El Francis Bacon painter Anozivikanwa nemifananidzo yake yepashure peHondo Yenyika II, maairatidza chiso chemunhu uye chimiro nenzira inotaridza uye kazhinji inoshamisira. Ziva nesu kuti aive ani uye chii chakakurudzira mifananidzo inokatyamadza nyika.
Ndiani akanga ari munyori wemifananidzo Francis Bacon?
Uyu muimbi ane hunyanzvi anobva kuguta guru reIrish muzukuru waCaptain Anthony Edward Mortimer nemukadzi wake mudiki, Christina Winifred Firth.
Akararama makore akaoma zvikuru pasi pechiremera chemunhu anotonga uye asina tsitsi. Francis akasekwa uye akabatwa zvisina simba nekuda kwekushaya simba uye kurwara, ndangariro zhinji nenyaya dzinoti baba vake vakamurova nekumuranga zvakanyanya pahudiki hwake.
Akanga ari mukomana ane hutano hwakaoma nekuda kwedambudziko rake reasthma uye akadzidziswa kumba, achichengetedza hunhu, anonyara uye akanyarara semwana. Pamakore gumi nemanomwe, akadzingwa pamba pemhuri zvachose paakabatwa achiedza zvipfeko zvemukati zvaamai vake.
Mushure mekuenda kuGermany neFrance achiri jaya, Francis Bacon akagara muLondon uye akatanga basa rekuzvidzidzisa. Mizhinji yemifananidzo yake kubva kuma40 kusvika kuma60 inomiririra chimiro chemunhu mumifananidzo inoratidza kuparadzaniswa, mhirizhonga uye kutambura, zvichionekwa serimwe remabasa akakosha ehunyanzvi enguva yapashure pehondo.
Asi kunyangwe aigara achirwiswa neasthma uye kubatwa zvisina kunaka kwaakaitwa, Francis Bacon aive nechido chakasimba uye akatsiga. Ainwa, aidya, aitamba, aida uye akapenda neshungu zvokuti nguva yokurara yakanga iri shoma, anenge maawa maviri kana matatu usiku hwose. Kuburikidza neiyi mhute yehutsvina, kurarama kwakaoma, hushamwari hwakadzama, uye zvekunakirwa, Bacon yakaburitsa muunganidzwa wemifananidzo yaisangova yakanaka zvinokatyamadza, asiwo yakashinga uye yepakutanga yenguva yavo.
Basa rake rinonakidza rakaunza pamwe chete uye rakaita kuti boka revapendi vakamutenderedza pakati pezana ramakore reEngland, iro rakazozivikanwa seLondon School, uye rakakurudzirawo zvizvarwa zvakati kuti zvevaimbi vaizouya, kusanganisira Damien Hirst, Jenny Saville naJake naDinos Chapman, pakati. nhamba huru.
Hudiki, hudiki uye kutanga kwehunyanzvi
Painter Francis Bacon akaberekwa kune vakaroorana vechirungu vaigara muDublin, Ireland muna Gumiguru 28, 1909. Ndiye wedzinza remuzivi ane mukurumbira Francis Bacon wemakore gumi nematanhatu negumi nemanomwe. Akarererwa muIreland neEngland uye akanga asingakwanisi kuchengetedza dzidzo semwana chero upi zvake wezera rake, saka akadzidziswa kumba nekuda kwezvikonzero zveutano.
Baba vake, Kapteni Anthony Edward Mortimer Bacon, anonzi Eddy, aive wekuAustralia, akaberekerwa muguta reAdelaide, kumaodzanyemba kwenyika, kuna baba veChirungu uye amai vekuAustralia. Eddy aive murwi weBoer War, murairidzi webhiza, uye muzukuru waAnthony Bacon, aizviti aibva kumhuri yaSir Nicholas Bacon, munun'una weElizabethman stateman, muzivi, uye munyori wezvinyorwa, Sir Francis Bacon.
Mai vaFrancis mudiki, Christina Winifred Firth, vanodanwa nezita remadunhurirwa rekuti Winnie, vaive mugari wenhaka yebhizimisi reSheffield resimbi nemugodhi wemarasha, saka mari yavo yaive yakanaka. Bacon aiva nemhuri huru, mukoma mukuru, Harley, hanzvadzi duku mbiri, Ianthe naWinifred, uye pakupedzisira munun’una, Edward.
Mhuri yaifamba dzimba kazhinji, ichichinja pakati peIreland neEngland kakawanda, zvichikonzera kusagadzikana uye kutama kwakasara naFrancis kwehupenyu hwake hwose.
Mhuri iyi yaigara muCanny Court House mu County Kildare kubva muna 1911, ipapo kuWestbourne Terrace muLondon, padyo neTerritorial Force Records Hofisi uko kwaishandirwa baba uye vakazotamira kuIreland pakupera kweHondo Yenyika Yekutanga..
Bacon aigara nevabereki vake, asiwo nasekuru naambuya vake, Winifred naKerry Supple, kuFarmleigh, Abbeyleix, zvisinei aigara achichengetwa nananny wemhuri, Jessie Lightfoot, wekuCornwall, anozivikanwa nerudo sekuti. Nanny Lightfoot, munhu ane ushamwari naamai akaramba ari pedyo naye kusvikira afa.
Bacon aiva mukomana anonyara, aifarira zvipfeko uye kupfeka zvakanaka, aivawo netsika dzakanyanya uye dzakati dzechikadzi, zvinhu izvo pamwe chete zvaiwanzotsamwisa baba vake, avo maererano nedzimwe nyaya dzakazotevera dzakamubata zvisina kunaka.
Maiva muna 1924, paakanga achiri kuyaruka, vabereki vake vakaramba vachichinja pekugara uye hunhu hwaFrancis hwakatanga kushanduka, aifarira kudhirowa zvimiro zvechikadzi, nemadhirezi akashinga neheti. Pamabiko ezvipfeko zvemhando yepamusoro pamba peshamwari yemhuri muCavendish Hall, Francis akapfeka seflapper, akakwana nerokwe rerhinestone, lipstick, zvitsitsinho zvakakwirira uye chibatiso chefodya refu.
Muna 1926 mhuri yakadzokera kuStraffan Lodge uye hanzvadzi yake, Ianthe, makore gumi nemaviri ari mudiki wake, aigara achiyeuka mifananidzo iyoyo uye zvido zvakasiyana zvemukoma wake. Gore iroro rakange rave nechisarudzo kuna Francis, uyo akanga adzingwa pamusha wevabereki vake pashure pokunge baba vake vamuwana achizviyemura pamberi pegirazi hombe, akapfeka zvipfeko zvemukati zvaamai vake.
Muna 1927, aingova nemakore gumi nemanomwe, asina pekugara uye aine vabereki vasina kubvuma hupombwe hwake, Francis Bacon akaenda kuBerlin, Germany, kwaakapinda muhusiku hweguta rengochani, pamwe chete mumakwikwi ehungwaru. Akabva atamira kuParis, France, kwaakazonyanya kufarira zvemifananidzo kuburikidza nekugara achishanyira maberere. Mupendi weramangwana akadzokera kuLondon mukupera kwema17 akatanga basa diki rekushongedza mukati, achigadzirawo fenicha nemaragi mune yazvino, Art Deco-yakafurirwa maitiro.
Hondo payakatanga, akaedza kunyora asi akarambwa nekuda kwekuoma kweasthmatic, asi akabatana nechikwata chekununura cheamburenzi.
Akabva atanga kupenda, kutanga mu cubist style yakafurirwa naPablo Picasso uye gare gare mune imwe surreal nzira. Basa raBacon rekuzvidzidzisa rakakwezva kufarira uye muna 1937, akaverengerwa muboka rekuratidzira muLondon rine musoro unoti "Young British Painters".
Akanakisa mabasa pakati pe40s ne50s
Francis Bacon akagovana pane imwe nguva kuti kutanga kwechokwadi kwebasa rake reunyanzvi kwaive muna 1944, sezvo yaive nguva yaakazvipira zvizere kukupenda uye kugadzira mabasa akamuita mukurumbira uye naachiri kuyeukwa.
Zvidzidzo Zvitatu zveMifananidzo patsoka yekurovererwa, inoonekwa sechinjo inokosha. Maturu ake airatidza zvimiro zvevanhu, kazhinji kacho kaive mufananidzo mumwechete, wakasarudzika mukamuri, keji kana nhema.
Akaita nhevedzano yemifananidzo, akafemerwa nemufananidzo waPope Innocent X naDiego Velázquez wakagadzirwa muna 1650, asi achipa mumwe nemumwe maitiro ake, ane mavara akasviba aimuratidza, mabhurashi akakasharara uye zviso zvakamonyaniswa. Aya mabasa anowanzo kunzi Francis Bacon's Screaming Pope Paintings.
Aive madingindira akasiyana-siyana, pane imwe canvas unogona kuona mufananidzo wakapendwa wakamira uye padivi pacho chimedu chenyama yakasvukiswa, nepo pane vamwe vaifemerwa nemadingindira echitendero chechinyakare. Asi mifananidzo yake yose yakanga ine chinhu chimwe chete chakafanana, muvengi Francis Bacon anosimbirira kusimbisa pamusoro pezviitiko zvepasi rose zvekutambudzika uye kuparadzaniswa.
Hupenyu hwake uye hunyanzvi mushure me1960
Kunyange zvazvo yakanga iri nguva apo unyanzvi hwemazuva ano hwakanga huchitungamirirwa nekubvisa, uyu muveki akatanhamara akaramba achipenda chiso nechimiro chevanhu, pasina kutera kumaitiro. Mashandisiro ake epfungwa chaiwo emavara nemabhurashi, kuwedzeredza kwemafomu nemasaini zvakamupa zita renyanzvi yekutaura, kunyange zvazvo akaramba izwi iroro.
Mabasa eBacon kubva kuma1960 anowanzo ratidza zvimiro zvechirume sezvimwechete, mune masutu ebhizinesi, vamwe senhamba isina kupfeka ine zvikamu uye maficha akachinjwa zvakanyanya. Paive nemakore kwaaishandisa mamwe matani akajeka pane dzimwe nguva, zvisinei, madingindira emhirizhonga uye kufa aive achiri kurudziro yake huru uye rima uye kutonhora matoni akajairika.
Aigara achipenda mifananidzo yevaanozivana navo, vezera rake, maartist, uye vamwe vakwikwidzi munzvimbo iyi, kusanganisira George Dyer, akasangana naFrancis paakanga achiedza kubira imba yake.
Mupendi Francis Bacon akasangana naGeorge Dyer, mumwe wemienzaniso yaakapenda uye aaida zvakanyanya, apo Dyer, aive mudiki tsotsi aigara muEast London, akadonha nedenga remba yemuimbi humwe husiku hwa1963, nechinangwa che kuita ugororo.
Zvinonzi Bacon akamuudza kuti aifarira mbavha, asi jaya iri rakanyatsobata pfungwa dzepinto, uyo aive mukuru kwaari nemakore makumi maviri nemashanu. Bacon's unconventional relationship with Dyer yakagara makore masere, kusvikira jaya racho rafa nekudarika doro uye barbiturates muimba yake yehotera yeParis.
Ichi chiitiko chakaitika mazuva maviri kusati kwavhurwa kweBacon retrospective kuGrand Palais, muna Gumiguru 1971. Panguva iyoyo, muimbi aive nemukurumbira pasi rose uye mitengo yemabasa ake yaikwikwidzana nePicasso. Ichi chiratidziro chega chega paGrand Palais muParis chaive rukudzo rwakatanhamara kune muimbi mupenyu uye kufa kwemudiwa wake kwakanyarara, kudzivirira kuvharidzira kubudirira kukuru uku.
George Dyer akanga ari rudo rune rudo uye rune mhirizhonga, rwakaratidzwa nekukwira uye pasi uye kupenga, zvokuti Dyer, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, akamupomera mhosva yekuva nezvinodhaka. Zvakawanda zvezviitiko zvake zvakamiririrwa mufirimu Rudo NdiDhiyabhorosi: Kudzidzira Mufananidzo waFrancis Bacon, kubva mugore ra1998 uye aine nyeredzi Derek Jacobi, Daniel Craig naTilda Swinton. Bacon, anozivikanwa nemafaro ake, kuda kunwa uye kuda zveunyanzvi, akachengeta imba yaizivikanwa nevanhu vakawanda uye studio muLondon uye akaramba achipenda kusvika pakupera kwehupenyu hwake.
Akafa ari pazororo kuMadrid, Spain muna Kubvumbi 28, 1992, akabatwa nechirwere chemoyo pazera ramakore makumi masere nemaviri, asina kumbomira kuve murungu weBritish ane huso hwehudiki uye akachengetwa zvakanaka kunyangwe hupenyu hwekufara uye maawa mashoma. wehope, akapfeka zvinoyevedza uye nemanomano. Asi pamusoro pezvose, haana kumbomira kupenda, kudya, kunwa, kuda uye kuverenga. Muverengi anofarira uyu akasiya raibhurari yemabhuku anosvika chiuru nemazana matatu, anenge ese aine manotsi nezvirevo.
Nhaka yemupendi Francis Bacon
Bacon inoonekwa semumwe wevanotungamira vanyori vekuBritain vechizvarwa cheHondo Yenyika II, pamwe nepesvedzero huru pachizvarwa chitsva chevanyori vekufananidzira mumaXNUMXs.
Basa rake nderamamyuziyamu makuru munyika uye rakaratidzwa mune zvakasiyana-siyana zvekare. Mushure mekufa kwake, imba yake yebasa yakatengwa neHugh Lane Gallery, kwavakaronga kamuri kuitira kuti vashanyi vagone kuikoshesa.
Zvidzidzo zvitatu zveLucian Freud nemupendi Francis Bacon akatyora rekodhi yebasa rinodhura rakawanikwa paokisheni, muna 2013. Mutengo wekupedzisira waive 142,4 miriyoni emadhora uye okisheni yakaitwa naChristie's muUnited States.
Mupendi uyu, uyo akararama kwemakore 82, akanga ane nharo zvikuru pakati pemapoka echinyakare anodhirowa, sezvo mabasa esimba aaiita nemabhurashi eunyanzvi aiwanzovhara nyaya dzinonetsa zvikuru dzakadai sedzepabonde, marwadzo, kutambura uye rufu, dzinoonekwa nevakawanda semifananidzo inonyadzisa.
Mubasa rake, Bacon akatyora zvese zvakakomba zviyero uye mirairo yechinyakare Chirungu art, achitsamira kune imwe tsika yeEurope uye maitiro. Kuzvidzidzisa uye azere nehungwaru, asina kudzidziswa kwehunyanzvi, dzimwe nguva aipenda neminwe yake, achishandisa mabhurashi kana mamvemve zvakafanana, achibatanidza mifananidzo kubva munhau dzakasiyana kugadzira nziyo dzinoshamisa.
Chii chakakukurudzira?
Mushure mokunge Bacon yakadzingwa kubva kumba kwemhuri yake, akatanga mutsara wekupukunyuka kweEurope kwakazarura maziso ake kune unyanzvi nekugadzira, tisingatauri mamwe mafaro enyika, sepabonde newaini.
Mabasa akasiyana-siyana aakasangana nawo uye aaiyemura mukati menzendo dzake ane pesvedzero inogarisa uye isingadzimiki pabasa rake uye aisazobva mupfungwa dzake kutozosvikira parufu rwake muna 1992. Somuenzaniso, paaidzidza chiFrench pedyo neChantilly muna 1927, akawana Kuurawa kukuru kweKuurayana kukuru. Innocents. de Poussin (1628–29), ari kuororwa nekurwadziwa kunoratidzwa munzvimbo iyi.
Manzwiro airatidzwa nesimba guru mumufananidzo waamai, vane mwanakomana wavo muduku anenge ava kuda kuurayiwa nemufananidzo pasina kana tsitsi, akakatyamadza nyanzvi.
Gare gare gore iroro, akawana nekuona zvinhu zvaive nesimba guru pabasa rake: bhuku rinotsanangura zvirwere zvemukanwa, firimu raSergei Eisenstein ra1925 Battleship Potemkin, uye chiitiko apo mukoti ane ropa anochema. Mifananidzo yakanga isingakanganwiki kwaari, yakaramba iri mufananidzo wakanyorwa zvachose mupfungwa dzake.
Chimwe chiitiko chakakosha chemuvendi yaive rwendo rwekuenda kuParis panguva iyoyo, izvo zvakamubvumira kuona yekutanga mifananidzo yemifananidzo yePicasso. Zvese izvi zvinyorwa nemhedzisiro yazvo zvaimiririra dzidzo yekutanga yaFrancis Bacon yehunyanzvi uye pesvedzero yekusingaperi pamabasa ake ese aitevera, ayo anoratidza maitiro ake akasiyana uye epakutanga.
Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti muvendi Francis Bacon haana kumbobvira awana kudzidziswa, zvisinei, izvo hazvina kumutadzisa kugadzira mabasa apo muviri wemunhu waive chigadziko chinotyisa, chinotyisa chizere nemanzwiro asina kunaka. Muromo wakashama waizobuda mune mamwe machira makuru emupendi: nhevedzano yake yeKuchema Mbatata, yaakashanda kubva muna 1949 kusvika 1971, achiratidza kusajeka, varume vakagadzwa vakabatwa muchiitiko chekuridza mhere yakasimba uye ichiita sekusingaperi.
Vazhinji vanofungidzira kuti panguva imwe chete vanoratidzira mirairo yehondo yababa vaBacon, kukakavadzana kwakakasharara pakati pemupendi nemudiwa wake akarwadziswa Peter Lacy, kuchema kuri nyore kwekutya, kana mhedziso yekubvunda orgasm. Ndiro raive simba rebasa remupendi uyu, risingawanzo uye rakasiyana, aikwanisa kusanganisa mareferensi akasiyana, chikara kana chikara chaidedera nekuda kwemanzwiro akasiyana uye akajeka, azere nekuvhiringidzika, kukakavara kana kutya.
Bacon's Pope series yaive chibereko cheimwe simba guru: Mufananidzo waVelázquez waPope Innocent X kubva muna 1650, basa iro Bacon akawira murudo naro, uye haana kuzeza kuribvuma.
Nguva zhinji Francis akagadziridza zvakare vhezheni yake yeichi chinyorwa, kunyangwe akaramba kuona mufananidzo wacho pachake paakaenda kuRoma. Akataura kuti ainzwa kunyara kuti akange akabata chidimbu chinokatyamadza ichi, kakawanda. Bacon akataura kuti basa revatambi vakawanda vakadai saGiacometti, van Gogh naMatisse aive nesimba mumabasa ake, asi haana kumbomira kutarisa kune vanyori nevadetembi vakaita saRacine, Baudelaire naProust kuti vape kurudziro uye kutungamira kwekugadzira.
Kugara achisimbisa kuti chainyanya kumukwezva kumabhuku kwaive kugona kupfupisa kuoma kwehupenyu hwemunhu mumitsetse mipfupi mishoma nemitsara. Chimwe chinhu chaakaedza kuita nemhando dzakasiyana uye dzinonakidza dzaive dzakaiswa mumachira ake.
Pane imwe nguva akatsanangura kuti haana kusimbisa rufu, akangobvuma sechikamu chekuvapo, sezvo munhu achigara achiziva nezvekufa kwehupenyu, rinongova rose rinotumbuka, rinobva rafa.
Ndeipi yaive nzira yako yekushanda?
Zvinyorwa zvakashanda sekufuridzirwa kweBacon, zvakadai se Kuurawa kwevasina mhosvas, mapikicha akasakara emhuka dzesango, madumwa eEgypt, mabhuku nezvimwe zvakawanda, zvakaiswa pauriri hwezvitudiyo kwaaishanda, nguva dzose sechinjo huru chaimuperekedza mubasa rake rose.
Mess yakasvibira yaigara yakarungwa nependi uye zvisaririra zvemapati aaipota achikanda, mushure mehusiku kunze mumakirabhu eLondon uye munzvimbo dzekubhejera.
Vakawanda vakatsanangura nzvimbo yavo yebasa semhirizhonga, apo chero chinhu chisingatarisirwi chaigona kuitika. Zvisineyi, nekusagadzikana kwake kwese uye kuderera kwake kwese, munyori wemifananidzo Francis Bacon aive akazvipira zvakanyanya kubasa rake uye aive nemirairo yake chaiyo.
Akasimbisa kuti munhu aifanira kurangwa mune zvese, asi pamusoro pezvose muhupenzi. Kufarira kwaaiita kushamwaridzana kwairatidza kudyisa kurudziro yake nebasa rake, sezvo iye pachake akataura kuti mushure meusiku, aigona kumuka mangwanani-ngwanani ndokupenda kwemaawa akawanda nechiedza chakanakisisa chezuva, idzo dzemaawa ekutanga. mambakwedza.
Pashure pacho, aigona kudya nokunwa akadhakwa, achishanyira guta racho uye achivhengana neshamwari dzake dzakawanda uye vaaizivana navo, avo vaiwanzobatanidza vanyori biyake Lucian Freud naFrank Auerbach. Zvakare vane mukurumbira vateresi veLondon, vakadai saSainbury, vamwe vevadikani vake vazhinji, vakaita saLacy kana Eric Hall, pakati pevamwe vanhu.
Akanga ari nyanzvi yakanyanyisa, aiti aishanda zviri nani pashure pokunwa doro usiku, nokuti akadzokorora kuti pfungwa dzake dzakava mhenyu uye dzakazadzwa nesimba pashure pehusiku ihwohwo husingagumi hwokutandara, akanzwa kuti kunwa kwakamuita kuti asununguke. Zvisinei, sezvinonyatsozivikanwa, rudzi urwu rwemaitiro runoita dzimwe njodzi, kana dzisiri njodzi dzakawanda. Kakawanda, mushure memapati, aiuya kumba mushure menguva uye akadhakwa zvikuru, zvokuti akafunga "kukwana" imwe pendi yakapera zuva iroro.
Aibva apepuka oona kuti chaainge apedza chaive chaparara. Mushure mezvikamu zvakati wandei zverudzi urwu, imba yake yekumisikidza yakatanga kuunganidza mabasa nemifananidzo kubva ku studio yake mushure mekunge yapedzwa.
Izvi zvakachengetwawo nananny akamumutsa uye akamuperekedza munguva yehupenyu hwake, nanny wake Jessie Lightfoot, uyo akagara nependi kusvika pakufa kwake muna 1951 uye vaviri vakanyanya kugovera basa rake, Erica Brausen kuHanover Gallery uye gare gare. Valerie Beston kuMarlborough Gallery, uyo akaitawo basa rakakosha musangano nekusimudzira hupenyu hwake nebasa.
Mutariri asingaremekedzi aive nematambudziko emari muhuduku hwake, aive nerutsigiro rweLightfoot, uyo akamubatsira kutanga mamwe mabhizinesi kana kuwana vadikani vaizopa rubatsiro rwemari. Brausen akave shamwari yepedyo uye waanovimba naye, akasungirirwa pamusoro pehunyanzvi, ungochani hwavo, uye kuravira kwavo kutora njodzi, Bacon's pacanvas uye yake pamadziro emadziro ake.
Kutanga muna 1958, Miss Beston, sekudanwa kwaaiitwa nerudo, akaronga zvinenge zvese zvemazuva ese zveBacon zvemazuva ese mumakore ake akabudirira zvakanyanya, achitarisira kubhadhara zvikwereti zvake, kuronga hurongwa hwake, kuve nechokwadi chekuti imba yake yaichengetwa yakachena, uye achikwanisa kumuchengeta. pahurongwa.basa, rakazvipira kupenda. Pamusoro pazvo, akangwarira kuti machira ake asabuda mugaba, nokuti pane dzimwe nguva aiparadza.
Sei basa rako richikosha?
Muimbi anoshamisa uyu akaunza kusimba kutsva kumifananidzo yaakapenda, achiratidza vanhu vake, vangave shamwari dzake, mamodheru, kana zvimiro zvengano, semurwi wakamonyoroka, wenyama, unotyisa, uye wakafumurwa mupfungwa.
Akaedza kuburitsa kuoma kuseri kwechiso chevanhu, simba, kutambura uye kufara. Zvifananidzo izvo nemakumbo avo akasvibiswa uye akakanganiswa akazarura mafungiro ekutanga, zvichida nekuda kwechikonzero ichi muzvigadzirwa zvake mumaXNUMX, zvinomiririra zvetsoko nevarume zvinowanzotakura kufanana kwakasimba kune mumwe nemumwe.
Muhupenyu hwake uye unyanzvi hwake, mufananidzo weFrancis Bacon akabatanidza uye akadyisa zvakanyanya, achivashandura mumifananidzo inozivikanwika iyo mhirizhonga inoratidza kuti ndicho chibereko chehupenyu hunorarama pamucheto.
Madingindira emabasa ake
Mupendi Francis Bacon aive nehunyanzvi uye aive nemaitiro ane simba ebasa, asi sezvatakamboona, aive nefungidziro yekuti mamwe madingindira aite mabasa ake, izvo pasina mubvunzo zvakamupa budiriro huru. Izvi zvinosanganisira:
Kuroverwa
Mifananidzo yekurovererwa inorema zvikuru mubasa raFrancis Bacon, sezvo chero nhamba yemanzwiro uye manzwiro anogona kurembera nekufungisisa pamusoro payo. Inzvimbo umo kukuvadzwa kwemuviri kunoitwa kune mumwe munhu uye vamwe vanoungana kuti vatarise, vachiongorora dzimwe nzvimbo dzemaitiro emunhu.
Dingindira iri raidzokororwa mumabasa ake ekutanga, paakatanga kupenda zvakanyanya, pazera re30. Mumakore a1933, Eric Hall akamugadza kuti aite akatevedzana pendi mitatu yakavakirwa padingindira, pendi yekutanga ichipesvedzerwa nevamiriri vepakutanga vakaita saMatthias Grünewald, Diego Velázquez naRembrandt. Zvakare kumabasa aPicasso kubva mukupera kwamakumi maviri nekutanga kwemakumi matatu.
vanotiza
Achitaura zvakawanda zvemufananidzo waVelázquez ane mukurumbira muna 1650 waPope Innocent X, iye zvino ari muDoria Pamphili Gallery muRome, Bacon's series of Pope mifananidzo inokatyamadza inoumba motif yakatowanikwa mumabasa ake ekutanga, senge Chidzidzo chezviumbwa zvitatu pazasi pekurovererwa uye semuromo wakashama unoridza mhere.
Zviumbwa zvaanapapa, zvakaparadzaniswa nekamwe mitsetse yakakombama yakakomberedzwa inoratidza masimba uye simba romukati, zvakasiyana uye zvinoita sokuti zvakaparadzaniswa nechimiro chavo chepakutanga, vari mubasa rabviswa simba ravo uye iri dimikira rokutambura kwevanhu.
reclining figures
Mazhinji emifananidzo yeBacon ane pakati pevagari vemo zvimiro zvakatsamira, ega kana mu triptychs, kwaanodzokororwa neimwe misiyano. Kuumbwa kweakanyanya mushwi manhamba kunopesvedzerwa nebasa rekuveza raMichelangelo uye zvikamu zvakawanda zvekududzira kwake izvo zvinogona zvakare kushandiswa kune modhi mumifananidzo, ireferensi yeEadweard Muybridge's chronophotography.
muromo unoridza mhere
Kunyanya kufemerwa nechiri kubva kuna Sergei Eisenstein's 1925 firimu rakanyarara The Battleship Potemkin inodzokororwa motif mune akawanda emabasa eBacon ekupera kwema1940 uye kutanga kwema1950. Zvisineyi, mamwe mamodheru emiromo yekupopota akafemerwawo neakasiyana magwaro, kusanganisira mabhuku ezvokurapa uye mabhuku ekurapa. mabasa aMatthias Grünewald, kuwedzera kune zvinyoro zvemukoti muOdessa Matanho.
Bacon akaona bhaisikopo rinonzi The Battleship Potemkin muna 1935 uye akaritarisa kakawanda kubva ipapo, achichengeta mufananidzo uripo wechiitiko chacho mu studio yake, wairatidza kuvharika kwemusoro wemukoti uchizhambatata nekuvhunduka, magirazi akatyoka achirembera kubva. chiso chake chine ropa. Mufananidzo waakataura nezvawo muhupenyu hwake hwose, achiushandisa sechitubu chekukurudzira.
Francis Bacon akatsanangura muromo unopopota sechikonzero chebasa rake uye akabatanidza chimiro chayo paakapenda chimera. Iko kushandiswa kweiyo motif inogona kuoneka mune rimwe remabasa ake ekutanga asara, Abstraction yeMunhu Form.
Zvinogona kuonekwa kuti mukutanga kwema1950 yakava kunetseka kwakanyanya uye zvichida kana muoni aigona kunyatsotsanangura mavambo uye zvinorehwa nekuchema uku, vangave vari pedyo nekunzwisisa zvose zvemufananidzo uyu.
Mabasa akakosha emupendi Francis Bacon
Kubva pane yake diki yekuLondon studio, uko kwakazara zvinhu, mabhodhoro echampagne nependi kwese kwese, muvendi Francis Bacon akaunza kuhupenyu nhevedzano yemifananidzo inoputsa uye ine simba yezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri. Makanivhasi ake anogara akatevedzana ezviumbwa zvakamonyoroka, zvine zviito zvinokatyamadza uye zvakamonyoroka, zvinomiririra vanhu vanobva kunyika dzechitendero nedzehunyanzvi kushamwari nevadikani vasingadzoreki.
Basa rake rinosanganisira nhevedzano yekusagadzikana kwetsika uye kuzvidya mwoyo kwepashure pehondo, pamwe nemadhimoni uye kushushikana kwemuimbi pachake.
Francis Bacon akaunza kuhupenyu mifananidzo yemifananidzo uye nhamba dzakaratidza kuti nzanga yakakuvadzwa zvakanyanya sei mushure mehondo. Achifemerwa nesurrealism uye masosi akadai sebhaisikopo, kutora mafoto uye mamwe maartist, muimbi akabudirira kugadzira chimiro chakasiyana chakaita kuti ave mumwe wevanonyanya kuzivikanwa uye anoyemurwa varatidziri vemifananidzo mumaXNUMX nemaXNUMXs.
Bacon akaisa simba rake pamufananidzo, achiratidza nguva dzose dzemabhawa eSoho uye makirabhu sezvidzidzo zvakakanganiswa, zvimedu zvenyama, mweya yakazvimiririra yakasungwa uye inotambudzwa nematambudziko aripo.
Asi, vanhu vazhinji vachiri kushamisika kuti chii chakavanzika chake chekugadzira iyi mifananidzo yakaoma uye manhamba? Chii chakaita kuti inakidze uye ishamise kudaro? Nemifananidzo inobata zvakadzama, simba resarufa rakashingirira, uye rinoshanda rakatengeswa nemari yakawandisa, pesvedzero yaro haisi kupera chero nguva munguva pfupi iri kutevera.
Muvendi Francis Bacon aive murume akaomesesa, ane basa rake rinoratidza kupindirana kwehukama hwakasimba, nhoroondo-yeunyanzvi inogadziridza uye huwandu hwakanaka hwehuipi hwaaive nahwo, achigadzira sampuli dzinonakidza dzehunyanzvi:
Kurovererwa (1933)
The Crucifixion ibasa rakaunza muimbi paruzhinji uye rakateverwa nebudiriro huru kwazvo yemakore epashure pehondo.
Iyi triptych inogona kunge yakafemerwa nebasa raRembrandt rinonyanya kuzivikanwa 1655 Le Boeuf écorché (The Skinned Ox), asi richifurirwa neSurrealist maitiro ePicasso. Inodzokorora nzira nhatu dzerufu rwechisimba, kukundwa, nhamba dzakaurayiwa dzakarara pamibhedha uye dzakarembera dzakatsikitsira.
Kuchena kwakachena pamutumbi wemuviri mubasa iri kunopa imwe mweya wemweya, ichigadzira chimiro chinokanganisika, apo kurwadziwa uye kutya zvinoratidzwa seimwe yemafungiro akagadziriswa uye akajeka emupendi.
The Crucifixion, yakaitwa muna 1933, inoyera inenge 197,5 x 147 centimeters uye yakaratidzwa kekutanga panguva apo kusuruvara, hutsinye uye zvinotyisa zveHondo Yenyika Yekutanga zvakanga zvichiri kunyarara, zvichiratidza izvo munhu wose aiziva, kuti hutsinye uye hutsinye hwakachinja sei. nyika nokusingaperi.
Ndinoziva kuti kuvanhu vanonamata, kumaKristu, kuroverwa kune chirevo chakasiyana zvachose. Asi semunhu asingatendi kwaingova kuita kwemunhu mumwe kune mumwe.
Mufananidzo muNyika (1945)
Figure in a Landscape ibasa rakaitwa mumafuta pa plain weave canvas, inofungidzirwa kuti yakafemerwa nemufananidzo wemudiwa waBacon panguva iyoyo, Eric Hall, akapfeka sutu yeflannel, akarara ari pakati pechigaro muHyde Park.
Chikamu chakakura chemuviri chakapendwa nerima, zvichiratidza kusavapo, nemuromo wakashama unoonekwa, zvinotiyeuchidza nezvemutungamiri achipa hurukuro uye anonzi akafemerwa nemifananidzo yemaNazi achitaura nevateveri vavo. Uyu mufananidzo wakakomberedzwa nemamiriro ehufundisi unoratidza musiyano mukuru pakati pechisimba uye hutsinye uye chokwadi chemazuva ese chemuimbi.
Painting (1946)
Mifananidzo yakaturikidzana yeiyi pendi isinganzwisisike inosanganiswa mune mumwe nemumwe, ichipa kutaridzika kunotyisa. Zvinokatyamadza kuonga kubva kumusoro, mapapiro akatambanudzwa eskeleton yeshiri anoita seanogara pachitunha chakarembera, iyi yekupedzisira motif yakafurirwa, seKurovererwa muna 1933, nemabasa aRembrandt.
Pamberi, murume akapfeka zvakanaka ari pasi peamburera anogara mudenderedzwa redenderedzwa rinogona kuve rakashongedzwa nemamwe mapfupa uye chimwe chitunha. Kuumbwa kusinganzwisisike kwebasa iri, kwakafanana nekorogi, kunoratidza nzira yeBacon yemufananidzo uyu. Yakanga yangove tsaona, nekuti aingoda kudzokorodza mufananidzo weshiri iri kumhara pamunda, mupendi aizoti gare gare.
Mafuta aya uye pastel parineni, akarongedzerwa nemusiki waro senge tsaona dzakaungana imwe mushure meimwe uye kunyangwe ingave yakabatana neimwe nzira kune matatu mafomu apfuura, mitsetse yaakadhirowa yakaratidza chimwe chinhu chakasiyana zvachose uye zvakadaro. mufananidzo wacho wakasimudzwa nenzira yakasiyana zvachose.
Muvengi akataura kuti chinangwa chake chakanga chisiri chekuita iyi firimu inoshamisa, haana kumbozvifungidzira zvakadaro, zvakangoitika. Chokwadi ndechekuti nemaune kana kuti kwete, raive basa iro, sevamwe vazhinji veBacon, rakagadzira tarisiro yakawanda uye kufara.
Zvidzidzo Zvitatu zveZvifananidzo paBase reKurovererwa (1944)
Iri basa rinongopa Bacon mukurumbira pakati pe1940s uye rinoratidza kukosha kwebiomorphic surrealism mukugadzira maitiro ake ekutanga. Iyo surrealist style triptych, inoyera 74 x 94 masendimita panhivi yega yega.
Anogona kunge aida kubatanidza nhamba dzacho mukurovererwa, asi kutaura kwaanoita pahwaro hwechinyorwa chakadaro kunoratidza kuti aizviona sechikamu chekare. Miviri yakamonyaniswa uye yakamonyaniswa inoitwa kuti iwedzere kutyisa nemaitiro avo asina kujeka akajairika evanhu, ayo anoita seanosvika kune anoona nekurwadziwa uye mweya wekurwadziwa nekuteterera.
Zviverengero zvacho zvinobva paFuries, vamwarikadzi vokutsiva kubva mungano dzechiGiriki vanoita basa rinokosha muOresteia, ngwavaira ine zvikamu zvitatu yakaitwa naAeschylus, uye zvinobvira kuti Bacon akakweverwa kumadingindira emutambo wacho okuva nemhaka uye kunyanyisa. . Ichi chidimbu chinoshamisa zvakanyanya uye zvakanyanya kupesvedzera mifananidzo yemuviri mushure mehondo yeBritish art.
Kudzidza kweMufananidzo waPapa Innocent X naVelázquez (1953)
Kunyange zvazvo mufananidzo uri mumufananidzo uyu uchibva pamufananidzo waPope Innocent X wa1650 naDiego Velázquez, munyori wemifananidzo Francis Bacon akanzvenga kuona pendi yepakutanga, achida kushanda kubva pakudhirowa. Anopetunura furemu yakaita sekeji inotenderedza chifananidzo chinofananidzira Pope, achisumawo kubhurashwa kwakamira pamusoro pependi yacho, chinhu chaakatsanangura seketeni, chine hukama nechinhu chakakosha chinoda nzvimbo yakachengetedzwa.
Zvisinei, mitsetse yacho inoparadza chifananidzo uye yakafanana nemazariro ejeri pane keteni. Mitsetse yacho inenge ichiita seinodedera uye mithunzi inopindirana yepepuru neyero inowedzera kunetsana kwechinyorwa.
Munyori wemifananidzo Francis Bacon akanga asiri murume ane hukama nechiKristu, haana kumbozviona sechitendero, zvisinei, basa rake rinoratidza kukwezva kune zviratidzo zvakadai seKurovererwa uye Pope, achikwevera kurudziro kubva kwavari kuti aratidze zvakasiyana-siyana zvemanzwiro uye manzwiro.
Nechiso chakakwidibira uye mhere mhere yakakurumbira, mupendi anovimbisa kuti yakanga isiri nzira yaaida, akafunga nezvechimwe chinhu chakafanana nekunyura kwezuva kweMonet. Nekudaro, kuita kwake kunoshamisa kuzere nehutsinye kunoratidza chimwe chinhu chisingarambiki chakanaka uye chakagadzikana.
Iyi pendi yeBacon ine iyo chaiyo inoyevedza maitiro ekuratidza zvinhu zvinosemesa nenzira inoita kuti ienderane nemasalon eumbozha umo mazhinji acho akarembera. Iyi 153 x 118 centimita pendi yemafuta, ane zita rekutanga Kudzidza mushure meVelázquez's Portrait yaPapa Innocent X, parizvino inoratidzwa mumuseum Des Moines Art Center, Iowa (United States).
Mufananidzo waGeorge Dyer muMirror (1968)
Mufananidzo weFrancis Bacon aiva nemakore makumi matanhatu paakasangana nechidiki George Dyer, hukama, kunyange zvazvo hune rudo, nguva dzose hune zvakawanda zvebaba-mwanakomana maitiro, sezvo Dyer aigara achida kutarisirwa uye kusimbiswa.
Achifemerwa nemifananidzo yaPicasso kubva pakati pezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, mupende weIrish anokwanisa zvinoshamisa kubata kunetsana kwemukati memunhu uyu, aive mudiwa wake wekunzwira tsitsi kwemakore mazhinji. Basa racho rinoratidza George Dyer, akagara pachigaro chinotenderera, icho chinotarisana negirazi pachidimbu chefenicha ine chimiro chakati.
Chifananidzo chine muviri waro wakamonyaniswa uye chiso chinoratidzwa mugirazi chinokamurwa kuita mativi maviri nenzvimbo yechiedza, asi izvi hazvisati zvichitambura kumonyaniswa kwakafanana, sezvo zvidimbu zviviri zvechiratidzo pamwe chete zvaizopa mufananidzo chaiwoiwo wemurume. Mafuta aya pa canvas anenge 200 × 150 centimita, ane zita rekutanga. Mufananidzo waGeorge Dyer muMirror Parizvino ndevemuunganidzwa wakazvimiririra.
Mufananidzo waGeorge Dyer achitaura (1968)
Mufananidzo waGeorge Dyer Kutaura wakaderedza mavara kana uchienzanisa nemamwe mabasa, kunyange zvazvo mavara matsvuku uye egirinhi anoratidza kurwa kwemukati, zvichida kuratidza kupindwa muropa nezvinodhaka nedoro kwaGeorge Dyer kweupenyu hwose. Kuwedzerwa kumavara, mufananidzo wakapendwa wakatarisa pasi mugomba rakadzika-dzika zvimwe ndiko kutaura kwakanakisisa kwokutambudzwa ikoko.
Basa racho rinovaka George Dyer akagara pachitsiko chinotenderera, chakafanana neaya ari muhofisi muimba ine mavara, achiratidza muviri uye chiso chakamonyoroka, semhando ye contortionist. Mitezo yezasi yakanyatsoyambuka uye musoro unoratidzika kunge uri mufuremu. Uyu munhu ari pasi pegirobhu rinorembera ari oga uye patsoka dzake sezviri pachena mashizha akaraswa akapararira kumativi ake. Muviri wemufananidzo wakamira kumberi uye kumashure,
Mifananidzo miviri (1953)
Nekuda kwezvirevo zvehungochani, kuratidzwa kwekutanga kweZvifananidzo zviviri kwakakonzera mheremhere. Kufemerwa neanatomical kudhirowa uye kufamba mafoto kwaEadweard Muybridge, pendi iyi kuongorora kwemuviri uchishanda, kuburikidza nekumiririra kwechiito cherudo. Mifananidzo miviri yakabatanidzwa pamubhedha yakafukidzwa ne "striated-line" "curtain" yakagadzirwa nemufananidzo weFrancis Bacon, iyo inodzivisa maonero uye inowedzera kufamba kwezviverengero.
Nekudaro, zvisinei nekumiririra chiitiko chemuviri cherudo, ibasa risinganyatso kumutsa rudo rwunogona kuitika pamusi wehusiku, mamwe mavara akasviba anotiita kuti tifunge nezvenguva yakaipa.
Vazhinji vanodudzira basa racho sechiratidziro chezvinodavirwa zvounyanzvi zvomuimbi, izvo zvingave zvichikonzerwa noutsinye hwaakakurira. Zvakanga zvakajairika kuti mamwe mapikicha aratidze kushungurudzwa kwaakaratidzwa muhukama hwake hwehasha. Mafuta aya ari pacanvas chikamu chemuunganidzwa wega muLondon.
Misoro Series (1948 -1949)
Pakati pemakore 1948 na1949, muvendi Francis Bacon akadzidza zvakadzama uye akagadzira boka remifananidzo mitanhatu inozivikanwa seyakatevedzana. Heads (Vakuru), vachiisa mamwe eaya kunyanya pakati pemabasa emuimbi akakosha uye asingawanzo wanikwa, iri nhevedzano yakateya nheyo yezvakawanda zvekuongorora kwake kwemifananidzo kwemakumi emakore anotevera.
Ese akafanana muhukuru uye aine pendi yakafanana yemavara egrey uye chena, mabasa aya akakonzera mheremhere, zvekuti Head III, yakagadzirwa muna 1949, yakatengeswa paauction ne£10,442,500 muna 2013, rekodhi yepasirese iripo. Bacon basa kubva kumaXNUMXs.
Chikamu chechipiri chemakore gumi aya chinomiririra shanduko yakakosha mukuzivikanwa kwenyika dzese kwemuimbi, kutanga kudyidzana kwakabudirira naErica Brausen, muridzi weHanover Gallery. Muridzi wegalari yeLondon akapa basa nemuimbi kuna Alfred Barr kuMuseum of Modern Art muNew York muna 1948, iyo inogona kutorwa sekutanga kwakanakisa kumabasa ake epasirese.
Yekutanga solo kuratidzwa yakaitwa paHannover Gallery kwangopera gore, muna Mbudzi 1949, ine iyi yakakosha nhevedzano yemisoro mitanhatu. Kuwana muimbi ongororo yakanaka kwazvo, uyo akamuona semumwe wevanyori vane simba muEurope.
Kudzidzira Kukura Mushwi (1952)
Kudzidzira Kugwara Mushwi Iri ibasa rakagadzirwa mumafuta nejecha pacanvas, inoyera 198,1 x 137,2 centimita uye parizvino iri mu e.Iyo Detroit Institute of Arts.
Mhedzisiro yakaita sebhawa inoparadzanisa munhu akasungwa kubva kumuoni anoda kuziva, chiitiko chinoita sechinoratidzwa mukati memadziro egirazi ekufungidzira izvo zvinogadzira aura yekuzarirwa, pamwe ine chekuita nevakawanda kune asthmatic mamiriro emuimbi.
Iwo masosi akafuridzira mifananidzo yeBacon akasiyana zvinoshamisa, anosanganisira Eisenstein's film stills, Velázquez's court scenes, uye Joyce's meandering zvinyorwa, pamwe nemabhuku ekurapa.
Asi yeChidzidzo cheCrouching Nude chakagadzirwa muchirimo cha1952, zvinogoneka kuti akatora mamwe mazano kubva kumatabhurodhi uye maedzo emifananidzo mukufamba kwemutori wemifananidzo weBritish uye muongorori, Eadweard Muybridge. Iro basa rinoratidza mufananidzo wakamira pane chimwe chinhu rinogona kutorwa kubva kuThe Man Jumping Up, neBritish Briton.
Mufananidzo wacho wakatanga kuratidzwa mukati Zvichangoburwa Maitiro mune Realist Painting, iyo yakarongwa naRobert Melville naDavid Sylvester, paInstitute of Contemporary Art, London, muna 1952.
Zvifananidzo zvitatu mukamuri (1964)
Iri ibasa rinoumbwa nemafuta matatu-akapendwa mapaneru anosvika 198 × 147 centimita, achigadzira imwe yeake akakurumbira triptychs. Mune basa iri, anoratidza mudiwa wake George Dyer semuenzaniso wekutanga, asi yaisazove yekupedzisira. Dyer uyo muvendi Francis Bacon akasangana muna 1963 yaive nyaya yezvakawanda zvemifananidzo yake.
En Zviumbwa zvitatu mukamuri anoratidza zvakare kufarira kwake nguva dzose mukuratidza chidzidzo kubva kumativi akasiyana, nokuti kunyange kana ichiitwa mumakona matatu akasiyana, pendi imwe neimwe ine hukuru hwakafanana, inoratidzira elliptical brown uriri, madziro mune yero toni uye kuvapo kwemuenzaniso mumwe chete. inodzokororwa pane imwe neimwe panel, ine zvinzvimbo zvakakombama.
Basa iri rinofungidzirwa kuti rakafemerwa neakasiyana masosi, kusanganisira kudhirowa naEdgar Degas, the Mukadzi ari kuoma mushure mekugeza (Mushure meKugeza, Mukadzi Achizviomesa), mu Belvedere Torso. Zvivezwa zvaMichelangelo muMedici Chapel uye Vanogeza nekamba naHenri Matisse.
Matatu maFigure muKamuri, akatengwa nehurumende yeFrance mukupera kwema1976s uye anga ari chikamu chekuunganidzwa kweCenter Georges Pompidou kubvira XNUMX.
Kana chinyorwa ichi changa chiri chekufarira iwe, tinokukoka iwe kuti utarise mamwe malink anogona kubatsira zvakanyanya: