La geography yevanhu Inoverengwa sechirango chine hwaro hwayo chidzidzo chenzanga pamwe nenharaunda yavanogara. Muchikamu chino, mapoinzi akasiyana achapihwa pamusoro peakanyanya hunhu, matavi ekudzidza, maitiro edzidziso uye zvimwe zvakawanda.
Chii chinonzi geography yemunhu?
Izwi rekuti geography yemunhu rine dzidziso ine chinangwa chikuru chekudzidza nzanga, iyo inosanganisira vanhuwo zvavo. Nheyo dzayo dzinobva pakunzwisiswa kwenhepfenyuro dzine humbowo hwetsika nedzedunhu.
Pasi pefungidziro idzi, geography yemunhu inowanzoonekwa seyakadaro, kuburikidza nepfungwa yenzvimbo yakavakirwa pamatemu edunhu zvichienderana nenharaunda yevanhu iri kudzidzwa. Zvimwe zvezvinangwa zvakaitwa pakuongorora zvinosanganisira:
- Chidzidzo chezviitwa zvevanhu
- Tsika
- Sayenzi
- Kugoverwa kwevanhu
- The economic, political and social terms
Izvi zvakasiyana-siyana zvinobatsira kumhinduro dzinotsvakwa kuziva nezvezvinetso izvo dzimwe nzanga dziripo, tichirangarira kuti kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose kwakaunza chinjo huru dzinowanzotapura chikamu chakati chavagari vemo. Izvo zvakakosha kuratidza kuti mazhinji ematambudziko aripo muhuwandu nhasi akabatana nezvinetso zvesocialeconomic pamwe nezvimwe zvinogadzirisa zvinhu.
Chimwe chezvikonzero zvikuru zvinoratidzira geography yemunhu ndiko kuunganidzwa kwevanhu vazhinji, ndiko kuti, huwandu hwevanhu vakaunganidzwa pamwero mukuru pasi rese. Chii chinounza hurongwa hukuru hunoturikira muchimiro chenzanga, iyo inofamba zvinoenderana nezvido zvinogadzirwa zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa zvavanazvo.
Nharaunda yehupfumi, yezvematongerwo enyika, yemagariro evanhu uye yetsika inoita basa rinokosha mukati mevanhu, kwete munguva yazvino chete, kubvira kare kare nzanga dzinoshanduka uye dzinoshandura maererano nekushanduka-shanduka uye simba rakananga rechimwe chezvinhu zvataurwa pamusoro apa. Kuferefetwa kwemaitiro enzvimbo kune hupamhi hukuru maererano neiyo superstructure inoumba nzanga, ichi ndicho chinonyanya kutariswa chekudzidza icho tsika iyi inoda kuziva.
nhoroondo yejogirafi yevanhu
Yakazvarwa uye yakagadziridzwa chaizvo muzana remakore rechiXNUMX. Panguva iyoyo, mamwe mahofisi edhipatimendi ejogirafi akanga atanga kugadzirwa mune mamwe masangano edzidzo yepamusoro, achiedza kusvika mukirasi kuburikidza nemacheya aizoita chidzidzo chepamutemo chejogirafi, vakapihwa yavo yega nzira uye dzidziso.
Chinangwa chayo chikuru chakanga chiri chokuparadzira ruzivo rwejogirafi, sezvo panguva iyoyo nzendo dzokunzvera dzakanga dzichitanga nadzo ruzivo rwedzimwe nzvimbo dzine mwero wepakati. Nekuda kwekuwedzera kwehumambo uye zvimwe zvinhu zvakabatanidzwa munyaya iyi, kukosha uye kucherechedzwa kweiyo geography sechirango kwakakanganisika uye zvakare kwakarambidzwa mukati menguva iyoyo.
Nekudaro, zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakavakirwa padunhu redunhu zvakabatanidzwa, izvo kunyangwe zvakasiyana nechinhu chekudzidza chejogirafi yemunhu, zvese zvakaramba zvakabatana panguva yekukura kwemakore makuru umo dzidziso dzese dzakaiswa.
Chirango ichi chinofambirana neregional geography chakaitwa nedzimwe nyanzvi dzejogirafi dzakatsvaga kuona nzvimbo dzakapihwa matunhu, dzichigadzira humwe hunhu hwaiperekedza kuti ruzivo ruzere nekurongwa kwenzvimbo dzakataurwa.
Hunhu hwakaita saRichard Hartshorne vakatora sechikonzero kukosha kwekudzidza kwedunhu redunhu pamwe nekukura kwayo, kuburikidza neizvi zvinogoneka kumisa geography sechirango chakapihwa pakudzidza kwayo nekuferefeta kunofambira mberi.
Kubva pane izvi, zvinokwanisika kusimbisa nzira yekudzikamisa kwezvimwe zvinhu zvakataura nezvevanhu, zvichiperekedzwa nemuviri uye nharaunda. Nechikonzero ichi, zvinozivikanwa kuti redunhu geography rakateya hwaro hwekuita mavambo edzidziso ye geography yevanhu, izvi zvakananga mukondinendi yeEurope.
Corrientes
Mamwe mafungu akabatsira munguva yavo pakudzidza kwenzvimbo yemunhu yaive geographic determinism. Izvi zvinobva paruzivo rwezvakatipoteredza, sezvo shanduko iyi yakazivikanwa nekuda kwezviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana zvaiitwa mumatunhu madiki, izvo zvakapa kukosha kwakati mune zvehupfumi uye maindasitiri.
Nepesvedzero huru pamaitiro aCharles Darwin, nekuda kwedzidziso yake yemhindumupindu, nzanga yakasimbisa maonero ayo pane yakataurwa dzidziso, ichiuya kuzodudzira kuti mamiriro ezvinhu kana nharaunda yemuviri inoita basa rinokosha kwete chete mune zvimwe zviitiko izvo munhu anoita, asiwo mune. hunhu hwevanhu.
Nheyo dzedzidziso dzedunhu rejogirafi dzakavambwa mukondinendi yeEurope, naPaúl Vidal achiva mumwe wevanonyanya kutsanangura. Uyu hunhu hwakakura uye hwakaputsa dzidziso yake zvakanaka, kunyange kuramba zvirevo zveiyo deterministic theory, achiti nharaunda yepanyama chikamu chebasa revanhu, asi haazvisarudzire nenzira yakafara, zvisinei anobvuma kuti zvinhu zviviri izvi zvinopesvedzera mumwe nemumwe. nzira yakananga.
Kusvika panguva iyoyo, gakava pakati pezvinzvimbo zvese zvedzidziso yakatanga, chokwadi chakakwanisa kubatsira nehwaro huru hwekubuda kwenzvimbo yemunhu mukati mekukura kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX. Zvisinei, nharo dzokusarudza dzakanga dzadzikira kwenguva yakati, saka dzidziso yake yakakurumidza kubviswa.
Mushure mekuvandudzwa kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, geography inogadzirwa nenzira dzakarongeka, izvi zvakakonzerwa neongororo yakaitwa yakazvimiririra yehunhu hwedunhu hwanga huchikura mumakore apfuura.
Nezvo, iyo geography yevanhu inotanga kutora boom sendima yekufarira kune vakawanda nyanzvi. Kuzvimiririra uku kwakaunza kuvandudzwa kwezvidzidzo zvitsva, izvo zvakatanga kuita dzidziso dzavo uye nzira dzine musoro. Pakati pavo tinowana zvinotevera:
- Economic geography
- social geography
- Zvematongerwo enyika jogirafi
Aya mapazi ezvidzidzo zvishoma nezvishoma akawana kukosha kukuru pasi rese, nekuda kwerusununguko rwavakakwanisa kuita nemazvo. Nhasi vanocherechedzwa tichitarisa mazinga avanoita maererano nedzidziso dzezvidzidzo zvavanoita, nekuda kwekuvandudza.
kufambira mberi kwe geography yevanhu
Nepo kupatsanurwa kwepakati pedzidziso dzambotaurwa kwakaitwa, imwe neimwe yadzo yakawana hunyanzvi hwezvinyorwa zvayo zvedzidziso. Semuyenzaniso, economic geography inyanzvi munzvimbo dzinoverengeka, kuwana budiriro yeindasitiri geography uyezve ruzivo rweagrarian geography. Zvisinei, the geography yevanhu yakakwanisa kuramba iri pasi pezvakasikwa.
Pakazosvika gore ra1950, kudzikamiswa kwechirango kwakakanganiswa, nekuda kwekushoropodzwa kwakasimba kwakaitwa nemamwe masangano. Izvo zvakakanganisa mukurumbira wakasarudzika wayakakwanisa kugadzira zvishoma nezvishoma, ichiuya kuzobvunza chokwadi chemaitiro ayo aive akavakirwa padzidziso dzesainzi.
Panguva imwecheteyo, geography yedunhu yakazadzwa nemashoko asina kunaka ayo asina chokwadi nekwakabva ongororo yayakaita. Izvi zvakakonzerwa nekusimbiswa kwekuferefeta kwayakaita kumatunhu, uko kufambira mberi kwayakawana kuburikidza nechizvarwa kana kuvandudzwa kwesainzi yenzvimbo itsva haina kuverengerwa.
Imwe neimwe yesainzi yakagadziridzwa yakatsvaga kuburitsa nzira dzemhando yepamusoro, kuburikidza nekutsvaga kwakavakirwa pamitoo yakanangana, zvisinei kuedza kwacho kwakashaya basa, nekuti izvi hazvina kuwana kugamuchirwa kwesainzi yemagariro ichiri kushanda panguva iyoyo. Pakati pavo tinogona kutaura zvehupfumi uye zvepfungwa sciences.
Zvaifungidzirwa kuti geography yemunhu yakanga isina simba rekufambira mberi, izvi kuburikidza nekushaikwa kwekudzika kwezvinyorwa zvedzidziso izvo zvakavakirwa panzira dzesainzi dzinogoneka. Zvisinei, nokuda kwokutsoropodzwa kwakasimba kwayakaitwa, kuedza kwacho kwakanga kuri kukuru.
Kuburikidza nezviitiko zvakapfuura izvo zvakanga zvisina kunaka zvachose, geography yevanhu inozvivandudza pachayo nekuvandudza maitiro ayo ekuongorora. Izvi zvinoisimudza kune imwe nhanho yekuzivikanwa, tichifunga kuti zvishoma nezvishoma yakakwanisa kuva nzira yesayenzi inovandudza nzira yakakosha uye yechokwadi.
Zviratidzo
Hunhu hukuru hwakaitwa hwehupfumi geography hwaive hwekutanga kubheja pane nzira dzepositivism, izvi zvinozivikanwa seyazvino yakapihwa huzivi hunokwanisa kubatanidza nzira yesainzi nezvigadziko zveruzivo, inoumbwa nenzira yeempirical uye nguva yayo inogoneka.
Iyo nzira yaanoshandisa, inomuka nekuda kwezvimwe zvidzidzo, yakagadziriswa pane mamwe maitiro ekuongorora uye zvakare yakapihwa nzira yenhamba, iyo yakamubvumira kunyatsoongorora uye kuona kufambiswa kwedzidziso yake kuburikidza nenhamba data yakakwanisa kuonesa fungidziro iyo. kuferefeta kuchakanda.
Humwe hunhu huripo mune yemunhu geography yaive pfungwa yenzvimbo. Izvi zvinowanikwa kuburikidza nemhedzisiro inogadzirwa maererano nenzvimbo uye hukama hwakagadzwa pakati pevanhu nenzvimbo idzi dzenzvimbo. Nechikonzero ichi, chinangwa ichi chinotungamira chirango kuti chizivikanwe pasi pekukosha kwechidzidzo chenzvimbo.
Nekuda kwekukosha kwekuranga kwemethodological kwakava, shanduko zhinji dzakaitwa kwete munzvimbo ino chete, asiwo mune dzimwe dzidziso dzakakonzera kubuda kwemaitiro avo, chokwadi ichi chinozivikanwa sehuwandu hwekuchinja.
Nhau
Shanduko yenzvimbo yemunhu yaifambira mberi kusvika mugore raXNUMX, iro raive nezvinangwa zvikuru zvedzidziso izvo zvishoma nezvishoma, nekufamba kwemakore, zvakavandudza nekuvandudza imwe neimwe yenzira dzakashandiswa kugamuchirwa kwechirango sesainzi.
Zvisinei, geography yevanhu haina kubvisa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzayakagadzira, pane kudaro, yakabva pakuzadzikiswa kwemamwe madingindira anopikisana, ayo akazviratidza nenzira dzakasiyana kune mumwe nemumwe, pasi pedzimwe dzidziso dzehuzivi, izvi kuitira kuti usatsiva. zvachose. Izvi zvakabudisa kukura kwakasiyana kwechirango chimwe nechimwe, chimwe nechimwe chichikwanisa kudyisa dzidziso dzakati.
Munguva dzino dzazvino, chikamu chepamusoro chevashandi vari mumunda, senge geographer, vanozivikanwa nehunyanzvi hwavanoita, hwakadai seavo vakazvitsaurira kuhupfumi geography, magariro kana maguta geography.
Chimwe chinhu chikuru chatinogona kuratidza mubasa iri ijogirafi yemunhu. Iyo ine painotangira pasi penzira dzinotsvaga kuburitsa chidzidzo pakutarisa kwenzvimbo. Iri bazi rejogirafi rinoedza kutsvaga kubva pakuona kwevanhu manzwiro emunhu achifunga nezve geography sepokutangira.
Vazhinji venyanzvi vanozvipira kune basa rehuzivi hwenzvimbo ino yejogirafi vanoramba nechisimba chinangwa chekuita dzidziso dzinoitwa. Mupfungwa yakafara, iwaya anoratidza mutongo unoenderana zvakanyanya nemanzwiro ayo ari pasi pekufungidzira kwavo ane hukama hwepedyo nenzvimbo. Saka subjective kudzidza ndiyo inonyanya kutariswa yehumanistic geography.
Izvo zvinofanirwa kuve pachena kuti kudzidza kweiyo geography yemunhu hakuna kutariswa pane geographic nzvimbo sezvizvi, izvi ndizvo zvatinoreva senzvimbo yemuviri. Sezvo izwi rekuti geography yemunhu risingawanzo kutaurwa zvakanyanya kana kuzivikanwa, tinowanzo kubatanidza iyo geography inoita zvidzidzo zvemepu kana cartography nenyaya iyi yejogirafi yevanhu.
Kunyangwe chiri chokwadi kuti nzvimbo yenzvimbo ine basa rakakosha pakudzidza nezvejogirafi yemunhu, izvi handizvo chaizvo hwaro hwemitoo yainoita. Kukosha uye nhanho yekukoshera iyo iyi yakaumbwa nekufamba kwenguva iri kuwedzera kucherechedzwa uye hunhu. Tichifunga nezve boom iyo yaakawana paakawana hunyanzvi hwemadingindira ayo kana zvinangwa zvekutevera.
Munda wekudzidza
Sezvatakambotaura kare, pakutanga, geography yevanhu yakabva pakudzidza kwenharaunda yenharaunda. Nekudaro, semugumisiro wekubuda kwekuzvimirira kwedzidziso kwayakagadzira, mamwe minda yekudzidza akagadzirwa nekufamba kwemakore, ayo ane hukama nehumwe geography yevanhu, pakati pavo tinowana zvinotevera:
vanhu geography
Iri kirasi yejografi rinotarisa pakudzidza kwemaitiro ayo huwandu hwevanhu hwakagoverwa pasi pano. Izvi nekuda kwezvakasiyana zvikonzero zvenhoroondo zvakagadzira, uye izvo zvinokwanisa kugadzirisa kugoverwa kwevanhu panyika.
Economic geography
Iyi ndeimwe yema geographies iripo mune mazhinji emacheya padanho repamusoro reyunivhesiti yehuwandu hukuru hwemabasa. Tichifunga kuti maitiro avo anobva pakudzidza kwemaitiro ehupfumi. Panguva imwecheteyo, inodzidza mhedzisiro uye pesvedzero yehupfumi kune dzimwe nyika kana nyika, izvo zvinobata vanhu zvakananga. Iine chiyero pakati pekudzidza kwehupfumi maitiro uye zvakare kugoverwa kwenzvimbo.
Culture geography
Anotarisa chidzidzo chake pamatanho evanhu uye hukama hwavo hwepedyo nedzimwe nzvimbo, pamwe nekutsvaga kudzidza zvinokonzeresa. Kuora kwezvakatipoteredza. Inomuka muzana ramakore reXIX nekuda kweVidal Blache. Zvisinei, yakawana kukosha kwemakore. Zvimwe zvayakaita zvakabva mukuumba zvikoro zvinoita zvidzidzo zvakadzama panyaya iyi.
urban geography
Izvi zvinomiririra imwe yemisoro iyo parizvino yakapa zvakawanda zvekutaura nezvayo. Kudzidza kwake kunobva pakuwanda kwevanhu kunowanzo kuzara pakati penyika vachitsvaga hupenyu huri nani. Iri rudzi rwe geography rinowanzo dzidza Hunhu hwehuwandu hwemaguta.
Rural geography
Zvinobva pakuongorora kwakazara kwemaruwa geography. Chinangwa chayo chikuru ndechekutsanangura maitiro ehupfumi akabatana nekurima, uyezve kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakasiyana.
Ongororo yake zvakare inobata mazinga ekushanya kwainoita, uye zvikonzero zvekukanganisa kwakaipa izvo zvinokonzeresa kusiiwa kwenzvimbo dzakataurwa nevanhu vanoda kuenda kumaguta.
Zvematongerwo enyika jogirafi
Izvo zvine chekuita nekudzidza kwesainzi kwakavakirwa paruzivo rwezvematongerwo enyika nemagariro maitiro anoratidzwa munzanga yemazuva ano. Muenzaniso weiyi isayenzi yezvematongerwo enyika, iyo inotarisira kugadzirisa chidzidzo chemaitiro emasangano pasi rose, nekunzwisisa hurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika hunosanganisira yose.
medical geography
Iyo inoratidzirwa nekudzidza kwechigumisiro chinoshandiswa nemamiriro ekunze pane hutano hwevanhu. Inofunga nezvekugoverwa kwezvimwe zvirwere zvakapararira pamusoro penzvimbo.
Izvi zvinomiririra mamwe emapazi ejogirafi akakura sezvo makore aifamba zvakasiyana nekushanduka kwebazi rimwe nerimwe renzvimbo yevanhu.