Iyo Turtle yeGungwa yakanaka, kana inonziwo kelonoids, zvipuka zvine magomba zvakagara pasi pano kweanenge mamiriyoni zana nemakumi mashanu emakore uye zvakakwanisa kurarama nekuchinja kukuru kwakaitika munharaunda. Pachokwadi, turtles dzaingova mhuka dzepanyika, zvisinei, nekufamba kwemakore dzakashanduka uye dzakakwanisa kujairana nemhoteredzo yegungwa. Kana iwe uchida kudzidza zvakawanda nezve turtle yegungwa, usazeza kwechinguva kuenderera mberi nekuverenga chinyorwa ichi.
Turtle yegungwa
Iyo quelonioides ndeye superfamily yehutu, pakati payo tinogona kuwana turtles dzegungwa; parizvino vane mhuri mbiri, Cheloniidae, uye zvakare Dermochelyidae, mhuri dzinosanganisira nomwe mhando dzekamba. Izvi zvinokambaira zvakanaka uye zvine mukurumbira zvinogara zvakadzika pasi pegungwa, zvisinei, nguva nenguva, zvinoenda kumusoro kunokandira mazai ipapo.
Descripcion
Sezvatakambotaura, kamba imhuka dzinokambaira, dziri mukirasi yemhando dzinenge 6.000 dzine ganda remakwapa; Nekudaro, izvi zvinokambaira zvakanaka zvinofema mweya uye zvakare zvinoshandisa chiedza chezuva kupisa ectodermal cupers yavo. Kufanana nemarudzi ose ezvinokambaira, nguruve dzemugungwa dzinoberekana kuburikidza nekusangana kwemukati, uye zvakare, sehuwandu hwakanaka hwezvinokambaira, nzira yadzo yekubereka ndeye oviparous.
Pamwe chinhu chinonyanya kukosha chekamba igoko radzo. Iyi skeletal chimiro chinoshanda sechivharo chepfuti, chinodzivirira chimwe nechimwe chenhengo dzavo dzomukati, kuwedzera pakudzivirira kubva pakupisa uye zvikara zvavo zvakasiyana. Chikamu chepamusoro chegoko rimwe chete ichi chakafukidzwa zvachose nezvimiro zvinotaridzika sezvikero, zvimiro izvi zvinonzi "nhoo". Iyo goko rekamba rakabatana kune ventral dunhu, iro rinonzi plastron, kuburikidza neakaomesesa mahwendefa egomba anogara achizivikanwa se lateral mabhiriji.
Iyo hofori yemuviri mhango ine turtles, kunyanya turtle dzemugungwa, ine huwandu hwakati wandei hwehuturu, zviri nyore kugaya zvidyarwa uye zvakasiyana zvisikwa zvemugungwa zviri mukudya kwavo. Kunyanya panyaya yegirinhi yegungwa turtle, iyo inenge yakazara miriwo, ine chinhu chakasiyana-siyana mukugadzirisa kwayo; chikamu chakakosha chechikamu chavo chekugaya chine mabhakitiriya symbionts, anovabatsira kugaya cellulose zviri nani. Mamwe mashoma chete anokambaira ndiwo anodya miriwo.
Iyi mhango yemuviri mihombe yatambotaura inobvumira kamba dzechikadzi kuti dzive nemazai akawanda mukati memuviri wadzo. Turtles dzechikadzi dzemugungwa dzinokwanisawo zvakakwana kuchengetedza mbeu mhenyu kwemakore akawanda, kunyangwe zviri pachena kuti kubereka kwembeu iyi kuchadzikira nekufamba kwenguva; Kugona kukuru kwehadzi uku kunobvumira kuti dzizvipfungaidze pasina kuita chiito chekukwira.
Kunze kwekushandisa mapapu adzo kufema mweya uri mumhepo, kamba dzakatorawo dzimwe nzira dzakati wandei dzekufema. Mhando dzakawanda dzekamba dzomugungwa dzinopfuura mvura nomumhino dzadzo kusvikira yasvika pamuromo nepahuro padzo, apo okisijeni yose inotorwa nomumhuno yadzo. Zvose izvi zvinoitwa kuburikidza ne pharynx iyo ine basa sekuti igill; Nekune rumwe rutivi, mamwe marudzi mazhinji ehutu hwegungwa anonwa mvura kuburikidza nekuvhura kwemashure, iyo inozadza zvachose uye inobvisa masaga maviri, izvi zvinobvumira kuti zvishoma nezvishoma kuvepo izvo zvinovabvumira kuunganidza oksijeni.
Nguva dzose turtles dzinenge dzine huwandu hwepamusoro hwecarbon dioxide muropa radzo kana zvichienzaniswa nehuwandu hwemhuka dzinofema mweya, tichifunga izvi, turtles dzinogona kushandisa mhepo yadzo yeokisijeni nenzira yakanakisisa inobvira kwenguva yakareba. Nenzira yakafanana neropa, mhasuru dzose dzekamba dzinogonawo kuchengeta okisijeni muhuwandu hwakanyanya: iyi yakawanda yeokisijeni iyo inokambaira iyi inoita kuti zvive nyore kwavari kugara pasi pemvura kwenguva yakareba kwazvo.
Chimwe chinhu chikuru chekufema kwekamba yegungwa inogona kuratidzwa, chikamu ichi ndicho chido chikuru chavainacho chekushanduka kwekunze. Iyo hinged plastron, kana iyo inonamira goko rayo kumuviri wayo, inobvumira kukokera uye kuwedzera munzvimbo yayo yechipfuva. Kunyanya munyaya yehutu hwegungwa zvakanyanya kuoma kufema kana vakadzi vanobva kumahombekombe.
Turtles dzemugungwa dzine akasiyana akasarudzika ekugadzirisa izvo zvinovatendera kuti vagare zvakanaka pasi pegungwa. Matemhe ekamba dzimwe chete idzi ane huremu hwakati dzika, tisingarevi kuti akaiswa chimiro chakati tsvikiti kuti aderedze kukwenya kukuru kungava mumvura. Kusiyana nekamba dzepanyika dzine makumbo adzo emberi neekumashure, kamba dzemugungwa dzine mapapiro mana ane mhasuru dzakasimba dzekufamba pasi pegungwa nekukasira pakufamba madaro marefu.
Kwave kune zvienzaniso zvekamba dzemugungwa dzinosvika pakumhanya makiromita makumi mashanu neshanu paawa pasi pegungwa. Aya anotomical atomical eturts egungwa anga achishanduka uye achinatsa kwemamiriyoni emakore uye, regererai kudzokororwa, kwekushanduka-shanduka kwavo kutsungirira, kunyangwe shanduko huru dzemhoteredzo dzakatambura pasi rose munhoroondo.
Mhando
Zviripachena, kune marudzi akasiyana-siyana ehutu hwegungwa, kunyanya kana tichifunga kuti kune mhuri mbiri dzakasiyana dzadziri, pakati pemarudzi ose aya tinogona kuwana zvinotevera:
- Dermochelys coriacea, kana inozivikanwa seLeatherback Turtle
- Lepidochelys olivacea, Olive Ridley Turtle
- Chelonia agassizi, inozivikanwa zviri nani seEastern Pacific Black Turtle
- Caretta caretta, Loggerhead Turtle
- Lepidochelys kempii, inonziwo Olive Ridley Turtle
- Cheloni mydas, kana Green Turtle
- Eretmochelys imbricata, Hawksbill Turtle
- Chelonia depressa, uyewo Kikila Tortoise
Evolution
Aya mhuka dzakanaka dzine vertebrate dzave dzichirarama pasi pano kweanenge mamiriyoni mazana maviri emakore, izvi zvinokambaira zvakanaka zvakapfuura nenguva dzakagadzikana, asiwo nguva dzine mamiriro ekunze akanyanyisa uye shanduko dzakaonekwa panyika. Aya ma vertebrates nekufamba kwemakore akashanduka kuita amphibians, inovawo kirasi yema vertebrate asi yakura kwazvo, iyo inogona kurarama pasina dambudziko mugungwa nepanyika. Nokufamba kwemakore, zvisikwa zvose zvinokambaira zvakatonga pasi rose, pasi, mumakungwa, uye kunyange mumhepo.
Pasinei neizvi, munhoroondo yekushanduka-shanduka kwezvinokambaira, kare kare turtles, dziri yehurongwa hwechelonians, kureva, Chelonia, yakaparadzaniswa zvachose kubva kumutsara wekushanduka kwezvikara izvi. Kwakabva idzi kamba dzimwe chetedzo hakuzivikanwi, zvisinei, zvisaririra zvakawanwa izvo zvakazivikanwa sekamba kubva panguva dzakare senguva yeTriassic, iyi nhambo inodzokera shure makore ane mamiriyoni 180 apo ma<em>dinosaur akanga ava kutanga kuva mhuka dzenyika dzine simba zvizere.
Maererano nekuongorora kwakawanda kwesayenzi, turtles dzenguva yeTriassic hadzina kupa misiyano mikuru kana ichienzaniswa neturtles yemazuva ano, zvisinei, kune miedzo yakasiyana inoratidza kuti turtles yekare yakanga ine maitiro ayo emazuva ano haana; Muenzaniso mukuru wezvimiro izvi ndewekuti njiva dzenguva yeTriassic dzaizivikanwa nemazino akapinza, nepo dzanhasi dziine shaya dzine micheto yakapinza, zvinowanzoitika kuti nzvimbo yakasikwa yekamba idzi yaive machakwi.
Makore akawanda gare gare, anenge makore ekupedzisira eCretaceous period, mamiriyoni 65 emakore apfuura, turtles dzakasiyana, dzakadai seArchelon ischyros marudzi, dzaikwanisa kusvika kureba kusvika pamamita matatu, uye dzaishandiswawo kugara mugungwa repamusoro-soro. kuti nhasi tinogona kuuya kuzofunga nezvemahombekombe ekumadokero eUnited States of America. Pasinei nekukwanisa kuti turtles dzaifanira kugara nyore mugungwa, nekufamba kwemakore, dzakatanga kushanduka uye paiva nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzaingogara panyika, sezvakangoita vamwe vakawanda vakaramba vachigara mumvura.
Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti makungwa egungwa, kunze kwenyoka dzegungwa, ndizvo chete zvinokambaira zvakabudirira kudzoka kugungwa. Makamba akadzokera kunzvimbo iyi aifanira kushanduka uye kugadziridza akasiyana akasarudzika kuti akwanise kugara zvakanaka munzvimbo yese yegungwa, zvisinei, haana kumborasikirwa nehunhu hwawo hwekuve chikara.
Turtles dzemugungwa dzine hunhu hwakasiyana hunodzipa hunhu sezvinokambaira, pakati peizvi tinogona kuona: Chokwadi chekuti nzira yadzo yekubereka ndeye oviparous, sekuwanda kwezvinokambaira, tururu zvegungwa zvinewo mapapu uye zvinofema mweya; uye pakupedzisira, kunze kwekamba yegungwa ye leatherback, turtle zhinji dzegungwa dzine mahwendefa akaoma zvikuru akapoteredza muviri wadzo wose. Muchiitiko chematehwe ematehwe, anotarisa zvakanyanya kufanana nehutu hwemvura yakachena mukuti muviri wavo wose wakafukidzwa nematehwe ematehwe, panzvimbo yeaya mahwendefa akaoma.
Zvichitevera maitiro anowanzoitwa nezvinokambaira, turtles dzemugungwa dzinodzivirira chero rudzi rwemamiriro ekunze akaipisisa chero ipi zvayo, izvi imhaka yekuti turtles zvinoenderana zvachose nekupisa kwemvura kwadzinogara kuti dzigadzirise iyo yemuviri wadzo; Zvakakosha kutaura kuti mhuka dzinoita izvi dzinonzi poikilotherms kana mhuka dzinotonhora. Tichifunga nezve hunhu uhu, kunze kwekamba yegungwa yeganda, kamba dzemugungwa dzinobva zvachose kubva kunzvimbo dzinotonhora zvikuru uye dzinogara munzvimbo dzinopisa kana semi-tropical.
Panyaya yekamba dzematehwe, ongororo dzakasiyana dzakaitwa padziri uye zvakaonekwa kuti nekuda kwehukuru hwemiviri yadzo, tuturu idzi dzinogona kuburitsa tembiricha yemukati inodarika inokwana kurarama kunyangwe mumvura inotonhora zvakanyanya. Pakupedzisira, sezvizhinji zvezvinokambaira, kamba dzinowanzova nehupenyu hwepamusoro uye dzinogona kurarama mwaka wakareba kwazvo dzisingadyi chero rudzi rwechikafu; Kusvikira nhasi, hazvizivikanwi kuti makore mangani ekamba akararama, zvisinei, zvinofungidzirwa kuti anorarama kunyange anopfuura makore makumi mashanu.
Zvichida chinhu chinonyanya kukosha pakutaura nezve turtles, uye chikonzero nei nhamba huru yesainzi inofungidzira kuti izvi zvinokambaira zvakapona kubva panguva yemadinosaurs, zvichipfuura nekunyanyisa kushanduka kwezvakatipoteredza, kusvika nhasi, ndiro goko rayo rakanaka. Kunyanya munyaya yehutu hwepasi, vanowanzopfeka mabhomba ane dome chimiro, chimiro ichi chinovabvumira kuisa musoro wavo nemakumbo mana mukati mehoko; Nekuda kwekugona kukuru uku, mbira dzinogona kuzvidzivirira kubva kune imwe neimwe yezvikara zvadzo kunze kwekunge, chokwadi, dzinogona kutyora goko radzo.
Iye zvino, kudivi rekamba dzemugungwa, hadzina hunyanzvi uhu hukuru nekuti, nenzira yakafanana nekamba dzemvura yakachena, nharaunda yadzo huru imvura, saka goko radzo rinowanzogadzirwa zvakanyanya, goko rinoita serakagadzirirwa kuti rivape chete. nekufamba kwakawanda kwakareruka pasi pegungwa.
Pakati pekamba dzemugungwa nekamba dzemvura yakachena, njiva dzemugungwa dzine kugona uku nenzira yakanyanyisa kukwirira nekuti skeleton yakawanda yadzo iri padyo negoko radzo, zvisinei, kunyangwe goko radzo rehukuru diki uye rakashongedzerwa zvakanyanya, huwandu hwese. mutumbi wekamba pamwe chete negoko radzo, unodziita chikara chehukuru hukuru zvichienzaniswa nemamwe marudzi.
Nokufamba kwemakore uye kushanduka kwekamba, makumbo makuru uye akaomarara ehutu hwepanyika, akanga ava kuita zvimbi zvakati sandara uye zvakaisvonaka zvekamba dzegungwa dzanhasi. Kusiyana nekamba dzomunyika nemarudzi akawanda ekamba dzomumvura dzine tsvina dzinogona kufamba zviri nyore panyika, kamba dzomugungwa dzinofanira kuuya kuzokambaira dzichitevedza mhenderekedzo yegungwa; Kana idzi kamba dzinoita kufamba uku, dzinozviita nenzira imwe chete iyo chero rudzi rwemhuka yepanyika ine makumbo mana yaigona kuzviita, ndiko kuti, bhanhire remberi rekuruboshwe rinofamba panguva imwe chete nerekuruboshwe rorudyi, uye zvakasiyana nemapapiro aro. imwe peya yezvimbi.
Saizvozvo, zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti kana iri turtle yakasvibirira, yakasiyana, sezvo idzi turtles dzichifambisa mapeya maviri emapapiro panguva imwe chete munzira imwe chete kwadziri kuenda. Zvinoenderana nezvinyorwa zvese zvezvisaririra uye huwandu hukuru hwezvidzidzo zvemakemikari zvakaitwa pamatombo akasiyana, nyika yePasi ingangoita mamiriyoni makumi matanhatu emakore apfuura yakave nekuchinja kwakanyanya, shanduko ingadai yakagumisa kuvepo kwemadinosaur, tisingarevi makuru. nhamba yemarudzi epasi nemhuka dzemugungwa dzakaparara, zvisinei, mamwe mapoka ehutu akakwanisa kurarama zvose izvi, nhasi kune zvikamu zviviri.
Imwe yeiyi suborders inosanganisira turtles dzine lateral mitsipa, kureva kuti, dzinounganidza mitsipa yadzo mukati mehombodo dzadzo dzichishandisa lateral movement; nepo imwe suborder iri zvishoma zvakasiyana uye inosanganisirawo turtle dzemugungwa, mukuwedzera, dzinodzosera mitsipa yadzo mumutsara wakatwasuka.
Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti mazuva ano hutu dzegungwa dzakakamurwa kuita mhuri mbiri, iyo Dermochelyidae, mhuri iyi ine mhando imwe chete, iyo inozivikanwa kwazvo Leatherback Turtle, kana sezita resainzi reDermochelys coriacea rinoratidza; kune rumwe rutivi, mhuri yechipiri iCheloniidae, mhuri ine mhuri duku mbiri, imwe neimwe yeiyi zvakare, ine genera maviri uyewo marudzi matatu.
Tinogona kutanga nekutaura nezve Chelonini subfamily, iyo inosanganisira Chelonia mydas, kana kuti inonyatsozivikanwa segirini kana chena turtle, Chelonia depressa, iyo inonzi Australian flat turtle kana kikila turtle; pakupedzisira tinowana hawksbill turtle, kana nesainzi inonzi Eretmochelys imbricata.
Kune rumwe rutivi, isu tinewo Carettini subfamily, iyi subfamily inosanganisira mhando dzakadai seCaretta caretta, kana kuti zviri nani kuzivikanwa loggerhead, loggerhead kana loggerhead turtle, Lepidochelys olivacea, kana Kemp's ridley turtle; pakupedzisira tinogona kuona Lepidochelys kempii, kana zviri nani kuzivikanwa semuorivhi ridley turtle. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti nhamba huru yemasayendisiti yakaziva rudzi rwechisere rwegungwa regungwa, iyi ndiyo Eastern Pacific turtle yakasviba, iyo yainzi nesayenzi Chelonia agassizi.
Evolutionary Adaptations
Sezvatakambotaura, nekufamba kwemakore uye kushanduka kwekamba dzegungwa, izvi zvinokambaira zvakanaka zvakagadzira maitiro akasiyana-siyana kuti akwanise kurarama zvakanyanya munzvimbo yazvo, iyo munyaya iyi imvura. Mhando dzose sere dzakataurwa dzakagadzira rudzi urwu rwekugadzirisa, izvi zvakavapa migumisiro yakakura munharaunda yavanorarama uye zvakare yakabvisa zvachose makwikwi pakati pemarudzi ose; Muenzaniso mukuru weizvi unogona kuonekwa mukuti kudya kwemarudzi aya kwakasiyana zvikuru kubva kune mumwe nemumwe, izvi zvinoreva kuti havafaniri kukwikwidza kuti vatore zvokudya zvavo.
Saizvozvo, makwikwi ekuwana nzvimbo yakakodzera yekufamba akadzikira zvakanyanya, semuenzaniso, kamba yeganda inofarira kuenda kumahombekombe akasiyana ane madhaka, akakura kwazvo, uye asina matombo kana matombo, ukuwo, hawksbill turtle. anogara ari mumapako madiki. Mukuwedzera kune zvose zvataurwa pamusoro apa, apo marudzi maviri akasiyana ekamba anoshandisa gungwa rimwe chete kuti agare, chinhu chinonyanya kuzivikanwa ndechokuti imwe yemarudzi aya inoita kudaro mwaka pamberi peimwe, mumwaka wayo unoenderana.
Pakati pemhando sere dziripo, imwe neimwe ine shanduko yekushanduka-shanduka, muenzaniso wakanaka weiyi igoko rine ruvara rwehawksbill turtles, goko iri rakanyanya kukosha kwavari kana vachizvivharira mumatombo emakorari kwavanoshandisa chikamu chikuru. zvehupenyu hwako. Kana iri turtles dzakasvibira, dzine goko rakati svibei rinodzibatsira kuvharika zvakanaka mumibhedha yehuswa hwegungwa kwadzinowanzo dyisa.
Loggerhead turtles kana loggerhead turtles nekupfuura kwekushanduka-shanduka kwadzo dzakasvika pakugadzira shaya ine simba zvikuru iyo inoshanda kupwanya zvakanaka magaka uye clams ari mukudya kwadzo; nerumwe rutivi, muromo mutete wekamba dzehawksbill unogona kupinda zvakanaka mumitswe iri mumatombo kuti utsvage zvokudya, mukuwedzera pakukwanisa kuparadza masiponji zviri nyore zvikuru. Kana dziri kamba dzakasvibira, kufanana nekamba inonzi loggerhead, dzine shaya dzakasimba zvikuru dzinodzibatsira kubvarura zvachose algae yadzinodya pairi.
Zvese izvi zvataurwa zvinotiratidza kuti mbira dzakakwanisa kujairana nenharaunda yadzo kusvika pazvinogoneka, uye kuti imhuka dzakakosha pakushanda zvakanaka kwezvipenyu zvemugungwa pasi rose. Nehurombo, zvisinei, shanduko dzekushanduka-shanduka dzakagadzirwa nekamba dzemugungwa kuitira kuti dzirarame nguva dzechando uye dzimwe njodzi dzakawanda dzechisikigo dzakanyanya hadzina kuvagadzirira zvakanaka kuti vamire kudzvinyirirwa kwavanoitwa nevanhu pachavo.
Gungwa Turtle Kubereka
Gore rega rega pasina kukundikana, kamba dzemugungwa dzinoungana munzvimbo dzakasiyana mugungwa kuti dzibatane. Imwe nguva pashure pokunge dzasangana, nguruve hadzi dzinobva mumakungwa dzichienda kumhenderekedzo dzemhenderekedzo dzegungwa kunochera matendere akasiyana-siyana uye kukandira mazai awo; Kazhinji, huwandu hwakawanda hwezvipenyu hunobereka husiku, kunyangwe isu tichigona kuratidza muorivhi ridley turtle inobereka mukati mezuva. Zvakagara zvichinzi nguruve hadzi dzinoitira vana vadzo matendere pamhenderekedzo dzegungwa dzadzaichochonya.
Pashure pokunge dzabuda mumvura, mbira hadzi dzinofamba nokukambaira dzichikwira mumhenderekedzo yegungwa kusvikira dzagona pakupedzisira kuwana nzvimbo yakakodzera yokukandira mazai adzo; Zvakakodzera kutaura kuti kana tumba dzikavhiringidzwa chero ruzha kana nemwenje pamahombekombe, dzinongodzokera kugungwa dzisina kukandira mazai.
Hadzi padzinozowana nzvimbo yakakodzera, dzichishandisa mapapiro adzo dzinochera gomba rinenge rakaenzana nekukura kwemuviri wadzo, mushure mezvo dzichishandisa mapapiro adzo ekumashure, dzinochera gomba rakatodzika zvikuru sehari. Vanonyatso kuburitsa jecha kubva mugomba vachishandisa chimwe chezvimbi zvavo, vozonokora jecha rimwe nerimwe.
Mushure mokuchera kwechinguva, gomba redendere razvo rinenge rave rakagadzirira, uye panguva ino chaiyo vakadzi vanokandira mazai avo rimwe nerimwe, kana maviri maviri, anewo chitarisiko chedehwe. Sezvo kamba inoshandisa chiito ichi, misodzi inobuda kuitira kuchengetedza maziso ayo akanyatsonyorova uye asina zvachose jecha. Mazai avanokandira kazhinji ane dhayamita iri pakati pemasendimita mana kusvika manomwe.
Paavhareji, kamba dzemugungwa dzinogara dzichikandira mazai anosvika zana. Zvisinei, pasinei zvapo neidi iri, muSuriname nguruve dzakasvibira dzinowanzokandira mazai 100 mudendere rimwe nerimwe, nepo muGalapagos Islands, somuenzaniso, dzinokandira mazai 142 chete dendere rimwe nerimwe. Iye zvino, muAustralia, zvinhu zvose zvinoratidza kuti kamba yekikila inowanzokandira mazai anenge makumi mashanu chete padendere. Munzvimbo dzakawanda dzenyika, mhuka dzakasiyana dzakaita semaraccoon dzinoba mazai kubva mumatendere kuti dzizvidye.
Pakupedzisira, hadzi painopedza kuisa mazai ayo ose, inoavhara zvachose nejecha uye inoisa pasi zvakanaka; mushure mekuita izvi, anoedza kuifukidza zvakanyanya sezvinobvira nekukanda jecha kumativi akasiyana emhenderekedzo yegungwa uye kuzunungusa muviri wake kumativi ose. Zvisinei, pasinei nebasa rakaoma ravanoita kuti vafukidze mazai avo maduku, kuvharidzira hakuiti nguva dzose kuzadzisa chinangwa chayo, nokuti magakanje kana mamwe marudzi emhuka aigona kuchera ndokuawana uye nokudaro achiadya, apo amai vavo vari muMvura.
Kamba hadzi yaigona kukandira mbariro yakawanda kana kuti shoma mavhiki maviri oga oga apo danho rose rokubereka rinopera, mumwaka mumwe chete wokuberekana mbira dzaigona kuita matendere ari pakati pematatu namasere, nhamba iyi inotiudza kuti dzinosvika kuzokandira mazai anosvika chiuru. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, panogona kuva nenhamba yakasiyana-siyana mumabroods kubva kune rimwe gore kuenda kune rimwe.
Zvichida chikonzero chikuru chinoita kuti njiva dzemugungwa dzinokandira mazai aya akakwirira inyaya yokuti tuturu tushomanene tunowanzo rarama pashure pokuchochonya ndokuva vanhu vakuru. Kana dendere rakacherwa naamai riri kure zvakanyanya kuzasi kwemahombekombe, mvura inonaya kana mafungu emvura anogona kuriparadza zvachose. Kana dendere rikadarika mwero wakati, uwandu hukuru kana diki diki twunochochonywa twunenge twuchikadzi, zvisinei, kana dzikava pazasi pedanho iri, vana vese vanochochonywa vanenge vari varume.
Kana mazai akapona matambudziko ese ezvakatipoteredza aangave nawo, sezvikara zvawo kana mamiriro ekunze, mazai aya anochochonya mukati memwedzi miviri; kazhinji, zai rimwe nerimwe rinochochonya panguva imwe chete. Kana pwere dzichingotanga kubuda mumazai, dzinotanga kurwisana nemumwe uye dzichikwenya jecha riri padivi repamusoro pedendere radzo, semugumisiro jecha richatanga kudonha uye pamwe chete nemakungu akasiyana; Nenzira imwecheteyo, pasi pedendere rinokwira zvishoma nezvishoma kusvikira rasvika pamusoro pepamusoro.
Kana vana vatove nechepamusoro pejecha, vanozogara vakamirira kusvika kunze kwatonhorera kuti vakwanise kubuda pasina dambudziko, hunhu uhwu hunotiudza kuti tukamba diki idzi, dzinowanzoyera masendimita mashanu, dzinomirira kusvika husiku hwasvika. kusiya zvachose dendere radzo uye vatange nzira yavo kugungwa.
Kana dzangobva mumatendere adzo, tukamba tudiki tunotarisana nerimwe rematanho akaoma kwazvo ehupenyu hwawo. Vachishandisa njere dzavo pachavo, tuvana tuduku utwu tunozongoerekana twaenda kunzvimbo inopenya zvikuru pamhene yose, iri chokwadika, gungwa, zvisinei, vanogona kuvhiringidzika kana zvimwe zviedza zvikapenya mukati menyika; kana izvi zvikaitika, tuturu tuduku tunonanga kwakananga ikoko uye zvinosuruvarisa kufa, uye saizvozvowo kana dzikachengeta nzira yadzo kuenda kugungwa, dzichiri pangozi yokudyiwa neshiri dziri pedyo, raccoon, magakanje kana zvimwe zvikara.
Zvinogona kuita sekuti kana vasvika kugungwa vanenge vakachengeteka zvachose, zvisinei, izvi handizvo, sezvo vaine zvikara zvakasiyana-siyana zvakavamirira mumvura, zvikara zvakaita se shark, shiri dzegungwa uye mamwe marudzi ehove. . Mumavhiki ekutanga ehupenyu hwemapupi aya madiki, haakwanise kugara pasi pegungwa kwenguva yakareba, uye haana kugona kana simba rekushambira nekukurumidza uye nekunyatsopukunyuka vavengi vavo vese.
Iko hakuna ruzivo rwakawanda pamusoro pehupenyu hwehutu husati hwakura, iyi nguva yehupenyu hwehutu inonziwo nguva yakarasika. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti tumba dzinokwanisa kurarama mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma adzinotarisana nadzo mukati memazuva ekutanga ehupenyu, dzinopedza mwedzi inotevera dziri mumabhanga esargassum ayo anoyangarara zvisina chinangwa padyo nemahombekombe emahombekombe. Mukati memabhangi aya, kamba dzinogona kupotera zvakakwana kubva kune dzinodzidya, uye dzinodya pasina dambudziko pamhuka diki pane idzo dzinogarawo mukati.
Tuturu utwu twudiki twuri patsitsi dzemafungu ese egungwa kudzamara vava negore rimwe chete. Muenzaniso mukuru weizvi unoitika nekamba dzemuorivhi ridley dzine mwedzi mishoma dzazvarwa, tukamba diki idzi dzinogona kutsvairwa zviri nyore neGulf Stream uye kutosvika kure kuchamhembe sehurefu hwedunhu reMassachusetts, kumhenderekedzo yekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kwe. United States.
Nekuda kweruzivo rudiki ruripo, hazvinyatso zivikanwi kuti ndepapi nguva turtles dzemugungwa dzinowanzosvika padanho rekukura, zvisinei, maererano nefungidziro dzakasiyana, turtles dzinosvika pakukura uku pakati pemakore masere nemakumi mashanu ezera. Iyi nguva yakareba kwazvo yekusvika pakukura iyi inomiririra mamwe matambudziko ane chekuita nekuchengetedzwa kwekamba dzemugungwa dzakanaka.
Sezvineiwo, izvi zvinokambaira zvinosangana nenjodzi zhinji muhupenyu hwazvo hwose, sezvikara zvadzo zvechisikigo, kuvhima nevanhu, kubatwa mumambure umo zvinofira kufefetera; Zvese izvi zvinhu zvinoderedza zvakanyanya kugona kwekamba dzemugungwa kutungamira hupenyu hwakazara uye kubereka.
Zvinotyisa
Tinogona kugumisa kuti nguva yekuberekesa ingangove nhanho ine njodzi zvakanyanya muhupenyu hwekamba dzegungwa, panguva ino hutu dzinokandira mazai akawanda. Nekudaro, huwandu hwakakura hwehucheche hunodyiwa nevanodzidya, kana kuparadzwa nemamiriro ekunze, nekuda kwekutyisidzira uku, tuturu shoma tunokwanisa kuva vanhu vakuru uye kubereka. Chero mamiriro ezvinhu eimwe rudzi rwekuvhiringidza kuedza kukuru kunoitwa nezvinokambaira izvi, zvinogona kukanganisa zvikuru kukwanisa kwekamba kuchengetedza nemazvo nhamba yavo yevanhu.
Munzvimbo zhinji pasi rose, zviitiko zvakasiyana zvevanhu zvakauya kuzokanganisa kuberekana chaiko kwekamba dzemugungwa. Sezvo huwandu hwevanhu huchikura uye kuwedzera kwemutengo wezvinhu zveumbozha kubva kuhove dzegungwa, zvakakonzera kuti vavhimwe nechisimba pamahombekombe ese epasi kuti vatore zvikamu zvakasiyana zvawo, sezvo iwe unogona kuve goko rayo rakanaka.
Nenzira imwe chete iyi, kugara uchivhima kwetumba tudiki kwakonzera kuti huwandu hwetumba twunogona kuberekana huderere zvakanyanya, panguva yekutanga shanduko idzi hadzizoonekwa zvakanyanya, zvisinei, nekufamba kwemakore kuderera uku mugungwa. huwandu hwekamba hazvizogone kufuratira. Zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti kana diki dzegungwa dzakawanda dzichiramba dzichiurayiwa, mumakore anotevera kugadzirwa kwemazai uye macheche anopukunyuka nhamba yakawanda yekutyisidzirwa kwaanoiswa pasi ichave yakaderera zvikuru kuti ichengetedze hutano hwakanaka mukati. mapoka ekamba
Zvichida, mhando dzehutu dzinonyanya kutyisidzirwa dzinogona kuva diki diki hawksbill turtles, sezvo nhamba huru yehutu idzi dzinovhimwa, mushure meizvi dzinoparadzaniswa, dzakavharidzirwa uye pakupedzisira dzinotengeswa sezvinhu zvekushongedza zviri nyore. Nekuti, nefungidziro zhinji, ma hawksbill anogara munzvimbo dzakashomeka uye kazhinji zvinonyanya kushanda kuabata ese nekuvhima.
Nekune rimwe divi, munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzepasi mazai ekamba anotorwa kuti adyiwe nevanhu, kunyangwe mune dzimwe nzvimbo mazai ese anounganidzwa, zvichisiya huwandu hwekuseka kune mhuka dzinodya mhuka dzerudzi urwu, izvo zvinounza semhedzisiro. zvinenge zvisingabviri kuti tumba diki diki dzirarame, kana kuti dzinogona kuchochonya kubva mumazai adzo. Kana iri turtles yegungwa yemuorivhi ridley, kuderera kunokuvadza muhuwandu hwavo kwave kuchionekwa nekuda kwekuunganidza mazai ambotaurwa, uye kunyange ichi ndicho chikonzero chekuderera kwehuwandu hwematehwe egungwa.
Kugara kuri kwemahombekombe, vashanyi, maguta nemaindasitiri kusimukira kwaita kuti hugaro hwechisikigo hwehutu hwegungwa huwedzere kupindirwa nezvisikwa, izvo zvinokuvadzawo zvakanyanya mhuka idzi. Munhamba huru yenharaunda dzemahombekombe, mahotera, dzimba uye zvivako zvakasiyana-siyana zvegungwa zvakatanga kuvakwa kakawanda pasina kufunga nezvekuchinja kwose kwechisikigo uko mabhishi anokonzerwa nedutu uye mhepo dzakasiyana dzegungwa.
Iyi ndiyo nhamba yezvivakwa, kuti pamahombekombe apo turtles dzinowanzokandira mazai, dzinenge dzanyangarika zvachose; Pamusoro pezvo, kunyange zvazvo nguruve dzemugungwa dzichikwanisa kutamira kune mamwe mahombekombe pasina kuomerwa, kuwanda kwemaguta munzvimbo dziri mumhenderekedzo yegungwa kwave kureva kuti uwandu uye ukuru hwemahombekombe akakodzera kukandira mazai haasati, zvichikanganisa zvakananga kukwanisa kwezvikara izvi kuberekana. .
Imwe yetyisidziro huru idzo nguruve dzomugungwa dzinofanira kutarisana nadzo kubatwa kwadzo netsaona namambure ezvikepe zvokuredza. Hukuru hwetyisidziro iyi hunowanzosiyana-siyana zvichienderana negore, nokuti kune makore umo nhamba yekamba dzinodzipwa nemambure ezvikepe zvehove yakakura zvikuru, uye dzimwe iyo nhamba yacho yakaderera zvikuru; Nekudaro, nenzira imwecheteyo, makore umo nhamba dzinodonha zvakafanana anomiririra kurova kunoparadza kumhuka idzi, uye zvakanyanya kudzikisira kugona kwadzo kubereka uye kudzoreredza huwandu hwadzo hwepamusoro mumakore.
Muenzaniso mukuru wekukuvadza kungakonzeresa mabhoti ehove inyaya yekamba dzemuorivhi ridley, sezvo zvikepe izvi zvikaramba zvichivharisa mhuka idzi kwenguva yakareba, zvinogoneka kuti rudzi urwu rwunozoguma rwatsakatika zvachose. Sezvatakambotaura, hugaro hwechisikigo hwekamba dzegungwa hwakapindwa uye hwakadzikira nekufamba kwemakore nekuda kwevanhu, izvi zvinounza semhedzisiro nguva dzengozi yekamba, nguva dzengozi dzinowanzoreba. .
Kuparadzwa kunenge kwakazara kwemacoral reef nekuda kwekusvibiswa kwakanyanya, kubata zvisina hanya kana kubviswa kwezvibatiso kunodzikisira zvitubu zvekudya zvekamba dzemugungwa uye kuchengetedzwa kwadzo, zvese zvinonyanya kukanganisa marudzi ehawksbill.
Madhaka akawanda akakukurwa uye mishonga yezvipembenene inodhonzwa kubva munzvimbo dzekurima nemumadhorobha inopawo zvakawanda mukusvibisa uye nekudaro kuparadzwa kwematombo emakorari nemamwe marudzi enzvimbo dzemugungwa, pakati pezvikonzero zvakasiyana imhaka yekuti inoderedza huwandu hwechiedza. zvinonyanya kudiwa nemhuka nezvinomera izvo kamba dzemugungwa dzinogara dzichidya. Nekugara kwakawanda, izvo zvinosvibisa zvakanyanya mumvura zvinofananidzwa neakasiyana epasi zvipenyu zvemugungwa, zvisinei, zvinosvika pamazinga epamusoro emazinga epamusoro echeni yechikafu.
Nenzira iyi, zvinogona kugumiswa kuti kana kamba ikadya gakanje, iyo yakambodya chisikwa chine utachiona, turtle inowana muyero wakawandisa wezvinosvibisa mumuviri wayo.
Pakupedzisira, tinofanira kuyeuka kuti turtles dzegungwa mhuka dzinofamba-famba, izvi zvinokambaira zvinowanzoitika munyika dzakawanda. Mapoka ekamba dzinokandira vana vadzo mune imwe nyika, dzinogara dzichidya mundima yeimwe yakasiyana, nokuda kwechikonzero ichi hazvibatsiri kana imwe nyika ichidzivirira nguruve dzegungwa asi dzimwe dzisingadziviriri. Izvi ndizvo zvinowanzoitika muzviitiko zvakawanda, uye zviri pachena kuti kana nyika dzine chido chechokwadi mukudzorera huwandu hwekamba dzomugungwa, dzinofanira kushandira pamwe chete.
Kamba uye Kuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze
Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kunogona kukonzera njodzi dzinotyisa, pakati peizvi kukwanisa kudzima zvachose mhuka dzakasiyana-siyana kunomira pachena, kunyanya mhuka dzinotama dzakadai sehove dzegungwa, idzo dziri kutarisana nematambudziko makuru ezvakatipoteredza semugumisiro wekupisa kwepasi. Zviripachena, tinofanira kugara tichifunga nezvenjodzi dzinongoitika dzoga dzakadai semadutu kana madutu emhepo, ayo anowedzera zvakanyanya kufa kwekamba dzemugungwa, kunyanya mumvura isina kudzika.
Idzi njodzi dzinongoitika dzoga dzinowanzokonzera mhedzisiro yechipiri, sekushandurwa kwemaitiro ekutama uye kunaya kwakanyanya kunowanzo mafashama uye kubvisa zvachose matendere anowanikwa pamahombekombe. Muenzaniso wezvinokonzeresa kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze inyaya yechiitiko che“El Niño”, icho chakakonzera kudzikira kwechikafu uye, kuderera kwekuberekana uye kubereka kwekamba dzemugungwa.
Humwe hunhu hwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze hunokanganisa zvakakomba izvi zvinokambaira zvakanyanya nehove dzegungwa turtles, nekuti iyi genus yeturtles inotemerwa nekushisa kwekuvharirwa kwavo. Tisingarevi kuti nzvimbo dzinoradzika kamba matendere adzo dzinogona kunyangarika zvachose nekuda kwekukwira kwakanyanya kwegungwa.
Maererano nenhamba huru yezvidzidzo zvenguva pfupi yapfuura, kune humbowo hwakajeka hwekuchinja kwakanyanya mumahombekombe akakosha uko turtles dzinowanzogara, shanduko idzi dzinouya semhedzisiro yemadutu, ayo akakanganisa zvakanyanya dendere ravo pamwe nemaitiro avo. kuberekana kwemarudzi matatu makuru anokandira mazai muzvitsuwa zviviri, hawksbill, green and loggerhead turtles.
Shanduko dzakanyanya kukosha dzakaonekwa muPlaya Mal Tiempo, Cayo Campo uye Playa El Guanal, aya mabhichi matatu ari muLos Canarreos Archipelago, inova dunhu rakakosha kune girinhi turtles uye loggerheads dzinogara kuCuba. Pamusoro peizvi zvese, kurasikirwa kwakazara kwemahombekombe kunogona kucherechedzwa seCayo Anclitas, zvinofungidzirwa kuti nekuda kwekukukurwa uye kukanganisa kwezvinomera zvese nekuda kwekupfuura kwechamupupuri seCayo Alcatraz, nzvimbo dzese dziri mbiri dzinowanikwa munzvimbo. makiyi uye Labyrinth yeGumi nembiri Leguas, ingangove iri nzvimbo huru yekuvakira huturu hwehawksbill mukati meCuba.
Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti mvura inogara ichinaya uye mhepo ine simba zvikuru inokonzerwa nemadutu inobata zvikuru nzvimbo dzose dzegungwa, zvichiita kuti pave nemafashamo makuru uye kutama kwejecha rakawanda, iyo yekupedzisira iri chinhu chinogadzirisa mukubudirira kungaita turtles dzegungwa mukuwana. nhamba yakanaka yevaduku. Kana huwandu hwegungwa hwakwira nekuda kwesimba guru remhepo, rinoburitsa mafashama uye masaisai emvura anotosvika kune zvinomera, izvi zvinokuvadza marudzi matatu ekamba nenzira imwechete, zvakare pamatanho akasiyana, sezvo imwe neimwe yeidzi Vanoisa yavo. mazai pamazinga akasiyana emahombekombe.
Nekuda kwekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze, nhamba yemadutu mumvura yakawedzera zvakanyanya, uye zvinosuruvarisa kuti nguva yekuberekana kweturtles yegungwa inopindirana neizvi; sezviri pachena, madutu aya anokonzera kuparadzwa zvachose kwematendere ose, mazai uyewo nekamba dzichangochochonywa. Kunyanya, muna 2002, kukuvadzwa kukuru kwakakonzerwa nechamupupuri kune izvi zvinokambaira kwakanyatsojeka, sezvo, panguva iyo madutu Lily naIsidore akarova, danho rekubereka rehawksbill turtles rakatanga, iro pasinei nokuti harina kukanganisa zvakananga mahombekombe. , nekufamba kwenguva kuchinja kwemaitiro ehadzi dzinoita madendere kwaionekwa.
Kuchengetedza Turtle dzeGungwa
Mumakore achangopfuura, hurumende dzakasiyana-siyana nemasangano enyika dzakawanda dzakaratidza kufarira kukuru uye dziri kushanda kuti dzideredze zvikuru sezvinobvira tyisidziro dzose idzo idzi mhuka dzinokambaira dzakaisvonaka dzinoiswa kwairi. Imwe yetyisidziro huru inokonzerwa nevanhu kutengeswa kwezvinhu zveumbozha, zvishongo kana kushongedzwa kubva kukamba dzemugungwa.Kuedza kudzora mamiriro ezvinhu aya atora mazana ezviuru zvehupenyu kubva kumhuka idzi, nhamba huru yenyika dzave dzichibatana ne Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, kana maererano nechidimbu chayo muChirungu CITES.
Maererano negungano iri, kutengeserana kwemhando ipi zvayo yechigadzirwa inobva kune turtles inorambidzwa zvachose, kunze kwemamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo; zvinosuruvarisa kuti pasinei nechiyero ichi, kutengesa zvisiri pamutemo kuri kuwedzera gore negore. Kune rumwe rutivi, nhamba inokosha zvikuru yenyika dzakagadzira mitemo yakasiyana-siyana yekuchengetedza mhuka iyi, uye yakarambidza kutengeswa kwezvigadzirwa zvekamba, kana kuvhima kweizvi. Muenzaniso mukuru wematanho aya inyaya yeSuriname, uko mazai ekamba anounganidzwa kuti aanunure uye adzivirirwe kubva kune vanovhima zvisiri pamutemo kana kuti vaunganidzi zvisiri pamutemo, vobva vatamira kumatendere ari kutyisidzirwa nemafungu akanyanya uye kuwedzera kutsvagisa pamusoro peizvi. mhuka.
Mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzenyika vakasarudza kuchengetedza zvachose nzvimbo iyo turtles inoisa mazai avo uye, zvakare, kudzivirira zvokudya zvavo. Muenzaniso mukuru wechiito ichi nderimwe remahombekombe makuru uko tukamba dzegungwa dzakasvibira dzinokandira mazai adzo muCaribbean Basin, inova Tortuguero, kuCosta Rica, mhenderekedzo yegungwa ichangobva kuziviswa kuva paki yenyika. Kuti uwedzere kuwedzera huwandu hwemazai anokwanisa kukandira mazai nevana vekamba vanowana nzira yavo kuenda kugungwa rakashama pasina dambudziko, masangano epasi rese nehurumende pasi rese zvakachengetedza matendere aya, kana kuti akafukura twupukanana utwu muhusiri zvachose. nzvimbo dzeveruzhinji.
Imwe yenzvimbo huru dzekuberekera maolive ridley turtles pasi rose yave iri Rancho Nuevo, muMexico; hurumende yedunhu iri yakachengetedza zvizere matendere ekamba dzemugungwa uye yakaendesawo mazai kunzvimbo dzakachengeteka. Mushure mekunge mazai apinda muchikamu chese chekuyamwisa uye vana vanoberekwa vanobva vangoendeswa kugungwa, kunyange nguruve dzakawanda dzichangoberekwa munzvimbo idzi dzinotanga kurerwa kwegore rose munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzehurumende yeUnited States, mushure megore rino. kuendeswa kugungwa.
Kuti kuderedze huwandu hwekamba dzemugungwa dzinourayiwa netsaona nekudzipwa mumambure ekuredza, hurumende yeUnited States yakagadzira mudziyo unodzivirira kamba kuti dzisabatwa mumambure chero zvodini, uye kunyange mudziyo uyu unoita kuti mukati megungwa muve neshiri dzakawanda. mambure, achibatsira zvikuru vabati vehove. Zvisinei, munzvimbo dzakawanda dzepasi, kubata hove kwakaganhurirwa chose chose mumwaka umo mbava dzinenge dziri munzvimbo iyoyo.
Pakupedzisira, mumakore achangopfuura vanhu vakatanga kuziva nezvekusagadzikana uye kusina musoro kwekugara kwemaguta munzvimbo dziri mumhenderekedzo yegungwa, uyezve, kusvibiswa kukuru kwegungwa kunounzwa nayo, kusvibiswa kusingabatanidzi turtle dzegungwa, asiwo kunobata zvinenge zvose. mhuka dzinogara mugungwa, mhuka idzi dzinosanganisira marudzi ayo isu vanhu tinovimba nawo zvakanyanya pakudya kwedu kwakakwana, kushanda kweindasitiri yemishonga nemakemikari uyezve indasitiri yese yekushanya.
Kusimukira kwemadhorobha chete kunoziva kukosha kukuru kwemakungwa mumamiriro ezvinhu echisikigo akakwana kunoita kuti arambe achigadzira. Pasinei nezvose zvakaitwa, zvichiri kutora makore, kana makumi emakore, ekuedza kwakafanana neizvi kunyatsogadzirisa kuderera kwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwakatambura nekamba dzegungwa. Kunze kwekunge vanhu vese vakabatana pamwe chete kuti vave nechokwadi chehupenyu hune hutano hwe, kwete chete nguruve dzemugungwa, asi mhuka dzese dzinogara mugungwa, pasi nezvinomera zvemugungwa, hupenyu hwedu pachedu huri munjodzi huru, tisingatauri nezve hupenyu hwezvizvarwa zvinotevera.
Kana iwe uchida kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro penyika yose yemhuka pasi rose, usazeza kwechinguva kuenderera mberi nekuverenga zvinyorwa izvi zvinoshamisa: