Parvati, uyo ari mwari anomiririra kubereka kwezvakasikwa uye ari mudzimai waShiva, sezvo chimiro chake chechimiro chechimiro chiri chetatu, zvichiita kufanana nemukadzi.
Kune izvo zvinocherechedzwa muHindu Art, lingam pamwe chete neioni inoumba chimiro chakakomberedzwa kubva mairi lingam inobuda, ichiratidza kubatana mukati mehunyambiri hunocherechedzwa muchadenga.
Iyo yekusika sosi inoshandura simba repabonde kuita simba repfungwa kubva pakunzwa kuenda kumweya. Izvi zvinowanikwa mutsika yeHindu Art kubva kune yakajairika tsika yeyoga.
Naizvozvo, tsika idzi dzakabatanidzwa nenhevedzano ye tantra inongotsvaga chokwadi kuburikidza nesimba rinofambiswa nemuviri wevanhu.
Kuve mutumbi wevanhu musimudziri wemweya kuburikidza nesimba repabonde rinozivikanwa mutsika iyi se kundalini, kunewo nyaya kana rondedzero dzeKama Sutra, iro bhuku rakatsaurirwa rudo rinomiririrwa neHindu Art.
Kunyanya kuburikidza nekuranga kwechivezwa uko kune humbowo hwehuwandu hukuru hwemithuna kana zviratidziro zveerotic relevance sezvingaonekwa munzvimbo tsvene dzeKhajuräho neKonärak.
Saka iyo aesthetics yeHindu Art yakakwenenzverwa kubva panguva yeGupta apo vaive nebasa rekuongorora, kudzidza, kuronga nhamba huru yezvinyorwa.
Mazwi eVedic anowirirana nemagwaro matsvene etsika iyi akapfuudzwa nemuromo kubva mugore ra1500 nguva yaKristu isati yasvika.
Aya manyoro matsvene aive akakosha zvikuru mukuvandudzwa kweHindu Art, kunyanya ayo anozivikanwa pasi pezita reVastu - Sastras, ari maitirwo ane chekuita nekuvakwa kwezvivakwa zvevamwari.
Nheyo dzeAesthetics maererano nePainting
Kune zvakare mamwe maitirwo anonzi Silpa - Sastras ane chekuita nedzidziso yekupenda uye kuveza kuti vakwanise kunyora nenyama mutauro wevamwari.
Naizvozvo, maGupta aitarisira kudzidza maitiro uye zvimiro zvinotonga Hindu Art, kusanganisira zvinhu, masitayera uye mifananidzo yairatidza mifananidzo yavo, pakati pavo Sadanga anogona kutaurwa. Ikoko misimboti mitanhatu yeaesthetics ine chekuita nekupenda inotangwa:
- Rüpa - bheda akapiwa musayenzi yemafomu
- Pramani inopa chirevo kune hukama hwaunoda kubata
- Bhava inova sainzi ine chekuita nekunzwa
- Lavanna vojanam iyo inoenderana nepfungwa yenyasha
- Sadrisyam maererano nesainzi yekufananidza
- Varnika - bhanga iyo inoreva sainzi yemavara nekufamba kwenguva mamwe misimboti miviri yakaunzwa seMujaho unoreva quintessence inozivikanwa sekuravira uye Chanda inoenderana nerwiyo mumabasa ehunyanzvi.
Kana toreva nezvedzinza, iripo mumanzwiro evagari veHindu Art nechinangwa chekutora unyanzvi hunokwanisa kufamba hunomutsa manzwiro pamberi pemuoni.
Naizvozvo, hunhu hupfumbamwe hune hukama nemanzwiro hunosiyaniswa muHindu Art uye ivo vanomiririrwa kuburikidza neruvara neimwe nzira, kuva inotevera:
- Sringara iruvara dema uye inomiririra Rudo mune erotic chimiro
- Vira inomiririrwa neruvara rutsvuku uye ndiyo nhangemutange yemagamba inomiririra Kukosha
- Raudra inomiririrwa nemuvara mutsvuku uye inoreva rasa ine hasha inomiririra Hasha.
- Hasya ndiyo ruvara ruchena ndiyo cosmic rasa uye inofananidzira Mufaro
- Adbhuta inomiririra ruvara rweyero, iri kuyemura rasa uye inomiririra Kushamisika.
- Karuna inomiririrwa neruvara grey uye inosemesa rasa inoenderana nePain
- Bibhasta nekuda kwemanzwiro aya ruvara rwebhuruu runoshandiswa uye kuve rasa rinosemesa rinomiririra Kusema
- Bhayanaka inomiririrwa neruvara rweblack is a fearful rasa inofananidzira Kutya
- Sänta inoshandiswa pakumiririra kwayo ruvara ruchena uye inofananidzira serene rasa iyo Rugare.
Iwe unozogona kuona muHindu Art kuti aya manzwiro mapfumbamwe anozoburitsa maitiro akasiyana siyana uye mamisikirwo anonzi asana mune zvivezwa nemifananidzo yakagadzirwa kuburikidza nekupenda.
Kuva Samabhanga chimiro chinooneka sechakasimba asi panguva imwe chete yakadzikama, vanyori vakazviita zvose vakamira uye vakagara, inofananidzira kugadzikana kwemweya uye iwe unogona kuona mumifananidzo yakagadzirwa naBuddha nevamwe vamwari vakadai saVishnu.
Imwe yemamiriro ndeye Äbhanga kuva chitarisiko chakarerekera zvishoma chinodudzira sechinhu chiri mukufungisisa uye chimiro chechimiro cheBodhisattvas nevamwe vamwari vepasi.
Tribhanga chimiro chinoreva kutenderera katatu kunoratidza sensuality pamwe nekunamata, zvakajairika kuratidzwa mumifananidzo yeApsaras uye Yaksis.
Pakupedzisira, pane chimiro cheTribhanga apo kurerekera kwakanyanyisa kunoonekwa, kunoratidza mhirizhonga mumifananidzo pamwe nerimwe dhirama.
Inoshandiswa zvakanyanya kumiririra Mwari Shiva uye Lokapäla vanoshumira chisungo chekuva vatariri venyika vari kutarisira kuchengetedza nekuchengetedza makadhiina mana.
Evolution yePlastiki Arts
Muchikamu chino iwe unowana shanduko yeHindu Art kubva pakutanga kwayo.Ramba uchiverenga ichi chinonakidza chinyorwa kuti iwe uzive zvakadzama kuti chakawana sei matekiniki nehunyanzvi hunoyemurwa zvakanyanya.
Iyo Prehistory yeHindu Art
Zvisaririra zvakaratidzwa zvakaita semidziyo inobva mu paleolithic nguva yakagadzirwa ne quartzite uye flint, yakavezwa zvakanaka kana kuti yakasvibiswa uye inofananidzwa nenguva imwechete yemidziyo yakawanikwa munharaunda yeEurope, iyo yemhando yakaderera.
Munharaunda yeBhimbetka, padyo netaundi reBhopal, anenge chiuru mapako akawanikwa, ane akasiyana siyana emifananidzo yemapako makore 7000 nguva yechiKristu isati yasvika.
Mifananidzo yacho inoratidza maitiro evanhu vaigara mumapako umo kutamba, tsika, kuberekwa uye mariro zvinoonekwa.
Pamusoro pezvo, mhuka dzakaita senzou, bison, turkeys, tiger uye zvipembere zvakatsanangurwa kubvira 2003 nzvimbo iyi yakanzi World Heritage Site neUNESCO.
Nechekare munguva yeMesolithic, nhamba huru yezvishandiso zvakada kufanana nemablades-akaita kunge crescent zvakaunganidzwa kubva kumatunhu eNear East neEastern Europe pamwe neNorth Africa.
Imwe nharaunda inonyanya kukosha kujekesa iDeccan uko nhamba huru yemakuva eiyo megalithic modhi yakawanikwa.
Mutaundi reBaluchistan, iro riri kuchamhembe kweIndia, zviumbwa zvehari zvakapendwa nezvinhu zvakagadzirwa nesimbi zvakawanwa kuti zvakatangira kunguva yeIV nguva yechiKristu isati yasvika.
Asi kwete izvozvo chete, kunewo mifananidzo mune mamwe matunhu akadai saRaigarh ayo akafanana neaya anowanikwa mutaundi reCogul kuSpain uko mhuka dzakadai semhembwe, nzou, nzombe dzinoonekwa.
Mukuwedzera, mukuchera matongo mutaundi reKarnataka, makuva akawanikwa apo mabhokisi akagadzirwa nematombo.
Isu tinogona zvakare kutaura nezve nzvimbo dzekuchera matongo dzinoenderana nematunhu eAdichanallur neBrahmagiri ndeye neolithic nguva Mhando yekeramic ine mavara matsvuku uye madema yakawanikwa, pamwe chete nemadolmens.
Nechikonzero ichi, kupatsanurwa kwemakeramiki akawanikwa akaitwa, senge tsvuku yehematite yeBanas tsika, imwe yegrey ruvara pamusoro peGanges River Basin uye yakanyanya kupenya dema kubva kuJariana. mudunhu uye Delhi.
Iyo Indus Culture
Mumakore akapoteredza 2500 nguva yechiKristu isati yasvika, budiriro yekutanga yeHindu Art yakagadzirwa munguva yeNeolithic. Zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti chikamu ichi cherudzi rweIndia Zagros chaiva chenzira yekutengeserana yaibatanidza Mediterranean neFar East.
Saka misha mizhinji yakabatsirwa sezvakaratidzwa munzvimbo dzekuchera matongo dzakaitwa naJohn Marshall muna 1920 mudunhu reMohenjo - Daro mune yava kunzi Pakistan.
Nekuda kwezviwanwa zvakaitwa, kuonana neMesopotamia kwakaratidzwa, kugadzira hurongwa hwekunyora husati hwanyatsotsanangurwa.
Panzvimbo iyoyo pakanga paine maguta angasvika mapfumbamwe akaiswa pamusoro, achiratidza hurongwa hwawo hwemadhorobha hwakanakisa, kusanganisira shanduko yehunyanzvi maererano nekuvakwa kwepombi yezvivakwa.
Pamusoro pemigwagwa yakafanana, zvese zvakarongwa kuburikidza neyakajairwa symmetric planimetry. Zvivakwa izvi zvakaitwa nevhu rakabikwa nezvidhinha, dzimba dzese dzainakidzwa nechinhu chakakosha semvura.
Pakatowanikwawo misarasara yezvidhinha, guta racho rakanga rakakombwa nemadziro uye rakagadzirwa nemateru.
Kwakagovaniswa zvivakwa zvavose, zvakaita semabhavhu, machira nemapalaestra, asi pasina kucherechedza zvakasara zvenzvimbo tsvene kana nhare.
Zvakakosha kuratidza kuti munzvimbo idzi dzekuchera matongo kwakakura zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvitambi zvakagadzirwa ne steatite zvakawanikwa apo mifananidzo yemhuka uye kunyange mhuka dzinoshamisa dzinoonekwa nehuchokwadi hukuru uye kunyatsojeka.
Zvinonzi vaizotenda nekuda kwesimba reMesopotamia tsika, zvivezwa uye ceramics zvakatowanikwa, kunze kwemidziyo yakagadzirwa negoridhe, mhangura, mhangura nesirivheri, mapanga endarira ane mapanga akakomberedzwa akamira kunze, ayo akanyanya. hunhu hwetsika iyi..
Nezveceramics, yakagadzirwa kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwema lathes akashongedzwa nemifananidzo yejometri, kuwedzera, kukwanisa kwekugadzira textile chaiyo yekotoni yakadhindwa yakawanikwa.
Naizvozvo, kutengeserana kunomira nekuda kwekuvapo kwezvinhu zvakaitwa nelapis lazuli kubva kuAfghanistan, goridhe nesirivha kubva kuPersia neJade kubva kurudzi rweChinese.
Kunyangwe munzvimbo dzekuchera matongo munharaunda yeMesopotamia, mabhesi matsvuku echalcedony akawanikwa anobva kuIndo tsika.
Panyaya yekuveza, mifananidzo yakawanda yakagadzirwa mu terracotta yakawanikwa apo mhuka, motokari uye vanhu vanofananidzirwa, vazhinji vavo vasina zvipfeko uye vane zviratidzo zvine chokuita nepabonde zvakadai se lingam uye ioni inoreva tsika dzekubereka.
Kunyangwe zvivezwa zvakaitwa nebhuronzi sezvakaitika zvemutambi weMohenjo - Daro apo mufananidzo wakatenderedzwa weanatomical wakatsanangurwa uye mune reraimu seMupristi Mambo wedunhu rimwe chete iro miromo yakakora, ndebvu dzine mipendero uye maziso zvinoratidzwa. Marudzi eAsia.
Vedic Stage
Panguva ino yenhoroondo, vanhu veAryan vakapinda murudzi rweIndia, ndokusaka vakapesvedzera tsika dzechitendero, vanhu ava ndivo vanosuma mutauro weSanskrit pamwe nekugona kushanda nesimbi.
Inopawo bhiza remhuka risingazivikanwe netsika dzechiHindu uye ivo vaive nebasa rekugadzira humambo hudiki hwakakamurwa nemakasi uye vapirisita vakatora chinzvimbo chakakosha chinozivikanwa nezita rekuti Brahmans.
Kutenda kumutauro weSanskrit, nhetembo huru dzakaita seMahabharata neRamayana dzakamuka, pamwe chete nevanyori veuzivi vanozivikanwa seUpanishad.
Izvo zvakabvumira kuvandudzwa kweHinduism kuve chitendero chengano dzengano apo maitiro ane chekuita ne esotericism akabatanidzwa.
Vamwari vakuru vechiHindu ndiSiva naVishnu uye kunyange dzimwe pfungwa dzepfungwa dzisinganzwisisiki dzakadai saBrahman, unova mweya wenyika.
Mukuwedzera kune atman iyo inoenderana nemweya wemunhu pasina kukanganwa Maia, simba rinonyengera mweya yevanhu uye rinoita kuti vararame munyika yenyama.
Vavariro yorudzidziso rwechiHindu ndeyokuunza atma pedyo zvikuru naBrahman kuti asunungure Karma ndokudzivisa kutevedzana kwokuberekwazve kunorongwa nezviito zvomunhu wacho muupenyu hwake uye ivo vanovamba gadziriro yemapoka enharaunda yeHindu.
Kuva iye brahmins boka revapristi nevezvematongerwo enyika, ivo chatrias Ndiro dzinza rinoenderana nemauto nevatongi, vobva vatevera dzinza vaisias izvo zvine chekuita nevatengesi nevarimi.
Zvadaro vanoteverwa uchadikitira vevaranda uye pakupedzisira dalits izvo zvinoreva vakadzingwa pamwe chete nevekunze vasingabatike.
Maererano nemasara akave akaratidzwa munzvimbo dzekuchera matongo maererano nenguva ino, zvinhu zvishomanana zvakawanikwa uye ndarira yakashandiswa mavari.
Mamwe maceramics, ane ruzivo rushoma pakati pechinhanho ichi uye icho chinoenderana neMauryan art, sezvo zvinhu zvinoparara zvaishandiswa, sehuni nevhu rakabikwa, zvichisiya pasina misara mikuru yenguva iyi.
Munenge muzana ramakore rechitanhatu nguva yechiKristu isati yasvika, chiBuddha chakabuda mukuwedzera kuchiJain, zvitendero zvose zviri zviviri zvakapa vanhu ruponeso rwemweya yavo ndokugumisa kuberekwazve.
Nokuda kwahwo, chiBuddha chinobvumira kupfurikidza nokufungisisa uye muitiro wokuzvinyima zvinotungamirira vanhu kuparadhiso iyo iri nirvana.
Muchivanhu ichi, nepo chiJain chichiita zvishanu zvekurega kuita sejina - kalpa zvinoreva kusauraya, ahimsa inoreva kusanyepa, sattva zvinoreva kusaba.
Asteya inoreva kusashandisa zvisizvo zvepabonde uye brahmacharya zvine chekuita nekusachiva uye pakupera kwenhanho iyi rwendo rwakakurumbira rwaAlexander Mukuru kuenda kuIndia rwakaitwa munenge mugore re326 nguva yechiKristu isati yasvika.
Kuchibvumira kusangana netsika dzechiGiriki, unyanzvi hwechiHindu hwakapinzwa muunyanzvi hwechiGiriki pamwe chete nounyanzvi hwePersia, zvichiratidzira kuvhengana kunoshamisa mumifananidzo yahwo yorudzidziso.
Hindu Art uye Buddhism
Iri dzinza raitungamira kudzinga mudunhu reIndia avo vaifarirwa naAlexander Mukuru aive nepakati pedunhu iri neDeccan peninsula.
Tsika dzechiBhudha sezvawakatonzwisisa Hindu Art yakazarurwa kune dzidziso dzeBuddha sezvakasimbiswa mudharma uye pakati pekutsinhana kwakatanga pakati pemarudzi ePersia, Egypt, Sri Lanka, Greece uye Southeast Asia.
Dombo rinotsiva zvidhinha muzvivakwa zvichiratidza chimiro chakasimba sezvakaita nzvimbo dzematombo edunhu reBaräbar pamwe neAsoka palace muguta rePätaliputra.
Kuratidza sehunhu makoramu emonolithic anonzi stambha paishandiswa matombo ematombo akakwenenzverwa uye bhero rakaumbwa neruvara runofananidzira ruva relotus.
Mhuka yakavezwa mukuyamura yakaitwawo, ndizvo zvakaita Guta guru reShumba mudunhu reSärnäth muzana ramakore rechitatu nguva yechiKristu isati yasvika.
Zvakakosha kuziva kuti chifananidzo ichi chakaitwa nematombo ejecha uye nhasi chikamu chebhachi renyika rerudzi urwu.Makoramu anozivikanwa zvikuru akamiswa muhurumende yaMambo Asoka munguva yekutonga kwake uye zvinyorwa zvakazivisa kuzvipira kwake kuna Buddha. .
Tichisiya chisimba chipi nechipi, mbiru dzacho dzakanga dzakareba mamita anosvika gumi uye mifananidzo yacho yakanga yakavezwa zvikurukuru shumba.
Chimwe chezviyeuchidzo zvakatanhamara zveichi nhanho i stupa, inova murwi wamariro wakashandiswa sechidziviriro.” Mukati mawo, yeuko dzomuviri dzaBuddha amene dzakawanwa.
Mambo Asoka ane mbiri ndiye aitarisira kugovera pakati pemaguta makuru ehumambo hwake hukuru, sezvo aimiririra Universe.
Naizvozvo, pachivakwa chihombe chaidaidzwa kuti maedhi chaimiririra Nyika, paive nedome uye chimiro chayo chaive chehemispherical, chichifananidzira denga redenga.
Muchikamu chepamusoro chaive chakati sandarara uye chakaita kuti pave nedenderedzwa remativi mana pamwe nechimiro chakaita semasiti chinomiririra axis yenyika.
Pasina kukanganwa madhisiki matatu mukudzika anomiririra anotevedzera amburera matombo matatu eBuddhism ayo anoreva Buddha, mutemo nemamongi kana vapristi.
Kutenda kune chimiro chedenderedzwa, chakabvumira vatendi kuti vakwanise kufamba-famba pairi sezvavaitevera nzira yamambo wenyeredzi, yakanga yakakomberedzwa nemadziro ane magonhi mana maererano nemakadhi mana.
Iwo akashongedzwa nemifananidzo apo mifananidzo yemhuka inogona kuoneka mukuwedzera kune vamwari uye zviratidziro kubva kuhupenyu hwaBuddha.
Uko mufananidzo wake usina kuoneka asi kumwe chete kwaiva kwokufananidzira uko shumba dzakashandiswa semumiriri wedzinza reSakya kwakabva Buddha.
Kufanana nekonji yainyepedzera kuva izwi raBuddha, kuwedzera kune Buddhi yaive muti wekuvhenekerwa, zvimwe zviratidzo zvakashandiswa yaive dharma - chakra.
Ichitaura nezvevhiri remutemo pamwe chete naBuddha Pada, inova tsoka yeBuddha uye chiratidzo chekuchena chinomiririrwa neruva re lotus, kuratidza ma stupas emhando yavo.
Nokudaro, iwe unogona kuona kuti chivakwa chakabatanidzwa nechisikwa maererano neChaitva nzvimbo tsvene nemamongi.
Inozivikanwa seVihara, kazhinji muHindu Art, kujekeswa kwenzvimbo dzemapako kunoratidzwa, iyo yakacherwa mudombo uye pamateru emakomo.
Architecture yaive nebasa rakakura muHindu Art nekuti chaitva yaive yakaumbwa neapsidal floor plan iyo yaive yakaumbwa nemanave matatu pamwe nedhiramu rakagadzirwa neakatevedzana arches anonzi kudu.
Aya arch aive akafanana neHindu Art uye anomira kunze kwechimiro chavo chakanongedza zvishoma icho chaitsigirwa nembiru nepo vihara yaive nzvimbo yekusangana.
Uriri hwaro hwakaita mativi mana akaenzana uye pamativi ayo pakanga pane makamuri amamongi, akabatanidzwa negadziriro yokurutivi rwokumusoro yaiumba denga rakati sandarara.
Pakati pezvimiro zvenguva ino yenhoroondo, iyo Karli chaitya inomira kunze, iyo yakacherwa mudombo uye ine façade inoonekwa iyo ogee arch.
Mukati mayo mune nave ine mikoridho yakawanda pamwe nenhamba huru yemakoramu akaita sebhero uye reliefs yemifananidzo yevanhu nemhuka dzakadai senzou uye diki stupa mukati sehemicycle.
Iri munhanho ino apo chivezwa cheHindu Art chakagadziridzwa zvichibva mukutsanangurwa kwemacapital nekuda kwesimba rePezhiya kusanganisira kumiririrwa kwemhuka dzinoratidza chiyero mumafomu anomiririrwa.
Nezvekuremerwa kwepamusoro, yaive yakamira apo iyo yakaderera-yairondedzera zviitiko, njanji dzinozivikanwa munharaunda iyi sevédika dzakashongedzwawo, pasina kukanganwa magonhi e stupas.
Munguva ino mavhezheni ekutanga eiyo iconography yeHindu Art anoonekwa kuburikidza nekumiririra kwevaksis iyo mweya yezvisikwa.
Yeuka kuti unyanzvi uhwu hune hukama nehutsvene uye hwakafananidzirwa kuburikidza nevakadzi vasina kupfeka vaingoshongedzwa kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwezvishongo.
Muenzaniso weizvi unogona kuoneka pamusuwo wekumabvazuva weSanchi stupa uye ivo vakaitwa nekuda kwekukotama katatu kwakaratidza kufamba nekuda kwema curves matatu akajairika munguva ino yeHindu Art.
Neizvi, zvimiro zvehuhure izvo zvaive chikamu chemunamato zvakatanga kuitwa muHindu Art uye zvemweya zvakasanganiswa nehunhu hwakarongwa mavari.
Iyo Art yeGandhara
Zvichienderana nemazana emakore ekutanga nguva yechiKristu isati yasvika uye zana ramakore rekutanga shure kwaKristu, pakafa dzinza reMaurya, inozivikanwa seIndia.
Yakatanga kupatsanurwa kuita humambo hudiki uko maHindu akawanikwa pamwe neIndo-Greeks vedzinza reAndhra neSunga.
Humwe humambo hwaive hweIndo-Scythian, yaive dzinza reKusana, uye nekuda kwehunyanzvi hweIndo-Greek, hunyanzvi hweGandhara hwakagadzirwa netsika huru yeGreco-Buddhist, uko kumiririrwa kwakananga kwechifananidzo chaBuddha kwakatanga, kusiyana. dzimwe nhanho apo chaifananidzirwa chete.
Shanduko iyi inosimudzirwa nekuda kweMahayana Buddhism iyo yakatanga kunamatwa kwaBuddha samwari uye chimiro chake chakapinda muboka reboka re bodhisattvas avo vakasarudza kuramba nirvana kuti vajekese varume kuti vangageza sei mweya yavo.
Neizvi, mufananidzo mutsva une chekuita naBuddha unonzi lakshana unotanga muHindu Art, iyo yaifananidzirwa nemandala yaireva halo kana kupenya kwairatidza utsvene hwake.
Pamusoro pezvo, ushnisha uta kana kubuda kwedehenya kuratidza ruzivo rwepamusoro pamusoro pechifananidzo ichi chichienzaniswa nevanhu uye urn inoiswa pakati petsiye, inomiririra kuvhenekera kwemwari uyu.
Nezve zvimedu zvenzeve dzehumwari uyu, zvinoonekwa kuti dzakarebeswa, izvo zvinomiririra huchenjeri uye mapete anoonekwa mumutsipa wechifananidzo ichi anomiririra mufaro, uyezve, jasi rinomiririra hutsinye uye kuburikidza neruoko rwake rwerudyi anopa. Ropafadzo kune vese vatariri.
Kuti ugadzire mifananidzo iyi muHindu Art, zvaive zvakafanira kufemerwa nedzimwe tsika, sedzemuGreek pamwe neyechiRoma, uchishandisa nzvimbo yakapfava uye runyararo nekudzikama zvinoonekwa pachiso chayo, zvichireva kuna mwari Apollo we. Kubudirira kweRoma..
Nezve zvivakwa mune ino mamiriro eHindu Art, kuvakwa kwemamongi kwakagadzirwa nenzvimbo tsvene, makamuri nemakamuri ekusangana.
Sezvakaita nyaya ye vihara munharaunda yeTakht-i-Bahi, iri pedyo zvikuru nePeshawar, uko kushanduka kwestupas kunogona kuonekwa, saka dome inoiswa padhiramu yakareba yakaita sesilinda.
Izvo zvakaiswa pamusoro pechigadziko muchimiro chechikwere, chiri chakanyanya kusimba pakati pavo iyo Kaniska mudunhu rePeshawar, iyo yakanakisa mercantile basa inoonekwa munguva ino nekuda kwenzira yesirika.
Chimwe chinhu cheukoshi hukuru sezvinonhuwira chakatengeswa kubva kuIndia sezvo panguva iyoyo pakanga pasina nzira dzefiriji mukuwedzera kune kutengeserana kwakabatana nematombo anokosha nesimbi.
Sirika, zvinyorwa zvisingazivikanwe uye jade zvakatengeswa kunze kwenyika kubva kurudzi rweChinese, sezvinoonekwa munzvimbo yeKapisa yekuchera matongo kuchamhembe kweguta reKabul.
Kwakanga kune guta rokupedzera muchirimo chedzinza raKusana, nyanga dzenzou dzakacherwa muIndia dzakawanwa. Sema lacquers echiChinese mavambo uye mabhuronzi kubva kuRoma, kunyangwe girazi rinoratidza hukama hukuru hwekutengeserana pakati petsika idzi.
Mathura Art
Iyi nzira yeHindu Art yakagadzirwa pakati pezana ramakore rekutanga nerechina renguva yechiKristu uye yaive iri muguta reGanges pakati penzvimbo dzeAgra neDelhi, iro raive guta guru uye guta guru reKusana dzinza.
Pane humbowo hwechikoro chikuru chehunyanzvi chaizopararira nenyika yese yeIndia, kusanganisira hunyanzvi hweGupta, asi nekuda kwekupinda kwechiIslam budiriro kune mashoma anomiririra nekuda kwekuparadzwa kwavo.
Asi maererano nekuferefeta kwakaitwa, rudzi urwu rweunyanzvi rwakaita musanganiswa wezvinhu zvechinyakare zveIndia neizvo zveGirisi-Roman budiriro.
Pakati pavo panomira muunganidzwa uye nenyanga dzenzou dzetrouseau yemuchinda yakawanikwa mutaundi reBegram zvine chekuita nemufananidzo waBuddha.
Aive akagara akachinjika makumbo, akafanana chaizvo nechimiro cheyoga, uye mavhiri aionekwa pamaoko ake netsoka dzake.
Kana Buddha akaiswa padivi pemamwe manhamba, ukuru hweizvi hwakanga hwakakura zvakanyanya muhukama kune vamwe, zvichiratidza muHindu Art dhigirii rehumambo pakati pevamwari.
Iyo Art yeAmaravati
Pakati peXNUMXnd uye XNUMXrd mazana emakore echiKristu, guta reAmaravati raiva mumupata pedyo neKrishna river, ine maitiro akafanana neaMathura.
Nezve Greco-Roman pesvedzero yekutenda kune zvakawanikwa zvakaonekwa mumatongo eVirapatnam padyo nePondicherry.
Sezvazviri mumatanho apfuura, zvivakwa zvaro zvakatanhamara ndeye stupas uye mamonasteries, imwe yadzo inomira kunze kwekureba kwayo kwemamita makumi matatu.
Kuve iyo yeAmaravati uye zvine chekuita neHindu Art, chivezwa chinomira pachena panoitwa nziyo dzepakati apo boka rakakosha mumifananidzo inofanirwa kuvezwa.
Ese mavara aya anoratidza kunyemwerera kwakakosha, kunyanya iwo echikadzi, uye vanoshandisa mataira apfuura vachigadzira inomiririra eclectic.
Eya, Buddha anofananidzirwa somunhu uye mune zvimwe zviono somunhu ari pamusoro anoda mimwe mienzanisiro kumuziva.
Eya, kwaiwanzo fananidzira Buddha kuburikidza nevhiri iro rakaita kufanana naMambo Nyeredzi uye chimiro chebhiza chakashandiswawo.
Zvaakashandisa paakasarudza kutiza upenyu hwenyika uye kunyange mumuonde, muti unomiririra uchenjeri, nokuti pasi pomuti uyu ndiye aitarisira kuparidza shoko.
Iyo Gupta Art
Unyanzvi uhwu hwakatanga pakati pezana ramakore rechina nerechisere enguva yechiKristu uye ndeimwe yeanonyanya kufarirwa nehunyanzvi hwechiHindu, iri nguva yechinyakare apo chiBuddha chakapararira. Mumatunhu ese eAsia achibvumira kusikwa kwehuzivi hunonzi Vedanta, kunze kwezvinyorwa zvinoshamisa zvinobudirira.
Hindu Art inoshanduka nekuda kwekuchena uye kuwirirana pakati pezviverengero zvakasikwa zvichiratidza kugona kwechimiro chemunhu uye ma stupas anoiswa akatwasuka achiratidza kukosha kukuru mukushongedza kwechivezwa.
Iyo yakagadzirwa mubas-relief nekushandiswa kwematombo uye stucco coatings inogadzirwa pakati pavo, iyo yeRayagrija, Nalanda naSarnath inomira.
Mabasa makuru ekuvaka akaitwa munguva ino yeHindu Art ndiyo nzvimbo dzemapako kana dzinozivikanwawo sevihara.
Pakati pavo Aurangabad, Elephanta, Ajanta uye Ellora. Nezve temberi dzakavakwa mumhepo yakazaruka, Bhitargaon, Bodh Gaya, Sanchi, Deogarh Sirpur uye Chezarla vanomira.
Imwe yetemberi kana nzvimbo tsvene inomira pachena muHindu Art ndiyo Ajanta yakagadzirwa pakati peXNUMXnd uye XNUMXth mazana emakore enguva yechiKristu, inoumbwa nemapako makumi matatu.
Idzo dzakacherwa mudombo chaimo mumoto webasalt uye mune nzvimbo tsvene, makamuri emamongi nemakamuri ekusangana akashongedzwa, anoisa zvese zvinoratidzwa zveHindu Art senge chivezwa, zvivakwa uye pendi.
Gumi nenhanhatu emapako aya akashongedzwa nemifananidzo inoshamisa apo huwandu hukuru hwemavara echirimwa nemamineral mavambo akashandiswa padhaka revhu rakasanganiswa neshanga uyezve lime yakawedzerwa.
Musoro wenyaya wemifananidzo iyi ndiBuddha uye zviratidziro zvinoenderana nengano dzakakurumbira dzechiBhudha dzinozivikanwa sejataka uye kunyangwe zvimiro zveyakajairwa kurongeka uye yemhando yakakosha muHindu Art inogona kuratidzwa.
Aya mafrescoes kubva kunzvimbo dzeAjanta dzinopa zvisikwa uye ngano dzeMahayana Buddhism apo Bodhisattva yebhuruu lotus inoonekwa apo inopiwa hukuru hukuru, uye nhamba huru yemhuka inoipoteredza pasina kurongeka kana maonero.
Mamiriro acho akapetwa kaviri uye kunaka kwerunako rwenguva ino kunoonekwa mumhando dzayo uye chimiro chemaziso ake chakafanana chaizvo nelotus ruva petal uye tsiye dzake dzinoratidza curve yakafanana zvakanyanya neIndia arch.
Imwe yetemberi umo unyanzvi hwechiHindu hunoonekwa mukubwinya kwayo kose iEllora pakati pemakore 750 kusvika 850. Yakatsaurirwa kuSivá. Yakanga yakagadzirwa nedombo rinoputika uye ine chivanze chikuru chinosvika mamita zana kureba.
Chimiro chacho chinoumbwa nezvivako zviviri zvenhurikidzwa mbiri uye zvine makoramu makuru, zvose kunze uye mukati maro zvakashongedzwa nemifananidzo yevanhu munzvimbo dzakawanda uye mumafungiro akasiyana-siyana.
Kuita zvepabonde, kurwa, kufungisisa, kutamba, mifananidzo yevanhu inofananidzira kubhururuka inoonekwa, pamwe chete nehupenyu hwenzou hunoshongedza madziro etemberi.
Nekuremekedza chiitiko chikuru, chinenge mamita mana kumusoro, vamwari Sivá naParvati vanoratidzirwa pamusoro pegomo uye pamusoro paro, dhimoni rine maoko akawanda nemisoro inonzi Ravana inoonekwa.
Temberi huru inogadzirwa mukukudza lingam uye iri pakati penzvimbo tsvene mamongi echiBhudha nemaHindu Brahmins vanogara munzvimbo inoera, vachiratidza kushivirira uye kugarisana murunyararo pakati pezvitendero zvese izvi.
Nezve Temberi yeElephanta, iri pachitsuwa chiri muBombay Bay, kana uchinge wasvika patemberi, unogona kuona chivezwa chikuru chenzou, nokudaro zita rakapihwa nemaPutukezi muna 1712.
Iyo inomira kunze kweayo anokatyamadza-yakakwirira-yakarembera, pakati pavo iyo bust yeSivá Majadeva yakagadzirwa muzana ramakore rechitanhatu. Iyi bust yakareba mamita matanhatu uye inomiririrwa nemisoro mitatu, murume mumwe, mukadzi uye hermaphrodite imwe.
Iyo inomiririra misimboti inotaura nezvehunyambiri hunovaka uye hunoparadza mukuwedzera kune humwari hunoratidzwa mune yese.
Nezve iyo huru chapel yetemberi iyi, yakatsaurirwazve kune lingam murume nhengo, inova hunhu hukuru hweSivá uye inomiririrwa ne monolithic cylinder.
Humwe hunhu hweHindu Art yenguva ino kugadzikana uye kudzikama kunomiririrwa mumufananidzo waBuddha kwaanofananidzirwa zvine mutsindo uye anopa kutapira uye pamweya izvo zvakajairwa nemaitiro eMathura.
Chivezwa chikuru chinogadzirwa ndechaBuddha akagara pachigaro chake senge ari kufungisisa, makumbo ake akachinjika zvakafanana nenzvimbo yeyoga uye maoko ake ari munzvimbo dzakasiyana zvichienderana nemadhaka aari kuita, inova chikamu chemutauro wesoteric. .
Mumwe muenzaniso weHindu Art ndiTenzi Buddha anobva kuSamath muzana ramakore rechishanu uko kutsetseka kwemitsara yakagadzirwa kunoonekwa.
Kukwana kukuru kunoratidzwa mukuzadzikiswa kwechiso chinoratidza runako rwakafanira asi panguva imwe chete ngano nekufamba kwakatsetseka kunoratidza hunhu uye zvemweya zvakangofanana neHindu Art.
Saizvozvowo, torso yeBodhisattva inomira, iyo inobva kunharaunda yeSanchi, iyo yakadzokera kuzana remakore reXNUMX, uye ine ganda rakapfava kunze kwezvipfeko zvinopfeka uye zvishongo zvinoshongedza.
Inosimbisawo kusunungurwa kwaVishnu apo akarara panyoka inonzi Ananta pedyo navamwe vamwari vechiHindu.
Iyi art yeGupta yakapararira mudunhu rese reDeccan, ichisimudzira akasiyana masitaera anozivikanwa sepost-Gupta uye, sezvo kwaive nehumambo hwakati wandei mudunhu reIndia, dhorobha rega rega rakaishandisa nenzira yakanakisa pakati peavo vakamira.
Iyo yekuvaka uye sculptural yakaoma yeguta reMahabalipuran iyo kubva 1984 iWorld Heritage Site.
Kusununguka kwakanaka kunonzi Descent of the Ganges kunoratidzwa uye ine urefu hwemamita makumi maviri nemanomwe uye maererano nekukwirira kwetemberi iyi mamita mapfumbamwe, yakavakwa negranite.
Mukati mune zvimiro zvinopfuura zana pakati pevamwari vechiHindu, vanhu pamwe nemhuka sezvinoratidzwa nenzou dzinoitwa pachikero chechisikigo munzvimbo yakapoteredza matombo makuru matatu akavezwa achiapa chimiro cheshumba, nzou nenzombe zvakateerana.
Saizvozvowo, nzvimbo shanu dzemonolithic granite dzinogona kuoneka, dzakaumbwa semotokari uye dzine zvinyoro panogona kuonekwa mifananidzo yegumna nemhuka.
Mudunhu reBangal, maPala neSena dynasties zvakare akazvisiyanisa kubva kuGupta maitiro, achiratidza hukuru hukuru.
Uye Matauriro Asina Hunhu Iyo Pala dzinza-style stupa ine girobhu-yakafanana nedome yakaendeswa kunzvimbo yeNepal neSoutheast Asia kunyanya munzvimbo dzakaita seBurma, Thailand neCambodia.
Hindu art pakati peXNUMXth neXNUMXth century
Mushure mekupinda kweWhite Huns, dunhu reIndia rakaumbwa zvakare kuita humambo hudiki hwakatarisana.
Nokuti simba riri kuchamhembe nekumadokero kweIndia rakanga rakagarwa nevaraidzo vaizivikanwa seMwanakomana waMambo vaiva mapoka evarwi.
Ava ndivo vaitungamira kuumba madzinza akawanda akadai saSolanki, Rastrakuta, Chandella naPratihara, izvo zvakazoita kuti zvitaera zvinyorwe zvakawedzera kushandura Hindu Art kusvika nguva yekupinda kweMongol.
Pamusoro pechitendero chechiBuddha, chakarasikirwa nerimwe resimba racho mukurwisana nechiHindu, icho chakava rudzidziso rworudzi.
Nhamba huru yenzvimbo tsvene dzechitendero dzakavakwa nekuda kwezvipo zvevaridzi veminda vaive nenzvimbo dzakakura, izvo zvakabvumira feudal system.
Nezve magadzirirwo enguva ino yeHindu Art, nzira mbiri dzinocherechedzwa, sezvakaita chivakwa chakafukidzwa uye chimwe chimiro chaive piramidhi, chainyanya kufanana neDravidian art.
Tembere dzechiHindu dzinonzi nagara dzakavakwa dzakapoteredza nzvimbo tsvene dzekare umo mifananidzo yavamwari yaichengetwa.
Nezvekubereka, sezvazvakaita ne lingam neioni, madhizaini edenderedzwa akagadzirwa kuchengetedza zvivakwa zvekare izvi.
Nokudaro, pamberi pechimiro, teresi yakagadzirwa apo makamuri akasiyana-siyana akaonekwa mukati meshongwe uye chivakwa chacho chakafananidzirwa kumusoro sechinhu chemurume pane chimiro chaitaura nezvechikadzi chinhu ioni.
Chirongwa chechimiro chakaitwa kumabvazuva-kumadokero nzira ichitevera Star King, saka magadzirirwo ayo aive akakodzera kune zvidzidzo zvenyeredzi.
Kuita zviyero, chikero chakasimba chakashandiswa kuita zviyero zvakakodzera nechinangwa chekuita kufanana kweChisiko.
Nekuda kweizvi vaishandisa lintel system uye kunyangwe vaiziva denga nemaarch, havana kufunga kuti zvakakodzera kuzvishandisa. Anoshandiswa kana maMuslim asvika.
Kushongedzwa kwakashandiswa muHindu Art yenguva ino kwaiva kunze kwetemberi kudzivisa kutsauswa mukati maifanira kuva nerima nechinangwa chokukwanisa kuita chitendero chitsvene.
Nekuremekedza nagara muchikamu ichi cheHindu Art, maitiro mana akagadzirwa, akadai saOrissa, akagadzirwa kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwejecha dzvuku.
Muzvivakwa izvi, kushandiswa kwepamusoro-soro kunoonekwa, iyo yakabatanidzwa nemugwagwa wakaoma, sezvinogona kuonekwa mutemberi yeLingaraja muguta reBhubaneswar.
Hindu Art pakati pezana ramakore rechi XNUMX nerechi XNUMX yakaratidza chitaera chitsva chinonzi Khajuraho muguta guru rechitendero reChandella, rimwe remadzinza aive nesimba munharaunda yeIndia pakati pezana ramakore rechigumi neregumi nembiri.
Vachiratidza hukuru hukuru mukunatswa kwetemberi dzavo uye nemifananidzo yaibata basa rokushongedza.
Zvinonzi panguva iyi pakavakwa matemberi anosvika makumi masere, makumi maviri nembiri chete ndiwo asara ari munzvimbo yakanakisa yekuchengetedzwa kwenzvimbo.Zvinonzi nzvimbo iyi yakatorwa kubva pamakiromita makumi maviri nerimwe.
Pakati pematemberi aya, Khandariya Majadeva anomira kunze, akasikwa kumativi egore 1000. Yakagadzirwa papuratifomu iyo nzvimbo tsvene iri pasi pechigadziro uye zvifananidzo zvehutano hukuru.
Iko zviratidziro zvinoratidza ngano, erotic tantric uye nyaya dzengano dzinoratidzwa pamadziro echivako uye kubvira 1986 saiti ino yakanzi World Heritage Site.
Temberi yeLingaraja iri mudunhu reBhuvaneswari mugore re1100 yakasikwa mukukudza mwari Sivá.Iri seti yezvivakwa uye pakati pazvo sikara inomira seshongwe inomonereka sehurefu hunofambira mberi uye semagumo ibwe. disc inonzi amalaka.
Madziro ekunze enzvimbo inoyera yechitendero akashongedzwa nezvivezwa, nepo mukati mune lingam muchimiro chegranite block pane iyo ioni semutero kune kubereka.
Humwe hunhu hwetemberi iyi ndehwekuti madziro ekunze akashongedzwa nezvimiro zvidiki-diki kubva mutemberi pachayo, zvichiratidza kufarira kwavo kuwanda kwezvinhu uye nhamba yazvo.
Imwe yematemberi ane kukosha kukuru kwehunyanzvi ndiyo yakavakirwa mukukudza Mwari weZuva mudunhu reKonarak pakati pe1240 ne1258, iri muenzaniso wakanaka wezvivakwa zvenguva ino yeHindu Art.
Asi chete chechimiro ichi chinoramba chiri mandapa muchimiro chengoro ine mabhiza ayo akanyatsovezwa pamwe chete nemavhiri ari mujinga mechivako. Ichi chivakwa chakaziviswa seWorld Heritage Site muna 1984.
Isu tinogona zvakare kukuudza nezve temberi yeKesava iri mudunhu reSomnathpur, yakavakwa muna 1268, inomira pakati pezvimwe zvivakwa zvedhizaini yayo yakachinjika uye inoumbwa nenzvimbo nhatu dzakaita nyeredzi pamwe nerectangular mandapa.
Inoratidza huwandu hukuru hwezvivezwa zvekushongedza zvakajairwa neHindu Art, kune zvakare hombe temberi dzekugara dziri mudunhu reChola, dzakavakwa pakati pemakore XI neXII.
Pamusoro pechivezwa cheHindu Art, zvidhori zvichiri kugadzirwa munzvimbo tsvene dzakasiyana-siyana pamwe chete nenhamba dziri dzoga nezviono zvinotiratidza idi rinorondedzera zvakananga pamusoro pekutenderera kwechiHindu kune chokuita nengano.
Zvizhinji zvezviratidziro zvakajeka zvema tantras zvinoratidza kuti kuburikidza nebonde munhu anogona kusvika pakakwirira pakunamata kwevanhu.
Zvivezwa zvave kugadzirwa neimwe zvinhu zvakaita sebhuronzi, inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mudunhu reBengal neBihar zvine chekuita nemisoro yechiBuddha.
Saizvozvowo, bhuronzi yakashandiswa kugadzira zvivezwa kubva kuTamil Nadu, dingindira rechitendero chechiHindu nevamwe vamwari, saSivá Nataraja, aive mambo wekutamba.
MuChola Dynasty Tamil Nadu inomiririrwa nemaoko mana mukuwedzera kune bvudzi refu uye mune rimwe remaoko ake chigubhu kuratidza ruzha kuburikidza nehungwaru hweHindu Art.
Inogona kuonekwa mune mamwe maoko ake murazvo unoonekwa kuti moto sechinhu chekuparadza chifananidzo ichi chakakomberedzwa nemhete mumoto unomiririra cyclical muitiro Wenyika.
Izvo zvakafanana zvinomira pachena munguva ino yeHindu Art chifananidzo cheGomatesvara chakaitwa mugore re978 ne993 icho chinoyera anenge gumi nemanomwe metres kumusoro chinomiririra Jaini tenzi anonzi Bahubali.
Islamic art nguva
Izvi zvinotanga pakati pezana ramakore rechi XNUMX nerechi XNUMX apo kupinda kwevaMuslim kwakasimuka, izvo zvakaunza nyonganyonga muHindu Art sezvo vakanga vachitungamirira kuparadza nhamba huru yetembere nokudaro nokubvisa chiBuddha munyika yeIndia.
Mushure mekutevedzana kukuru kwemadzinza panguva iyi, semaGuríes, Gaznawies, Tugluquies, Khilji dzinza uye dzinza revaranda, Humambo hweMongol hwakazoumbwa, hwaitungamira kubatanidza matunhu ese erudzi urwu munzvimbo imwechete.
Naizvozvo, hunyanzvi hwechiHindu hwakafumiswa nezvinhu zvetsika dzechiIslam, zvakanyanya maererano nekuvaka, zvinhu zvakaita search, vault, dome zvakashandiswa, mukuwedzera pakushandiswa kwe lime mortar.
Zvivako zvitsva zvakatovakwa nokuda kwetsika dzechiHindu, dzakadai semisikiti, uye maererano neshongedzero, vakadzidza kushongedza nemifananidzo uye kushandisa calligraphy, pamwe chete nounyanzvi hwokunamira zvinhu netesserae pakushongedza.
Kuburikidza nepesvedzero yechiIslam, hunyanzvi hwechiHindu hwakawana fungidziro nyowani yemutsara uye kushandiswa kwenzvimbo yezvinhu zvagara zvichizivikanwa senge chena marble uye red sandstone.
Naizvozvo, maMosque echiHindu akavakwa anoumbwa nemanave matatu akagadzirirwa munamato uye rusvingo rwakanangidzirwa kuMecca uko kune mihrab neminbar.
Nekuremekedza nechepakati nave, inoumbwa nematatu kusvika mashanu evhavha ayo akaiswa kureba uye mukushongedza kwavo vanoshandisa dhizaini ye stalactites inonzi murkana.
Yakashongedzerwa neberere hombe uye bheseni rezvimbudzi, kazhinji kacho rine maberere kuti rishandiswe sekanganwiro.Mumakona makaiswa minareti, pamwe chete nekamuri yevapristi.
Pakati peakanyanya kunaka emamosque muHindu Art tinogona kuratidza iyo Sultanate yeDelhi yakagadzirwa mugore re1210 uye Oila - i - Kohna Masjid.
Iri muPurana Qila yedunhu reHumayun mugore ra1541 uye mumatunhu masultanates, iyo Atala Masjid inomira mudhorobha reJaunpur yakagadzirwa mugore ra1408.
Munharaunda yeDehli, Shongwe yeKukunda inomira pachena, ndiyo minareti refu kwazvo pasi rose, kureba kwayo mamita makumi manomwe nemaviri, yakavakwa pakati pe1194 ne1199 pasi pemurairo waOutb ad-Din Avbak akavamba muranda. dzinza.
Ichi chivakwa chine frustoconical dhizaini uye chirimwa chakagadzirwa muundulating poly chimiro chine mitsara yakasiyana-siyana, inoumbwa nemapuranga mashanu.
Imwe neimwe ine materu anopeta muqarnas, matatu ekutanga akagadzirwa nedombo rejecha dzvuku uye mamwe ese ari chena marble pamwe ne epigraphic chishongo chakagadzirwa nemitsetse.
Chimiro chese ichi chinoumbwa nembiru yakagadzirwa nesimbi yakareba mamita manomwe uye yakagadzirwa panguva yekutonga kwaChandragupta II uyo akararama pakati pemakore 375 ne413.
Imwe yemhando dzechivakwa ichi ndechekuti kunyangwe zuva rekuvakwa hariratidze chero mhando yekuora uye muna 1993 yaive chikamu cheUNESCO World Heritage Site.
Mughal architecture
Yakanga iri imwe yeinobereka zvibereko zvakanyanya uye yakaratidza kubwinya kukuru muhunyanzvi hwechiIslam muIndia.Pakati pekutanga kuratidzwa imosikiti yeBabri Masjid yakarairwa kuti ivakwe namambo wekutanga Mughal ainzi Babur.
Nekuremekedza Fatehpur Sikri, kusiyana nezvimwe zvivakwa zvaive nechirevo chechitendero, iyi yaive imba yamambo yakavakwa pakati pe1571 ne1585 padyo neguta reAgra pasi pekuraira kwaMambo Akbar kuti ive chigaro chedare.
Ichi chivakwa chine madziro uye chinoyera makiromita angangoita matanhatu munzvimbo, zvivakwa zvakati wandei zvakavakwa. Kubva padombo rejecha dzvuku, pakati pavo pakamira Diwan - i-khas, yaive chivakwa chakaita cube apo mambo akagamuchira vashanyi.
Yaivawo nedziva rainzi Anup Talao uye mapindu akapesvedzerwa nePersian Art iyo yaive yakapetwa mana uye mukati mawo maive neimba yekunamatira yainzi Ibadat Khana pasina kukanganwa nzvimbo yeharem.
Pakagadzirwa zvivakwa zvakati wandei, sePanch Mahal, yaive imba yekutandarira, Birbal Mahal, yaive imba yaMambokadzi.
Imba yemhepo uye imba yaamai vamambo pamwe chete nemosque yakasarudzika nekuti guva rayo rakagadzirwa nevhu rakavhurika remabhura machena uye nematombo akaiswa mukati.
Iyo Mausoleum yeguta reAgra inonzi Itimad-Ud-Daulah yakagadzirwa pakati pe1622 na1628 inoratidza shanduko yepakutanga yeMughal yekuvaka uko dombo rejecha rakashandiswa seyakagadzirwa uye gare gare marble chena yakashandiswa.
Pakati pavo, Tai Mahal inotanhamara: Yakavakwa pasi pemirairo yaNur Jahan, mudzimai waJahangir, kuti avige baba vake vanonzi Mirza Ghiyas Beg, uyo akawana zita rekuti Itimad-ud-Daulá, zvinoreva kuti mbiru yenyika.
Madziro echivako ichi akanga akagadzirwa nematombo machena akaiswa matombo anokosha akadai seonikisi, lapis lazuli netopazi.
Nezvekudhirowa, pesvedzero yePezhiya inocherechedzwa uye inofananidzirwa nemifananidzo yejometri nemavhasi emaruva kana zvirimwa zvine ornamental motifs.
Saka iyo Tai Mahal ibasa rakapihwa runako iro rakaitwa muMughal Art pakati pemakore 1632 na1654 iro mambo Sah Yahan akaraira kuti rivakwe.
Mukukudza mudzimai wake mushakabvu Mumtaz Mahal mausoleum akagadzirwa nemarble chena, chikuva chekuvaka chinotenderera mamita manomwe kumativi neshongwe ina.
Facade yechivako ichi ine arch yePersian iwan-type ine mamwe madiki ari kumativi.Imba yemukati ine chimiro cheoctagonal uye inosimuka nedome hombe, iro rakakomberedzwawo nemamwe madhomu maviri madiki akaita segirobhu.
Kuve chimwe chezvimiro zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa munyika nhasi nekuda kwekuwirirana kwezviyero zvayo uye kushongedzwa kwakapfava uko mapindiro ane maruva anofemerwa uye geometric maumbirwo ari pachena.
Mukuwedzera, pamberi peichi chivako chakaisvonaka pane bindu rakaisvonaka rePersia iro rakapoteredzwa nemigero ina yemvura inopokana.
Ivo vanotaura nezvenzizi ina dzeParadhiso umo mvura, waini, mukaka nouchi zvinoyerera. Yakanzi imwe yeZvinomwe Zvinoshamisa zveNyika Yemazuvano muna 2007.
Traditional Hindu Art
Izvo zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti yechinyakare Hindu Art yakanga ichiri kuratidzwa munharaunda yekumaodzanyemba kwenzvimbo yeDeccan kunyanya muhumambo hweVijayanagar pakati pezana ramakore rechigumi neshanu negumi nematanhatu.
Ikoko nzvimbo tsvene yeTiruvengalanatha inomira kunze yakagadzirwa mugore ra1534 iyo yakagadzirwa mukukudza mwari Vishnu pamwe neLotus Palace.
Magonhi ezvivakwa izvi akagadzirwa ane matanda akakomberedzwa, zvichiratidza mubatanidzwa pakati pemaitiro echiHindu nechiIslam.
Nokudaro, kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvakadai sevhavha, arches uye domes, pasina kukanganwa makoramu nemabhakoni, yakashandiswa muHindu art.
Zvivako zvechitendero zveiyi nharaunda zvakanga zvakakura uye zvakaoma uko kwaigona kuoneka nhamba huru yeshongwe dzokupinda nadzo, dzakanga dzakareba uye dzine chimiro chepiramidi.
Iyo yaimiririra Mount Meru, inova Hindu Olympus uko kunocherechedzwa friezes uye kushongedzwa kwezvivezwa zvakagadzirwa nestucco uye zvine mavara anoyevedza.
Rimwe remaguta enzvimbo tsvene iro rakakosha kuratidza mune ino chinyorwa cheHindu Art inoenderana naMadurai, akagadzirwa muNayvak Dynasty muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX.
Iyi shrine inotsaurwa mukukudza Minaksi mwarikadzi ane maziso akaita sehove uye Sivá Sundaresvara anova Ishe Akanaka.
Iyo ine polychrome zvidhori zvevamwari vechiHindu uye nzvimbo tsvene yakakomberedzwa nenhevedzano yemakoridho uye hypostyle horo dzine makoramu akavezwa.
Pakati peiyo inomira kunze kwehoro yemakoramu ane chiuru yakashongedzwa nemifananidzo yemhuka dzinotyisa, nhasi imuseum umo muunganidzwa webronze kubva kuChola neVijayanagar unogara.
Nezve pendi muHindu Art, yakakwenenzverwa mumunda wediki, rudzi rwakatorwa kubva kuhunyanzvi hwechiIslam, kunyanya muchromatism.
Maererano nemaonero, kutanga muzana remakore rechigumi nemashanu, mavara akajeka asi asina kusiyana akashandiswa mumifananidzo pasina kusununguka uye mune zviso zvakashongedzwa nemaziso anoyevedza.
Zvikoro zviviri zvikuru zvakagadzirwa munzvimbo ino, iri Rajasthani iyo yakagadziridzwa mumatunhu eMalwa, Mewar, Jaipur, Kishangarh neBundi uko hunhu hwemamiriro ekunze, static kuumbwa uye mavara akadhonzwa anounzwa pamberi.
Chimwe chikoro ndechePahari icho chakatanga muzana ramakore rechigumi nesere muguta rePanvab muhumambo hudiki hweGuler neKangra. Chimiro chakanyanya kujeka uye chine mavara mumatare edzimhosva uye chivalrous mifananidzo, kunyanya mungano yeKrishna.
Pari padanho rino apo hunyanzvi hwemachira hunobudirira mumidziyo yakaita sesirika nekotoni, huchikwanisa kushanda mumhando zana nemakumi mashanu dzakasiyana dzedonje.
Iko kune maitiro akawanda anocherechedzwa zvinoenderana nedunhu, ndizvo zvakaita jira rakapendwa reDeccan pamwe nejira rakasanganiswa nedonje rakagadzirwa muGujarat.
Aya machira akapendwa, akadhindwa, akadhayiwa uye akashongedzwa neakawanda maapplication, achiratidza hunyanzvi hwevagadziri vawo.
Kunyange unyanzvi hweJain hwakagadzirwa mukuwirirana kukuru, iyo yakanga iri chimiro chefariro huru munyika yokuMadokero yairatidzirwa mumatembere nemifananidzo yakavezwa yakaitwa nemarble machena.
Ikoko kwakaiswa matombo anokosha emavara akasiyana-siyana uye achibvumira chishongo chikuru munzvimbo tsvene pakati pavo, temberi yeRanakpur inomira kunze pamwe chete netemberi yeNeminath paGomo reAbu.
Saizvozvowo, unyanzvi huduku hunomira pachena, sezvinoitwa nemifananidzo yeKalpa-sutra, inova chinyorwa chitsvene cheJaini chinorondedzera zvakaitwa naMahavira, uyo aiva muvambi weboka iri rechitendero.
Ichi chinyorwa chakanga chiri muchimiro chakachinjika chakagadzirwa nemashizha emichindwe umo mavara makuru maviri akashandiswa, akadai sedzvuku neindigo, pamwe chete nenhamba dzakasimba dzine kumberi kwakaoma.
Mukuwedzera, panguva ino mabasa makuru evarwi vechiSikh akakudziridzwa uye chitendero chavo chakatangwa muna 1469 natateguru Nanak, chakavakirwa pakutenda muna Mwari asingagoni kududzwa nezita uye pakunamata bhuku rake dzvene.
Zvinodaidzwa kuti Guru Granth Sahib pakati pezviumbwa zvakakura zvechivezwa ichi zviri muguta reAmritsar muguta rePavab rakavakwa muna 1574 apo pakamira Tembere yeGoridhe inonzi Gurdwara Har Mandir.
colonial art
Izvi zvakaitwa pakati pezana remakore rechi1757 nerechiXNUMX Great Britain payakakunda France ndokutora nyika yeIndia mugore raXNUMX rainzi Hondo Yemakore Manomwe.
Pakamuka basa reChirungu, chimiro chekoloni chakapararira icho chakabatsira kuHindu Art mitauro ine chekuita neEuropean style.
Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti panguva yekunetsana uku pakati pemauto echiFrench neachiRungu, vagari vemo vakagovera zvitaera zveunyanzvi, sezvinoonekwa munzvimbo dzechiFrench dzakaita seBaroda, Hiderabad neNagpur.
Saizvozvowo, chimiro chechiPutukezi chekuvakisa chemhando dzebaroque chakaonekwa muhunyanzvi hwechiHindu hwakarohwa nehunyanzvi hwechiHindu uye vakamira muCathedral yeGoa yakagadzirwa pakati pemakore 1562 na1619.
Zvakare muBasilica yaJesu Akanaka weGoa iyo yakavakwa pakati pe1594 ne1605 umo masara eguva reSan Francisco Javier anogara.
Ndiko kufarira kwezvivakwa zvechiPutukezi neHindu Art kuti vanga vari chikamu cheWorld Heritage Site kubvira 1986.
Nekukunda kwakaitwa neChirungu, chimiro cheneoclassical chakagadzirwa chaive chakafanana neicho chaiitwa muUnited States panguva imwe chete.
Ndiyo nyaya yeFort yeSaint George muMadras, yakavakwa pakati pe1644 ne1714, pamwe neCathedral yeSaint Thomas muBombay, yakavakwa muna 1718.
Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti muna 1690 guta reCalcutta rakavambwa, uko dzimbahwe reBritish East India Company rakatangwa.
Naizvozvo, kubva muzana ramakore regumi nesere chave chiri chigaro chekutonga kwerudzi rweChirungu mudunhu reHindu uye pakati pekutanga kuvaka kwemauto kwayakaita.
Fort Williams iri pakati pemakore 1700 na1716 mushure meizvi, temberi yechitendero sezvakaita Cathedral yeSan Juan yakavakwa muna 1787.
Pamusoro pechigaro chehutongi, iyo Raj Bhayan Palace yakavakwa pakati pe1798 na1805, ichigadzira guta rine nzvimbo huru dzine magadheni, akadai seMaidan Park, Government Plaze, Zoo, Botanical Garden neDalhousie Square.
Muzana ramakore reXNUMXth, maitiro eVictorian neo-Gothic akashandiswa zvakanyanya muzvivakwa zvepamutemo zvekupindirwa kweChirungu uye rimwe remaguta airatidza kubwinya muchimiro ichi raive Bombay, uko kwaiitirwa zvivakwa zvikuru zvezvivakwa.
Pakati pawo pane Town Hall mugore ra1855 pamwe chete netemberi yechitendero yakaita seAfghan Memorial Church mugore ra1857.
Musika weCrawford mugore ra1867 ipapo Rajabai Tower mugore ra1874 uye kufambisa Victoria Terminus Station pakati pemakore 1840 na1847.
Muguta reCalcutta, chipatara chacho chakavakwa muna 1835, pamwe chete netemberi yechitendero, St. Museum.
Pakati pezana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe
Unyanzvi hwechiHindu hwechiHindu hwakamira muguta reJaipur, guta guru reRavastan, muna 1728 uye yainzi guta repingi nekuda kwekushandiswa kweterracotta.
Kupenda zvivakwa pakati peichi chivakwa chekuvaka, iyo Maharaja Palace kubva mugore 1728 inomira kunze, ipapo Ishvarlat Tower iyo yakagadzirwa mugore re1743.
Pamusoro pePalace yeMhepo kubva mugore ra1799, ine façade yakanaka yakavakwa nezvivharo zvematombo paishandiswa mavara epingi nechena.Yaishandiswa senzvimbo yekutarisisa nevakadzi veharem.
Imwe yemabasa anomira pachena ndeye Jantar Mnatar yakagadzirwa muna 1728, pamwe neyekuongorora nyeredzi yakagadzirwa nemarble uye sandstone, ine sundials, astrolabes uye chandeliers.
Nekuda kweBritish East India Kambani, iyo inotungamira kunze kwenyika zvigadzirwa zvekurima senge tii, zvinonhuhwirira, mupunga, kofi uye shuga, pamwe chete nezvigadzirwa kubva munzvimbo yemachira, yakabvumira shanduko yehunyanzvi.
Kambani yeChirungu yaifarira kuita zvidzidzo zvinechekuita nekutorwa kwemifananidzo uye ethnography yedunhu iri.Nekuda kweizvi, vaive nebasa rekuunza maartist echiEurope.
Nechinangwa chekukwanisa kunyora matombo makuru eHindu Art uye nzvimbo dzakanaka dzenharaunda yechiHindu. Nekuda kwehunyanzvi hwekuMadokero, shanduko dzakaitwa muHindu Art sezvavakadzidza maitiro ekupenda oiri pamwe nekushandiswa kwemaonero uye chiaroscuro.
Kugadzira chimiro chinozivikanwa sehunyanzvi hwekambani uko nzira yekumadokero yakashandiswa mukumiririra kweHindu Art kunyanya mumifananidzo inoyevedza inokatyamadza mabhunu echiRungu.
Panguva imwe cheteyo, nekuda kwekusanganiswa kwehunyanzvi hweChirungu nehunyanzvi hwechiHindu, chimiro chinonzi Kalighat pat chakagadzirwa muCalcutta, chaive nebasa rekusanganisa midzi yechiHindu neicho chairehwa nehunyanzvi hwekuMadokero.
contemporary art
Mushure mekuunganidza kukuru, India yakawana rusununguko muna 1947 uye zvivakwa zvitsva zvakaitwa nekuda kwekuyananisa kwevagadziri vekunze.
Ndizvo zvakaita Le Corbusier mutaundi reChandigarh, guta iri rakagadzirwa nemugadziri weSwiss mavambo muna 1953 nehurumende itsva nekuda kwesangano rekuzvimirira.
Mugadziri wezvivakwa uyu aitungamira kugadzira hurongwa hwemadhorobha eguta pamusoro pekuvaka zvivakwa zvepamutemo zvakawanda zvakaita seParamende, Ministries, Matare neHurumende Palace.
Iko kushandiswa kwemavhoriyamu ejometri nenzira yakachena kunoonekwa mukuwedzera kune kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvitsva uye maitiro akadai sekongiri negirazi.
Uye zvakare, mumwe mugadziri wekubva kumadokero akashanda, akadai saOtto Königsberger, uye muna 1939 akagadzwa kuve mukuru wedunhu reMysore.
Munharaunda iyi Hindu Institute of Science yakavakwa pakati pa1943 na1944 pamwe neVictoria Hall muna 1946 muguta reBangalore pasina kukanganwa chirongwa cheguta reBhubanesvara.
Kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, guta reCalcutta raive muzinda weHindu Art muIndia, richigadzira chikoro cheBengal, icho chakabvumira kumutsiridzwa kwehunyanzvi hwechiHindu hwechiHindu kubudirira kuburikidza nerutsigiro rwemhuri yeTagore.
Kunyanya Rabindranath Tagore uyo akapihwa Mubairo weNobel weLiterature muna 1913 uye pakati pehunhu hwake hwakamira pachena hwekuve mupendi weruvara rwakasviba.
Muna 1920, akatanga Faculty of Fine Arts yeSantiniketan, pedyo zvikuru neguta reCalcutta.Zvakakosha kuratidza pesvedzero yemhuri iyi mukuvandudzwa kwehunyanzvi hwechiHindu.
Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti mhuri yeTagore yakagamuchira muzivi wechiJapan uye muimbi Okakura Kakuzö muIndia muna 1902, saka mhuri iyi yakapihwa nhumbu nenhamba huru yevazivi uye maartist.
Mushure mekusununguka kwenyika ino, Hindu Art yakapinzwa nehunyanzvi hwakasiyana hwekuMadokero nekuda kwekudyidzana kwepasirese.
Sezvinogona kuonwa, muna 1946 Francis Newton Souza akavamba boka rainzi Bombay Progressives iro, mukuwedzera kukuva nepfungwa dzakasimba dzekuruboshwe, dzaitsigira Hindu Art.
Pakati pemakore 1050 na1970, neotantrism yakatanga, sangano rehunyanzvi rinoratidza hunyanzvi hwechiHindu kubva pamaonero echimanjemanje kubva pakuona kwemaonero, ipapo cubism inooneka.
Nhasi Hindu Art inowanikwa mumunda wemazuva ano epurasitiki arts uye pakazosvika 2007 pakanga paine maHindu angangoita mazana mashanu pakati pezvinyorwa zvevanyori vanonyanya kutsvakwa pasi rose.
Isu tinokuudza mune ino chinyorwa nezve Hindu Art iyo parizvino inonyanya kutsvakwa mushure memuimbi maererano nezvivezwa ndiAnish Kapoor akwanisa kutengesa mijenya makumi maviri nemana achipa huwandu hwe24 euros.
Mamwe maratidziro ehunyanzvi etsika iyi
Kumwe kuratidzwa kwehunyanzvi hwetsika dzechiHindu kunocherechedzwa, kuratidza hukuru hwayo hwekutenda kune pesvedzero yetsika dzakasiyana dzaitonga ndima yechiHindu.
Muzvinyorwa
Muchikamu chezvinyorwa, izvi zvinotanga mugore ra1500 nguva yechiKristu isati yasvika kuburikidza nerugwaro rweSanskrit rwaipfuudzwa nemuromo nevagari vemo.
Nechekare munguva dzekare, nekuda kwesimba remamwe magariro, kunyora kwakaunzwa mudunhu rino uye maitiro akati wandei anocherechedzwa, pakati pawo mutambo unomira pachena, unoreva epics engano apo hunhu hwekufungidzira hunoonekwa.
Pakati pezvinyorwa izvi panobuda Bhavabhuti aive munyori weMalatimadhaya nyaya yerudo yakafanana neyaRomeo naJuliet.
Nekuremekedza detembo reiyo epic, rakanyatsokodzera iRamayana, rinobva kurudzi rutsva rine zita rekuti mahakavva richireva nyaya dzengano uye nhoroondo.
Nhetembo dzeLyrical inomiririrwa mune chinyorwa chinozivikanwa saSataka chakagadzirirwa naBhartrihari pahupenyu hwezuva nezuva hwevaHindu uye nzira yekuona hupenyu nekuremekedza nhetembo dzine chekuita nedingindira rerudo ndiGitagovinda yakagadzirwa naJavadeva.
Ngano apo nyaya pfupi dzine mucherechedzo mukuru dzinocherechedzwa uye dzakafanana nedzechiHindu dzinoratidza hunhu hwavo hwedzidzo pakati pevanyori vakatanhamara munyaya iyi ndiNaravana naSivadasa.
Rimwe bhuku rakakurumbira remabhuku echiHindu Art iKamasutra inotangira muzana ramakore rechitanhatu rakanyorwa naVatsyavana uko nhamba huru yemirairo nezano zvine chokuita norudo zvinocherechedzwa, sezvo mutsika yechiHindu bonde inzira yomunyengetero inobvumira kusvika pakuvhenekerwa. .
Nekuda kwekupindirwa kwetsika dzechiIslam, kuwanda kwemitauro yedunhu kunoonekwa mudunhu reIndia, ndosaka mabhuku akawanda akagadzirwa muHindi, Tamil, Bangali, Mahratta, Ravastani, Girati neTelugu.
Rudzi runoshamisa rwakaratidza kufambira mberi kukuru uye rwakapararira munharaunda yose yechiHindu, mumwe weakakurumbira zvikuru ari Ananda Raya Makhin.
Ndiani aive munyori webasa reYiva-nandana, rakatsanangurwa mugore re1700 apo mutambo wemweya wemunhu wamambo akasungwa mumuzinda wake, iwo muviri pachawo, unokurukurwa.
Saizvozvo, zvinyorwa zvemazuva ano zveHindu Art zvinopesvedzerwa nemamiriro ekunze nekuda kwekudyidzana kwepasirese, pakati peiyo dhizaini yeChirungu inomira pachena.
Kune akawanda maHindu manhamba pasirese ezvinyorwa akadai saMadhusudan Datta, Sri Aurobindo, Rabindranath Tagore, Bankim Chandra Chattopadhvav, Jaishankar Prasad, Munshi Premchand, Mirza Galib pakati pedzimwe nyanzvi huru dzedunhu rino rakanaka.
Mumunda weMumhanzi
Zvakakosha kuziva kuti nekuda kwetsika dzakasiyana dzakabatanidzwa muHindu Art, mimhanzi inoratidza chitambi che eclectic kubva pakutanga kwechiAryan tsika dzaive nenziyo dzakagadzirwa nezvinyorwa zviviri chete zvemimhanzi.
Kunyange zvazvo vaDravidians vaiva nemimhanzi yakawanda yakawanda, pamwe chete nemitambo yedzinza iri zvizvarwa zvevagari veIndia, ivo vainyanya kuenderana nekubereka.
Kana ari maproto-Medithera, vakatibvumira kuti tiwane zviridzwa zvitsva zvakadai semagudhi uye zvinonyatsozivikanwa pasi rose nokuti nyoka dzakaroyiwa nenyere iyi.
Munguva dzeMiddle Ages mimhanzi yairidzwa uye ichiperekedzwa nezviridzwa zvakadai sezviridzwa zvechiGiriki nembira. Izvo zvinodikanwa kuratidza mimhanzi yakaitwa, senge Brijad-deshi yakanyorwa naMatamga muzana ramakore rechisere.
Mukuwedzera kune Narada's Naradiva-siksa muzana remakore rechiXNUMX uye kwete kukanganwa Samgita-Ratnakara yeSarnga Deva muzana remakore rechiXNUMX. Nhumbi dzenziyo dzakagadzirwa nenomwe dzinoti sa, ri, ga, ma, pa, dha, uye ni.
Kugadzira mimhanzi, yakagadzirwa nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzema tonal cycles ane zvishongo zvakawanda zvakabatanidzwa nechiyero chakati chenguva chaibvumira kutara kunonoka, kwepakati kana kukurumidza rhythm.
Gare gare mhanzi yakagamuchira simba rechiIslam yakakonzera kupatsanurwa kwetsika mbiri mumhanzi inozivikanwa seyekuchamhembe iyo yaichengeta pesvedzero yechiIslam iri yerudo, yekushongedza uye yekumaodzanyemba imwe yakarebesa kune iyo Hindu Art ichiratidza kuve yakakasharara uye ine njere.
kuita zvemitambo
Iyo Hindu Art yakabatsirwa nemitambo yemitambo, rwiyo, kutamba uye kutevedzera uye yakanangana nengano dzevamwari vechiHindu uye magamba enyika ino.
Mapfekero nemagadzirirwo evatambi vari padariro chete ndiwo akabuda uye akaitwa nenzira dzinotevera: mitambo minomwe inoenderana neizwi rokuti Sakuntala uye gumi rekuti Mricchakatika.
Nezvenguva dzepakati, iyo mahanataka inomira pachena, yaive showa yakanaka ichitaura nezvechiHindu epics, iyo dutangada apo mutambi anodzokorora chinyorwa uye vamwe vatambi vari kutungamira kuronga chiitiko uye kutamba.
Zvino imwe nzira inonzi kathakali inooneka apo kusimbiswa kwezviito zvinoperekedzwa nemimhanzi kunooneka. Kutamba chikamu chemitambo uye mairi corporal kutaura uye zviratidzo zvinoonekwa kune kufamba kwemimhanzi.
Iyo Indian Cinema
Nekuda kwehunyanzvi munyika ino, pakagadzirwa firimu rakakura rakafanana nereUnited States, asi vanoridaidza kuti Bollywood nekuti rakavakwa muguta reBombay, misoro inonyanya kushandiswa ndeyengano, mu kuwedzera kumitambo yechinyakare.
Chimwe chezvinhu zvinofanirwa kutariswa ndechekuti nzanga yechiHindu ndiyo huwandu hwevanhu vanonyanya kuenda kumabhaisikopo uye rekodhi inodarika vashandisi bhiriyoni mumwedzi mitatu chete.
Senhoroondo yenhoroondo, mugadziri wemabhaisikopo wehama dzeLumiere akasvika munyika ino muna 1896 uye muna 1913 firimu rekutanga redunhu rino rainzi Harishandra naDadeseheb Phalke rakagadzirwa.
Nezve zita rekutanga raisanganisira odhiyo, yaive Alam Ara mugore ra1931 rakagadzirwa naArdeshir Irani panguva iyoyo vaive vatogadzira zana mafirimu pagore kunyanya muHindi, Bengali neTamil.
Nechekare muma1940 nema1950, nzira itsva yekugadzira mafirimu yakabuda kubva mukuona kwevanhu, ichiratidza nzanga yechiHindu nenzira chaiyoiyo.
Pakati pevatungamiriri vanomira pachena ndevanotevera: Mehboob Khan, Bimal Roy, Pather Panchali, Farah Khan, Satvajit Ray, pakati pevamwe vanoita mafirimu makuru.
Kana iwe wakawana chinyorwa ichi chinonakidza, ndinokukoka iwe kuti ushanyire anotevera malink: