Iyo chaiyo inotakura ruzivo rwemajini mune zvese zvipenyu ndiyo nucleic asidhi inozivikanwa seDNA, imwe huru nucleic asidhi iri ribonucleic acid, kabhoni kabhoni shanu inosiyana zvishoma neiyo yeDNA. Muchinyorwa chino tinokuratidza ruzivo runonakidza nezve Chimiro cheDNA uye RNA!
Zvinoreva DNA uye RNA
Upenyu huri pasi pano hwakasiyana-siyana, kubva pa<em>protozoa ine sero rimwe kusvika kumiti nemhuka dzine ma<em>multicellular cell, asi pachiyero che<em>molecular, zvipenyu zvose zvinoumbwa nezvinokosha zvimwe chetezvo zvokuvakisa. DNA uye RNA sezvo vari chikamu che Kwakabva upenyu, mumwe wemusiyano mukuru pakati peDNA neRNA ndewekuti DNA ine tambo mbiri apo RNA ine tambo imwe chete.
Chii chinonzi DNA?
Panyama, iyo macromolecule iyo isingangochengetere ruzivo rwenhaka pachayo, asiwo yakadzama yekuraira kwemamiriro ekukudziridzwa kwesero chipenyu kubva musero repasi rose.
Kana ukafananidza munhu nekombuta uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvehupenyu hwehupenyu hunofananidzwa nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemakombiyuta emarobhoti, DNA mukuenzanisa iyi ichava mutauro wekugadzira purogiramu yehupenyu, mutsauko chete ndewekuti zvipenyu zvipenyu zvakanyanya kuoma uye zvakakwana kudarika makomputa epamusoro.
Semuyenzaniso, zvipenyu zvese zvine hunyanzvi hwekuparadzanisa uye kushandura maseru, kutaura zvazviri, panguva yekuzvibereka kweserura, biomass haingobva pairi chete, asiwo inoshandura mumuviri kugadzirisa mabasa mazhinji akaomarara. zvezvipenyu, zvimiro zvadzo, kugona kwakasiyana kunobva mukukamukana kwesero repasi rose, izvi zvoga zvinoenda kure nekubudirira kwese kwemajini kwemazuva ano.
Basa
La DNA basa zvine chekuita neprotein imwe kana akawanda mapolymers emamonomers anozivikanwa seamino acids, mapuroteni ndiwo mamorekuru ane simba mumasero ako, anouya sema enzymes, tsigiro yezvimiro, mahormone, uye ruzhinji rwemamwe mamorekuru anoshanda, hunhu hwese hunobuda. kubva mukubatana kweprotein kune mumwe nemumwe uye nzvimbo dzakapoteredza.
DNA chimiro
Wese munhu akanzwa kuti deoxyribonucleic acid ine chimiro chakapetwa kaviri, paInternet, mumabhaisikopo, muzviziviso, unogona kuwana mufananidzo wayo wakawedzerwa kwese kwese. Ngatinzwisise zviri nani izvo DNA chimiro:
- Nucleotides ndiwo matombo ekuvaka.
- Tambo mbiri dzemajini, dzakamonyoroka kuita denderedzwa.
- Cheni yega yega inoumbwa nema nucleotides ayo kodhi yejini chairo.
- Maketani maviri aya akabatanidzwa nehydrogen bond.
Nucleotide maketani zvakare ane zvimiro zvisina kunyatso ongororwa izvo, pakutanga kuzviona, hazvibatanidzike mumaitiro emuviri, idzi nzvimbo dzakakura dzinonzi marara.
Mhando
- A-DNA: Inowanikwa pa75% humidity, munzvimbo ine munyu wepamusoro kana ionic concentrations, yakadai seK +, Na +, Cs + kana mumamiriro ekupererwa nemvura, inoramba iri muchimiro chine 11 pairs of nucleotides ne. wakawedzera we2.56 A 0 vertically per base pair.
- B-DNA: Iri pahumidity ye9.25 uye ine munyu yakaderera kana kuti ionic simba, ine gumi mabhesi pairs per turn ichibva kuhelical axis.
- C-DNA: Inoonekwa pakunyorova kwe66% uye mukubata kwemamwe maion akadai se lithium (Li +). Iyo ine inosvika 9.33 base pairs per turn, iyo dhayamita yehelix ingangoita 19 A. 0 uye kukwira kwakamira kwakamira kwega rimwe nerimwe peya yerudyi helix i3.320.
- D-DNA: Kashoma kuoneka seyakasiyana zvakanyanya, ese 8 base pairs anotsvedza zvisina kunaka kubva kune helix axis ine axial kuwedzera kana nezve 3.03A 0
- Z-DNA: Inowanikwa munzvimbo ine munyu wakanyanya munyu, kusiyana neDNA mhando A, B uye C, iri kuruboshwe-kuruboshwe helical chimiro.
Chii chinonzi RNA?
Kana ADN iri dare remakurukota rinotonga zvinhu zvose uye rinoita zvisarudzo zvose, saka ARN ndiyo inosungirirwa nepepanhau, inozivisa munhu wose nezvemirairo mitsva nemirairo, uye kugovera mirairo mumunda.
RNA is a ribonucleic acid inokwanisa kukopa zvimiro zveakasiyana deoxyribonucleic acid matunhu uye oatakura kubva musero nucleus kuenda munzvimbo yayo yemukati.
Basa
Dzidziso huru yemolecular biology inoratidza kuti basa guru reRNA kushandura mashoko akachengetwa muDNA kuva mapuroteni.
RNA chimiro
RNA inowanzova molecule ine tambo imwe chete, uyewo shuga muRNA iri ribose panzvimbo ye deoxyribose (ribose ine rimwe boka re hydroxyl pane yechipiri kabhoni), inotsanangura zita remorekuru, RNA ine zvigadziko zvina nitrogenous:
- adenine
- cytosine
- uracil
- Guanine
Uracil ipyrimidine iyo yakarongeka yakafanana ne thymine, imwe pyrimidine inowanikwa muDNA.
Mhando
Mamwe chete emajini mumaseru anoburitswa muRNA, anotevera ndiwo marudzi eRNA apo mhando yega yega inovharidzirwa nerudzi rwayo rwejini:
- tRNA: Kuendesa RNA kana tRNA inotakura amino acids kune ribosomes panguva yekushandura.
- mRNA: Messenger RNA kana mRNA inokodha iyo amino acid inoteedzana yepolypeptide.
- rRNA: Ribosomal RNA kana rRNA inogadzira ribosomes ine ribosomal mapuroteni ayo ari organelles ane basa rekududzira mRNA.
- snRNA: Diki yenyukireya RNA inoumba macomplexes ane mapuroteni anoshandiswa muRNA kugadzirisa mueukaryotes.
Musiyano Pakati peDNA neRNA
Izvi zvinotevera misiyano yakakosha pakati peDNA neRNA:
Iye DNA
- Iyo yakareba polymer, ine deoxyribose uye phosphate musana une zvigadziko zvina zvakasiyana: thymine, adenine, cytosine uye guanine.
- Inowanikwa mukati mesero uye mumitochondria.
- Iyo ine 2-deoxyribose.
- DNA inoshanda ndiko kutapurirana kweruzivo rwemajini, inoumbwa sepakati pekuchengetedza kwenguva refu.
- DNA imorekuru rine tambo mbiri rine cheni refu yemanucleotides.
- DNA inozvidzokorora, inozvidzokorora.
- The base pairing ndeiyi: GC (guanine pairs ne cytosine) AT (adenine pairs ne thymine).
iye RNA
- Iyo polymer ine ribose uye phosphate musana ine mabhesi mana akasiyana: uracil, cytosine, adenine uye guanine.
- Inowanikwa mu cytoplasm, nucleus, uye ribosome.
- Iine ribose.
- RNA inoshanda ndiko kufambiswa kweiyo genetic code inodiwa pakusikwa kwemapuroteni kubva kunucleus kuenda kune ribosome.
- RNA imorekuru rine tambo imwe chete ine cheni pfupi yemanucleotides.
- RNA haiite zvega, inogadzirwa kubva kuDNA kana ichidiwa.
- The base pairing ndeiyi inotevera: GC (guanine pairs ne cytosine) AU (adenine pairs neuracil).