Unoziva here kuti chii hertz kuedza? Yakanga iri ongororo yakaitwa kekutanga muna 1914 nevasayendisiti James Franck naGustav Ludwig Hertz, vane chinangwa chaive chekumisikidza chiyero chesimba remaerekitironi aripo mumaatomu.
Kuedza kwaFranck naHertz
Kuedza kwaHertz kwakakwanisa kusimbisa Bohr's quantum model yeatomu, zvichiratidza kuti maatomu aingokwanisa kutora huwandu hwesimba hunonzi quanta. Nechikonzero ichocho, ichi ndicho chimwe chezviyedzo zvakakosha zvequantum fizikisi. Nekuda kwetsvagiridzo iyi, Franck naHertz vakapihwa Mubairo weNobel muFizikisi muna 1925.
Nhoroondo, Hertz aive ani?
Muna 1913, Niels Bohr akatsigira kuvapo kwemuenzaniso mutsva weatomu, wakazonzi atomu. Bohr Atomic Muenzaniso, uye akakurudzira kuvapo kwema electron orbits, ayo aiva nemuenzaniso we Rutherford Atomic Model, kufanana nemapuraneti. Nemuenzaniso wake akakurudzira zvinyorwa zvina, chimwe chazvo chaive nechokuita nehuwandu hwemaobiti emaerekitironi.
Nenzira iyi, zviedzo zvekutanga zvaive nechinangwa chekukwanisa kuona chiyero ichi. Mukuedza kwekutanga, chiedza chakashandiswa, sezvo panguva iyoyo yaizivikanwa kuti chiedza chakanga chakaumbwa nehuwandu hwesimba. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, Bohr inoshoropodzwa pamusoro pekuti migumisiro yehuwandu hwekutenderera, uye naizvozvo, yehuwandu hwehuwandu hwemasimba emagetsi eatomu, yakabva chete muhuwandu hwechiedza.
Muna 1914, Franck naHertz, vakanga vachishanda pamasimba eionization emaatomu, vakagadzira chiedzo vachishandisa mazinga esimba reatomu remekiyuri. Muedzo wake akashandisa maerekitironi nemaatomu emekiyuri chete, pasina kushandisa chero chiedza. Bohr nokudaro akawana ratidziro isingarambiki yeatomu yake modhi.
Kuedza kweHertz mukuita
Pakutanga, kuti varatidze quantization yemazinga emagetsi, vakashandisa triode, inoumbwa necathode, polarized grid uye anode, iyo inokwanisa kugadzira danda reelectron mukati mevacuum chubhu ine mercury mune gaseous state. .
Vakabva vaenderera mberi nekuyera kushandurwa kweiyo ikozvino yakagamuchirwa neanode maererano nekinetic simba rine maerekitironi, uye nokudaro vakakwanisa kufungidzira kurasikirwa kwesimba remagetsi panguva iyo kukonana kwakaitika.
zvinhu
Iro boka retatu raive mukati megirazi capsule ine mercury. Zvinogoneka kuita chiyedzo ichi pane tembiricha dzakasiyana uye zvakakosha kuti ukwanise kuenzanisa mhedzisiro iyi nechiyero pane tembiricha yekamuri, umo mercury ichange iri mumvura.
Kana mercury ichipisa kusvika kune tembiricha ye630 K, inova gasi. Asi kuti usasvike tembiricha iyoyo, zvinokwanisika kushanda nekudzikiswa kwakadzikira mukati mecapsule uye inogona kudziyiswa kusvika kune tembiricha iri pakati pe100 ne200 °C.
Kuti maerekitironi abudiswe uye kuti iwe usvike pakumhanya kwakakodzera, voltage inofanira kushandiswa iyo inenge iri pakati pe cathode negridi, inova inove voltage yekumhanyisa, ichigadzira. masaisai eredhiyo. Nenzira imwecheteyo, zvinogona kufadza kuisa voltage kune imwe nzira, pakati peanode negridi, kuitira kuderedza maerekitironi.
Mhedzisiro yekuedza kwaHertz
Sezvakatsanangurwa mu Hertz's biography, mhedzisiro yekuedza uku ndeyekuti zvinogoneka kumiririra nzira iyo inogona mutsauko unozobva kune ikozvino-voltage converter iyo inoiswa pane anode outlet inoshanduka, maererano nekutorwa kunokwanisa kusiyana kwema electrons kubva ku cathode.
Kuti uwane misiyano yakaderera, kusvika ku4,9 V, ikozvino inoyerera nemuchubhu inowedzera zvishoma nezvishoma nekuwedzera mutsauko ungangoita. Nekukwira kwemagetsi simba remagetsi muchubhu rinowedzera uye maerekitironi anodhonzwa nesimba rakawanda akananga kugetsi rekumhanyisa. Muchiitiko ichi, unoona kuti pa 4,9 volts, ikozvino inodonha kamwe kamwe, inenge ichidzokera kune zero.
Ikozvino ichawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma kana mhepo ikaramba ichiwedzera, kusvikira 9.8 volts yasvika, iyo yakanyatsopeta kaviri yekutanga vhoriyamu inoshandiswa ikozvino, uye tinogona kuona kuti kudonha kwakangoerekana kwaitika kunoitika pa9.8 volts. Iyi nhevedzano yemadonhwe ezvino ekuwedzera anosvika 4.9 volts anozo chengetedzwa zvichidzika kusvika kune zvingangoita zvingangoita zana volts.
Dudziro yemhedzisiro yekuedza kwaHertz
Franck naHertz vakakwanisa kutsanangura zviedzo zvavo pasi pemamiriro ekudhumhana uye kudhumhana kweinelastic kwemaerekitironi. Pazvinogona kuderera, maerekitironi akakurumidza akawana chete huwandu huri pakati nepakati hwekinetic simba. Pavakanangana nemaatomu emercury aive muchubhu yegirazi, vakangoita makondera emalastic.
Izvi zvine chikonzero chayo chekuve mukufanotaura kwequantum mechanics yairatidza kuti atomu haigone kutora chero simba kusvikira simba rekudhumhana rapfuura kukosha kunodiwa kufadza erekitironi inosungirwa kutaurwa atomu pane yakakwirira simba layer.
Kune chete kudhumhana kwe elastic, huwandu hwakakwana hwesimba rekinetic mukati mehurongwa hunoramba hwakafanana. Nemhaka yokuti maerekitironi ane huremu hunenge hukareruka zvakapetwa kachuru pane maatomu makuru, izvi zvinoreva kuti maerekitironi akawanda akachengeta simba rawo rekinetic, achiva. hertz mafungu. Kukwanisa kwepamusoro kwakakonzera kutyaira maerekitironi akawanda kubva pagridi kuenda kune anode uye zvakare vakabudirira mukuwedzera inocherechedzwa ikozvino, kusvika iyo yekumhanyisa kugona yasvika 4.9 volts.
Iyo yakaderera yemagetsi excitation simba iyo mercury atomu inogona kuve inoda 4,9 electron volts (eV). Muchiitiko apo simba rinokurumidza kusvika pa 4.9 volts, erekitironi yega yega yemahara yakatora chaiyo 4.9 eV yekinetic simba, pamusoro pesimba rayo rekuzorora panguva iyoyo tembiricha, panguva yayakasvika grid.
Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, kubonderana pakati peatomu remekiyuri nerekitironi yakasununguka kunogona kuva inelastic panguva iyoyo, ndiko kuti, simba rekinetic rerekitironi rakasununguka rinogona kuchinjwa kuva simba ringagona kuitwa nokunakidza mwero wesimba reerekitironi rine atomu yemercury. . Kana simba rayo rose rekinetic rarasika, erekitironi yakasununguka haikwanisi kukurira simba shoma shoma riri pasi pe electrode, uye magetsi anodonha nokukurumidza.
Kana magetsi awedzerwa, maerekitironi anoita kudhumhana kweinelastic, anorasikirwa nekinetic yavo ye 4.9 eV, asi obva aramba ari mune yakakurumidza mamiriro. Nenzira iyi, ikozvino iyo inoyerwa inokwira zvakare apo simba rekukurumidza rinowedzera, kubva ku4.9 V. Kana 9.8 V yasvika, mamiriro ezvinhu anochinja zvakare.
Panguva iyoyo, erekitironi imwe neimwe ine simba rinodiwa kuti rive chikamu chekudhumhana kuviri kweinelastic, iyo inokwanisa kufadza maatomu maviri emercury, uye vobva varasikirwa nesimba ravo rose rekinetic. Izvi ndizvo zvinotsanangura zvinoonekwa zvinodzikira. Mukati ma 4.9 volt, maitiro aya anozozvidzokorora, nekuti maerekitironi achasangana nekumwe kudhumhana kweinelastic.
