Kubudirira kweEgypt yekare kwakakwezva maziso epasi rose kubvira payakabva, iyo, sekureva kwayo cosmogony, inotangira muRwizi rwaNire. Vanafarao vayo, vamwari vayo, tsika dzayo, hunyanzvi hwayo uye tsika zvadzo zvakagara zvichimutsa kufarira. zvakanyanya. Kunyange avo vasingadi chidimbu ichi chenyika yekare vakanzwa nezvazvo, vanoziva nezvepiramidhi, sphinx uye zvechokwadi guva reTutankhamun, mukomana mambo. Nhasi tinouya kuzotaura nezvake chaizvo: aiva ani uye nei ari pharao anozivikanwa kupfuura vose.
Ndiani aiva Tutankhamun?
Kana tikatsvaga ruzivo rwekuti Tutankhamun aive ani, VaEgyptologist vanobvumirana pachinhu chimwe chete, muhupenyu aive farao mudiki, vashoma vanozivikanwa, avo vakafa pakati pemakore 9 ne11. Zvisinei, kuwanikwa kweguva rake kwaizoshandura ramangwana ramambo mukomana, sezvo akava Farao anozivikanwa kupfuura vose.
Hapana kuwanikwa kwaunza mufaro wakawanda kudaro kufanana neiri muguva reTutankhamun muna 1923. Kunyange nhasi zvinhu zvitsva zvinoramba zvichiwanwa pamusoro payo uye pamusoro paFarao wayo. Asi... Sei guva iri rakakosha kudaro? Nei yakavigwa kwenguva yakareba kudaro?
guva raTutankhamun
Pamahombekombe eRwizi rwaNire rwakatambanudzwa Mupata waMadzimambo, nzvimbo yakatsaurwa kwemakore anenge 500 navaFarao nokuda kwekuzorora kwake kwokupedzisira. Iro iguru guru remakuva ekare eEgipita, akacherwa makore anopfuura 3000 60 apfuura. Anopfuura makuva eXNUMX akawanikwa, pakati pawo mumwe wemwana mambo anomira pachena: Tutankhamun.
Ko makuva evana pharaoh akamboita sei?
Makuva emupata uyu ane a kushongedza kwakafanana kwakavakirwa pane kunetseka kuve nechokwadi nzira yakachengeteka kubva kuhupenyu huno kuenda kune hunotevera, chimwe chinhu chinosanoratidzirwa mubhuku ravakafa.
Maererano nezvinodavirwa neEgipita yekare, kuchinja kubva kuupenyu kuenda kurufu kunotanga pakunyura kwezuva. Panguva iyoyo farao anotevera nzira yezuva kuenda kunyika yepasi, uko Iwe uchafanirwa kutarisana nematambudziko mazhinji ane zvitsinga zvakarongwa muguva. Pakati peiyi miedzo yose, inokosha zvikurusa yakanga iri kuyera mweya: kuyera mwoyo yavo pachikero pamberi pomunhenga wezvokwadi wamwarikadzi Maat. Farao aifanira kusunungurwa kubva pamuedzo uyu uye paakasvika kumagumo ematambudziko ose, vamwari vakamugamuchira muhupenyu mushure mekufa, akashandura kuva mwari wezuva uye akasimuka zvakare kubva pasi penyika.
Guva raTutankhamun riri sei?
Kamuri yeTutankhamun yakasiyana kune zvatichangobva kurondedzera, ndicho chimwe chezvikonzero nei zvakakosha. Guva rinonyanya kuzivikanwa mumupata Inowanikwa pakati payo, yakakomberedzwa nemakuva evamwe vanafarao uyo akamutangira. Inoumbwa nemakamuri madiki mana, imwe neimwe yakafara mamita 4. Pakati pane guva rakashongedzwa zvine mwero uye rakapendwa rakagadzirwa nematanda. Yakavigwa mumadziro kune madiki niches ayo aizochengeta zvidhori zvinoyera senge zveAnubis. Imba yekuvigwa iyi izere nekushongedzwa zvemashiripiti asi mamwe machambers acho haana. Iguva riri nyore, chimwe chinhu chinoita kuti rive rakasiyana nemamwe ari mumupata uye rinoramba richimutsa mibvunzo.
Kuwanikwa kweguva raTutankhamun
vaIjipita vekare vaidavira zvakasimba kuti vaizova noupenyu pashure porufu, ndokusaka vakaedza nepavaigona napo kuvanza makuva avo, azere nepfuma uye nezvavaizoda mune humwe upenyu ihwohwo. Pfuma iyi yaikurudzira vapambi yemakuva akapararira munyika yose. Kunoratidzirwa mukuti hapana mimwe mienzaniso ipi neipi yamakuva asina kusimba yakawanikwa.
Muchiitiko cheTutankhamun, rusvingo rwenhema rwakavhara imba yekuvigwa uye gonhi rakavharwa nepurasita rakavhara musuo weguva, pamberi paro. 40 matani emarara akazadza mukoto wekupinda kusvika padenga ichigadzira chipingamupinyi chinodarika 7 metres. Dziviriro haigumire ipapo, paive neimwe gonhi kumucheto kwechivharo icho chaive chakanyorwa nechisimbiso cheTutankhamun uye zvakare mamwe marara akafukidza guva pakati penzvimbo yakaoma yemupata.
Kune izvi zvose, munhu anofanira kuwedzera kutamiswa kwevhu nemarara kubva kune mamwe makuva iyo yakaguma pamusoro peTutankhamun, zvichiita kuti nzvimbo yeguva rake yakanganwe.
Muna 1923 Howard Carter aizoita kuwanikwa kwakakosha muEgyptology: kuwanikwa kweguva raTutankhamun. Guva rakazara, rine pfuma nezvinhu zvaizodiwa naFarao paupenyu hwapashure: ngoro nhanhatu dzakaputswa, chigaro choushe, nemigove yezvokudya newaini.
Zvidhori zviviri zveTutankhamun zvakadzivirira mukova rakanamwa muimba yokuviga, maiva nenzvimbo tsvene huru yakafukidzwa nemapuranga endarama uye paiva nemitezo yaFarao, uyewo guva racho, sarcophagi, uye amai vake.
Kutukwa kweTutankhamen
Zvitendero chikamu chakakosha chetsika chero ipi zvayo. VaEgipita vanotenda izvozvo ani naani anoparadza guva raFaro achawira pasi akatukwa uye achafa mushure mechinguva.
Pakutuka kwese, Tutankhamun's ndiyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa pasi rose. Mukutanga 1920s, Howard Carter anoona kuvepo kweafaro asingazivikanwe kusvika zvino uye anoita kuti Lord Carnarvon vape mari yekutsvaga guva rake. Makore maviri gare gare, nhanho dzeguva uye gonhi rine zvisimbiso zvafaro zvakawanikwa. Musi waNovember 26, 1922, gomba rakagadzirwa uye rakaonekwa kuti rakanga riri guva. Kudhindwa kweguva nezvinhu zvaro zvakatanga mushure mekuwanikwa, asi kana zvasvika kune zvinhu zvakawanikwa mukamuri re sarcophagus pachayo, vanhu vakanga vapinda muguva vakatanga kufa kana kudyidzana nayo panguva yekuwanikwa.
rufu runotanga
Mwedzi mina mushure mekuvhura guva, Lord Carnarvon, uyo akanga atova noutano husina kunaka, akarumwa nemosquito uye achangobva kucheka kurumwa nokuveura, zvichiita kuti septicemia ipararire mumuviri wake wose. Apo chirwere chacho chakasvika mumapapu ake, chakakonzera mabayo, zvichiita kuti afe. Panguva imwe, hure rake rakachema ndokuwira pasi ndokufa muLondon. Zvinonziwo panguva iyoyo pakaita rima muCairo. Zvose izvi zvaive nzvimbo yakakwana yekuberekesa kuti vezvenhau vatange kutaura nezve "kutuka kweTutankhamun."
Rufu urwu rwakateverwa nevamwe, vakaita serwamukoma waLord Carnarvon, vaivepo pakavhurwa guva. Arthur Mace, ani nani airova kupinda mukamuri, akafa nenzira iyo vanachiremba vakanga vasingagoni kuitsanangura. Sir Douglas Reid, X-rayed mummy, akarwara ndokudzokera kuSwitzerland kunofa mwedzi miviri gare gare. Mumwe purofesa wokuCanada akadzidza guva raCarter akafa nesitiroko. Carter pachake akafa nechirwere chemoyo, uye baba vake vakazviuraya pavakanzwa nhau.
Zvinofanira kutaurwa, hongu, kunze kweiyo radiologist, vamwe vese vakafa makore gare gare uye vakanga vasina dambudziko kusvikira zvino. Carter, somuenzaniso, akafa nezvikonzero zvomuzvarirwo uye baba vake vakanga vasipo kunyange muguva. Zvisinei, muma30, rufu runodarika makumi matatu rwakanzi rwakakonzerwa nokutukwa uku, kusanganisira kwaCarter, uko, panguva iyoyo, iye pachake akakwanisa kuramba nokuti akanga achiri mupenyu.
dzorera kutukwa
Kushaikwa kwerufu kunofambira mberi muchikwata chaCarter kwakaita kuti vezvenhau vakanganwe zvishoma nezvenyaya yacho. Nekudaro, kuma60 nema70, nekuendeswa kwezvidimbu zvakasiyana-siyana zveguva kubva kuEgyptian Museum muCairo kuenda kuzviratidzwa zvenguva pfupi mumamyuziyamu eEurope.kutukwa kwakadzoka. Vatungamiri vemuseum panguva iyoyo vakafa nguva pfupi mushure mekubvumidza kutamiswa.
Nekufamba kwenguva zvakaratidza kuti pavanhu makumi mashanu nevasere vaivepo pakuvhurwa kweguva iri, vasere chete ndivo vakafa mumakore gumi nemaviri akatevera. Vamwe vose vakararama kwenguva refu pashure pacho uye vakawanda kuzera guru.
Guva nhasi: Zvakakodzera here kuona kana tikaenda kuEgipita?
Nhasi unogona kuwana guva reTutankhamun, kunyanya kuimba yekuvigwa. Ikoko iwe unogona kuona kuti sei uye kuti yakashongedzwa sei nemural pendi. Mukuwedzera, tinogona kuona mummy wemwana mambo mukati akachengetedzwa neurni.
Patinofamba kuenda kuEgypt tinowanzo tora pakiti kuti tipinde mumakuva mumupata, asi Tutankhamun inobhadharwa zvakasiyana. Kana zviri izvo zvakakosha kubhadhara iyo yekuwedzera kana kwete, Zvakakosha kujekesa kuti iguva diki uye rakareruka, asi rakamaka pamberi uye mushure meEgyptology. Kana iwe uri mudiwa wekare tsika, nhoroondo, hunyanzvi, haugone kupotsa kana ukaenda kumupata. Kana, kune rumwe rutivi, wakaronga kukurumidza kushanya kuEgypt uye uine nguva yakakwana, uchawana mamwe makuva anokatyamadza kupfuura aya.
Kana ndirini, kana ndikadzokera kuIjipiti, ndichadzokorora.
Wakamboenda kuEgipita here? Wakamboona guva raTutankhamun here? Tiudze nezve chiitiko chako uye pamusoro pezvose ramba uchinakidzwa nehunyanzvi, nhoroondo uye kufamba.