Nhasi tichakuratidza kuburikidza nechinyorwa ichi chinonakidza zvinhu zvakatanhamara zve chivezwa cheRoma iyo yaive nechepakati peguta reRoma pakati peVI mazana emakore Kristu asati asvika uye V mushure meKristu uye nezvimwe zvakawanda mune ino post. Usarega kuiverenga!
Chii chinonzi Roman Sculpture?
Chekutanga pane zvese unofanirwa kuziva kuti Chivezwa cheRoma imhando yekuratidzira kwehunyanzvi yakaitika muHumambo hweRoma yaive kufamba kwakaomarara uye inoratidzwa mumifananidzo yakasiyana-siyana yakagadzirwa mukuwedzera kune kuvandudzwa kwezvivakwa.
Kuva muenzaniso weChivezwa cheRoma matombo makuru okukunda, vazhinji vanoti ikopi yetsika dzechiGiriki asi izvo hazvisi zvechokwadi zvachose.
Sezvo yakagadziridzwa uye yakashandurwa maererano nemamiriro ezvakaitika kare emadzimambo, ichipa mukurumbira uye mutsauko munyika yose yekuMadokero.
Kwakabva Mifananidzo yeRoma
Guta reRoma risati raumbwa kuva humambo hukuru, rakanga riri rimwe remaguta akabudirira zvikuru munyika dzeEurope, mativi aro ose nezvivakwa zvaro zvakanga zvakashongedzwa nekushandiswa kwezvidhori pamwe chete nemifananidzo.
Asi isu tinoziva zvishoma nezve chikamu ichi chenhoroondo, icho chinonyanya kutsamira pamabhuku enhoroondo anoreva hunyanzvi hweAntiquity, sezvo isu tisina zviyeuchidzo kubva padanho rino reRoman Republic.
Avo vakatanhamara muRoman Sculpture ndevenguva yekupedzisira yehumambo apo mabasa avo akavezwa achiratidza huchokwadi hukuru.
Kutenda kumabhuku, zvinotiratidza kuti pesvedzero yekutanga yakagamuchirwa netsika dzechiRoma yaive yeEtruscan art, ndosaka vazhinji vemifananidzo vemifananidzo vakakokwa kuguta reRome kunoshongedza zvivakwa zveveruzhinji.
Pakati pavo pane temberi yakatsaurirwa kuna Jupiter Capitolinus iyo yakavakwa muzana remakore rechitanhatu Kristu asati asvika kubva muzana remakore rechitatu nguva yechiKristu isati yasvika apo pesvedzero yechiGiriki inotonga.
Vazhinji veava vanyori vakawana mabasa akatsiga aigutsa zvaidiwa nevakuru vepamusoro veRoma. Inotangira muzana ramakore rechitanhatu Kristu asati asvika uye inobva kuGirisi yekare netsika dzeEtruscan.
Kuva kumwe kwezviratidzo zvikuru zvounyanzvi zvomukurumbira mukuru wenzanga yeRoma, zvichisvika pakuenzaniswa nezvivezwa zvechiGiriki zvechiGiriki.
Kupfurikidza nerwisano dzehondo dzoUmambo hweRoma nechinangwa chokutora nzvimbo itsva, vakawana tsika itsva, kubatanidza dzechiGiriki.
Saka vakadzidza hunyanzvi mukugadzirwa kweChiumbwa cheRoma pakati pavo zvakanyanya mumhando yemifananidzo, kuve chirango chakakonzera kutsamwa kukuru muvakuru vepamusoro venzanga yeRoma.
Kukwira tichitenda zvikumbiro zvezvivezwa izvi nekuti kuburikidza nemufananidzo matauriro emunhu wega wega aikumbira ichi Chivezwa cheRoma akatorwa.
Background of Roman Sculpture
Chekutanga pane zvese, iwe unofanirwa kuziva kuti Chivezwa cheRoma chakagadzirwa kumabvazuva kwerudzi rweRoma, epicenter yacho iri guta reRoma pakati pezana ramakore rechitanhatu BC. C. uye Vd. C., nokuda kwenhaka yeEtruscan yakabva mutsika dzechiGiriki.
Pamusoro pezvo, Humambo hweRoma hukuru hwakasangana zvakananga nebudiriro yechiGiriki munguva yechiGiriki, saka tsika iyi yaigara iri nzvimbo yekutarisa pakudzidza kwechiumbwa cheRoma.
Vakakwanisa kugadzira hunyanzvi husati hwamboitika huri chikamu chekubatsira munharaunda ino, sezvakaita nyaya yemhando yemifananidzo yemukurumbira mubudiriro ino.
Achigadzira mabasa akanaka kwazvo eunyanzvi hwakasiyana uhwu nekuda kwehunyanzvi hwake hwakagadziridzwa uye kujekeswa mumashoko ezviumbwa muRoman Sculpture, aive chikamu chekushongedza kwezviumbwa zvakakura zvehurongwa hweveruzhinji achigadzira yake yega rondedzero.
Sezvo Hushe hweRoma hwakawedzera kusimba, vakawedzera pesvedzero dzakabva kune mamwe marudzi kutsika dzavo, dzakadai sebudiriro yokuMabvazuva.
Izvo zvakaita kuti vabve paunhu hwechiGiriki nechinangwa chekuwana Chivezwa cheRoma chakapfava asi chisinganzwisisiki, zvichiita kuti pave neunyanzvi hweByzantine, Paleo-Christian.
Kunyangwe munguva yepakati yaipindirana nekuda kwenguva ye classicism iyo inobvumira kusimbiswa neyekare kuchengetedza tsika, zvematongerwo enyika uye zvemagariro kubatana muRoman Sculpture.
Eya, kunyange zvazvo chiKristu chakatanga, hachina kukwanisa kuisa parutivi Chivezwa cheRoma kutozosvikira muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX apo mubatanidzwa wezvamatongerwe enyika wakapedzwa.
Asi mhando dzechinyakare dzakaramba dzichichinjirwa kuhurongwa hutsva hwemagariro, zvematongerwo enyika netsika hwaive hwavambwa murudzi rweRoma.
Kune vaongorori, kudzidza Roman Sculpture kwave kunetsa nekuti kushanduka kwayo kwanga kusiri mutsara, kuyedza kwaitwa kuijekesa sezvo yakaoma nekuda kwe eclecticism.
Iyo inoratidzwa munguva yeHellenistic mukuwedzera kune mamwe masitayera akaitwa muRoman Sculpture maererano nemagariro makirasi.
Kunyange mukati meboka rimwe chetero renzanga, misiyano yakati inoonekwa maererano nokudikanwa kwedingindira rimwe nerimwe kana kuti mamiriro ezvinhu aiitwa, zvichiratidzira kuoma kwawo muChiumbwa cheRoma.
Naizvozvo, Chivezwa cheRoma chaive chakakosha muRenaissance uye Neoclassicism, pamwe chete nechiGiriki, kubatanidza kuvandudzwa kwetsika dzekuMadokero izvo zvichiri kunakidza nzanga yenyika nhasi.
Mhando dzezvivezwa dzakagadzirwa
Pakati pemhando dzeChiumbwa cheRoma chakanyanya kumira muHumambo hweRoma ndeaya anotevera:
- Exempt Roman Sculpture
- Funerary Roman Sculpture
- Honorary Roman Sculpture
- Imperial Late Roman Sculpture
Hunhu hwakakosha hweRoman Sculpture
Kana ari iwo akakosha hunhu hweiyi yakasarudzika hunyanzvi, isu tichatsanangura mune ino chinyorwa anonyanya kukosha maficha eRoman Sculpture, ari anotevera:
Inotanga nekuda kwetsika nemagariro ebudiriro yechiGiriki nekufamba kwenguva, budiriro yeRoma yakashandura misoro yaizoshandiswa, ichisiyanisa ndima yerondedzero kubva munhoroondo dzezviitiko zvehumambo hweRoma.
Eya, kupfurikidza neChivezwa cheRoma, tsananguro yerwisano dzehondo yakaitwa, pamwe chete nokuurawa kwokupa rukudzo kumadzimambo navakuru vakuru nokuda kwehondo dzakarwiwa.
Kusimuka kweChiumbwa cheRoma kunoratidzwa kuburikidza nekugadzirwa kwemifananidzo, iyo yaiwanzoitwa nebhuronzi kana marble.
Zvichienderana nemasikirwo ezvimiro zvezvidzidzo zvinovezwa pasina kudikanwa kwekuwedzeredza hunhu hwavo, sezvo vaida kuona hunhu hwavo nehunhu kuburikidza neRoman Sculpture.
Chimwe chimiro cheRoman Sculpture ndechekuti vagadziri vemabasa aya havazivikanwe sezvo vakashanda vasingazivikanwe.
Mazhinji emabasa ake aishandiswa pakurangarira kushandiswa kweveruzhinji pamwe chete nemasekete, kutora nhanho huru apo Chiumbwa cheRoma chakaunza zvivakwa zvekuvaka.
Naizvozvo, maartist eRoman Sculpture akaedza kuita izvo nhasi zvakadzidzwa zvakanyanya nevatsvaguri vakakwanisa kuwana zviito zvitsva zvine chekuita neHumambo hweRoma zuva rega rega izvo zvinopenya nekuda kwesimba ravo guru rezvematongerwo enyika, rechiuto neremagariro pamwe neFine. arts.
Society uye Roman Sculpture
Humwe hunhu hunokosha hwenzanga iyi ndehwekuti yaingoona chete, sezvo vazhinji vevagari vemo vaisaziva kuverenga kana kunyora.
Pamusoro pezvo, kusakwanisa kuita hurukuro mumutauro wechiLatin waive wakafanana nevepamusoro-soro munharaunda yehushe hweRoma, nekuda kwechikonzero ichi Visual Fine Arts yaive chikamu chekutaura sechinyorwa chinyorwa.
Kune vamwe vanhu vaive chikamu chehuwandu, kusimbisa dzidziso uye kushambadza kuparadzira mufananidzo weakakosha hunhu hweHumambo nekuda kweRoman Sculpture.
Nekuda kweizvi, Chiumbwa cheRoma chaive chikamu chenzvimbo inofarirwa munzvimbo dzese dzeveruzhinji, kunyangwe mubazi rakazvimirira, zvakajairika kuvacherekedza munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeguta kuburikidza nehunyanzvi hwavo hukuru nehunyanzvi hwevavezi.
Zvisinei, Zvivezwa zveRoma zvaishandiswa pazvidzidzo zvechitendero, sezvakangoitawo mifananidzo yakanga yakafanana neyezvitsvene, sezvaiitwa mune dzimwe nyika dzekare, saka guta reRoma harina kupukunyuka.
Zvazvakajairika kuratidza zvivezwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeveruzhinji semudzimba dzakaderera, zvaive zvakajairika kuona Chivezwa cheRoma mune zvese zviri zviviri zvebhuronzi nemarble muHumambo hweRoma, kunyangwe mumariro.
Sezvinei muzvinyorwa zvine chekuita nekuvaka pasina kukanganwa macameo akagadzirwa muhurungudo dzakachena dzinosanganisira terracotta statuettes pamwe neakapfava emariro plaques pamwe nemasikisi emariro akagadzirwa newakisi.
Idzo dzapashure dzaisvikika pamutengo wemhuri dzakazvininipisa zvikurusa dzenzanga, kunyange mumakoini makanga mune ufakazi hwokuyamurwa kuduku kweChiumbwa cheRoma, chiri nzira yokuparadzira nayo unyanzvi pakati pavanhu vazhinji kupfurikidza nemari.
Naizvozvo, Chivezwa cheRoma chaive chakajairika zvekuti vanotongwa naMambo vaibva mune zvechitendero, zvematongerwo enyika, zvemagariro uye kunyange zvehupfumi sechiratidzo chebudiriro yeRoma.
Vachiratidza mwero wavo wepamusoro wevakuru vakuru panguva yakafa mumwe wemadzimambo, vadyi venhaka vaigona kuita chivezwa chavo sokunge kuti ndimwari.
Mukuwedzera pakuzivisa kutevedzana pamwe chete nekuvaka nzvimbo tsvene mukukudzwa kwake, asi kana akakundwa, mifananidzo yake inonyangarika munzanga yeRoma.
Naizvozvo, vanhu vaiziva nemeso shanduko dzaiitika padanho rezvematongerwo enyika nekungotarisa paChiumbwa cheRoma.
Mukuwirirana nokudavira vanamwari vakawanda, kwakanga kuchishivirira uye kwakasimudzira nzira dzakasiana-siana dzokucherekedza dzidziso youmwari munyika yenguva iyoyo.
Inguva iyo chitendero chechiKristu chakava dzidziso yepamutemo, kushandura basa reunyanzvi, sezvo mwari uyu achizivikanwa kuburikidza nemagwaro nevaporofita vake.
Asi kuburikidza nekushandiswa kweRoman Sculpture Chechi inogamuchira zvinomiririra zvechisikigo zvemifananidzo iyi mukuwedzera kune zvekushongedza muchikamu cheveruzhinji.
Pamusoro pekutenda kwepachivande kusarudzo yenyika sechikamu chenhoroondo yehunyanzvi, kunyanya nemufananidzo pakupera kweHumambo hweRoma.
Kuongorora Historical Context
Maererano nevatsvakurudzi, guta reRoma rinogona kunge rakavambwa pakati pezana remakore rechisere BC. C. Kuburikidza nekubatanidzwa kwevanhu vakasiyana-siyana kubva kunzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeItaly kubva kuguta reLazio muzana remakore rechiXNUMX BC. zveC
Vatsvakurudzi vakawanda vanotaura kuti guta rakasikwa nekuda kweEtruscans kubva kuchamhembe, imwe ngano inotaura nezvekwakabva nekuda kwaRomulus naRemus, vazukuru vaAeneas, uyo akanga ari gamba reTroy uye akadyiswa neshe-mhumhi.
Dzimwe tsvakurudzo dzinotaura pamusoro pekuvapo kwemamwe mapoka evanhu vanobva kune dzimwe nyika seCelt pamwe chete neGermany uye zvinoratidzwa mu physiognomy yevamwe vamiririri vemhuri dzepamusoro.
Mienzaniso yeiyi mhuri yeFlavios, inoturikirwa kubva muchiLatin ichinzi blond, uye zvakafanana nemazita akadai saRufo redhead muchiLatin kana kuti Rutilio, ayo anoreva dzvuku bvudzi mumutauro mumwe chete iwoyo mubudiriro umo vhudzi rakasviba rakanyanya.
Etruscan tsika muRoman Society
Zvinoenderana neXNUMXth uye XNUMXth mazana emakore BC. kwaKristu uko vaEtruria vanotora nechepakati kuchamhembe kweItaly peninsula kubva ipapo kuti mamwe madzimambo akabva mubudiriro iyi. Nokuda kwezvavakapesvedzera Chivezwa cheRoma pamwe chete nebudiriro yechiGiriki mukurwisana kwakafanana nehondo, budiriro yacho haina kungotarisana navaEtruria chete asiwo yakagovera unyanzvi hwavo.
Nemabasa aya eunyanzvi vanoshongedza guta reRoma sezvivezwa zvekutanga zvakadzokera kuzana ramakore rechitanhatu BC. yaKristu uko manyorerwo eEtruscan akanyanya. Mumwe wevatsvagiri pane iyi inonakidza musoro anonzi Apollo weVeii anotsinhira zvinotevera nezve maEtruscans:
"… VaEtruscans vaive nyanzvi mumifananidzo yakasiyana-siyana, kubva pamifananidzo yemariro uye sarcophagi kusvika kumapoka makuru ..."
"... Vaive shasha mumhando yezviratidziro zvaimiririra hupenyu hwakajairika, vatambi vemudhorobha muzviitiko zvehunhu…."
"...mumifananidzo yepakutanga yakaratidzwa ... Vakagadzira typology yemariro ... "
"... Paiva nemufananidzo wakazara wemushakabvu akagara dzimwe nguva ari pamwe nemudzimai wake, uyo akazotorwa neRoman Sculpture..."
Kunyangwe munguva yaAugustus, tsika dzeEtruscan dzichiri kucherechedzwa kuratidza pesvedzero yebudiriro iyi patsika dzeRoma kunyangwe yakatangira nguva yechiGiriki mutsika iyi.
Nguva dzeHellenistic uye Neoclassical
Hushe hweRoma hwaive huchikura hwakananga kumaodzanyemba kwekondinendi yeEurope ukuwo tsika yechiGreek yaishanduka yakanangana nekufamba kwechinyakare.
Kuve yakanyanya apogee muzana ramakore reIV a. kwaKristu kwakatanga kusangana nemakoloni kubva kuMagna Graecia, zvakashamisa vaRoma nekuda kwetsika dzavo.
MaRoma vaive vevakuru vepamusoro vebudiriro yeRoma vaida kuwana mabasa eunyanzvi aive ebudiriro yechiGiriki.
Naizvozvo, maartist kubva kubudiriro iyi akahaiwa kuti vashongedze mizinda yeRoma vachibhadhara mitengo yakakwira kwazvo panguva iyoyo.
Panguva apo Alexander Mukuru akatora Greece, akatamisira mabasa ake ounyanzvi kuIndia, kusanganisira Persia neEgypt, achichinja tsika dzavo.
Hunyanzvi hwavaive vaziva kusvika panguva iyoyo hwakaiswa zvinhu kubva kutsika dzechiGreek uye tsika iyi ichabatanidzawo zvinhu zvebudiriro yekuMabvazuva, vachishandura mabasa avo ehunyanzvi.
Pakafa mukundi mukuru uyu Alexander Mukuru, humambo hwakasiyana-siyana hune midzi yenzvimbo dzakafanana dzakasikwa, dziri Garatia, Pontasi, Bhitinia, Paphlagonia neKapadhokia dziri dzedzinza raPtolemaic.
Izvo zvakasimudzira tsika itsva kutsika dzeGreek iro zita reHellenistic rakaendeswa kune iyi fusion yetsika pakanga paine kufarira kuziva zvakaitika kare nekuda kweizvi vakasarudza kutsvaga mamiziyamu nemaraibhurari.
Inonyanya kuzivikanwa yekuve Pergamoni neAlexandria, uko nhoroondo dzevanyori vane mukurumbira munzanga dzakagadzirwa, uko kushoropodzwa kwehunyanzvi kwakagadziridzwa kuburikidza nekuendeswa kwevafambi kuburikidza nematunhu akasiyana avakanga vava kuziva.
Yakabvumira zvitaera zvakasiyana munhoroondo izvo zvakatorwa nechiratidzo che eclectic, kushandura kuita chimiro chenyika, ichida mabasa eiyo theatre mamiriro ayo anopindirana kuburikidza nekufamba uye akasvika pakuenzaniswa neBaroque movement.
Pakati pemisoro yakabatwa pairi paive nehudiki, kuchembera uye kufa, pamwe nekuseka, izvo zvisina kubatwa nebudiriro yeGreek uye zvakava chikamu chayo uye vepamusoro vevanhu veRoma vakawana kuravira kwekuunganidza mabasa eunyanzvi.
Maererano nenzvimbo yenhoroondo yegore 212 a. Pashure paKristu, Umambo hweRoma hwakatora guta reSirakuse, rakanga riri pasi poudzori hwechiGiriki, raiva muSisiri.
Kwakanga kwapararira art yeHellenistic saka vakatora zvese zvavaida ndokuenda nazvo kuguta reRoma vachitsiva mabasa eEtruscan.
Neizvi, kugadziriswa kwetsika dzechiGiriki muguta reRoma kwakaitwa, asi pasinei neizvi pakanga pane dzimwe nyaya dzekupikisa kwemaitiro aya.
Mumwe wavo aive Cato aitungamira kutsoropodza kupambwa uku sezvo aiona sekukanganisa kune budiriro yeRoma.
Haana kubvumirana kuti vakuru vakuru veRoma vaifarira zvifananidzo zveKorinde neAtene nokuti aizvidza zvidhori zvakaitwa ne terracotta.
Asi hunyanzvi hwechiGiriki hwakakunda uye waive mubairo wakanaka kwazvo mushure mekurwisana kwemauto kwairatidzwa nevakuru vemauto.
Kwegore ra168 Kristu asati auya mumwe wemadzimambo eRoma Lucio Emilio Paulo Macedónico pashure pokunge akunda nzvimbo yenzvimbo inozivikanwa seMacedonia.
Zvinenge mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu zvinoyangarara zvakange zvakatakura zviumbwa nemifananidzo zvichienda kuguta reRoma.Mamwe mabasa etsika dzechiGiriki akasvika muguta reRoma iAtari hombe yePergamoni pamwe neKuzviuraya Galata.
Kunyange basa rinonyatsozivikanwa kwatiri Laocoön nevanakomana vake vakauya kuguta reRoma kuzotorwa nevakuru vepamusoro venzanga yeRoma nekuda kwekukunda mukutora simba kubva kune mamwe marudzi.
Girisi payakakundwa nehumambo hweRoma, vanyori vayo vakaendeswa kuguta reRome kuti vagadzire zvivezwa zvaitsvakwa zvikuru pakati pevavezi ava, Pasiteles akasimbisa kuti aibva kuMagna Graecia asi akatora hugari hweRoma.
Muunganidzwa wake wezvivezwa waiorora munyika yose, pakati pezvinyorwa zvinonzi Jupiter zvakaitwa naye, izvo zvaigadzirwa nendarama nenyanga dzenzou.
Mukuwedzera kune zvimwe zvivezwa mubhuronzi. Kugadzira chikoro cheNeoaticism mumutambo uyu unogona kuzivikanwa nezwi Neoclassicism.
Nhoroondo yeHumambo hweRoma
Shanduko yakaitwa muRoman Sculpture nekuda kwesimba rezvivezwa zveGreek pamwe nekugadzirwa kwechikoro chekudzidzira magadzirirwo emhando iyi yakakonzera mhirizhonga murudzi rweRoma pakupera kwezana ramakore rechipiri BC.
Muenzaniso wemanyorerwo aya iAtari yeNgarbus, iri nhanganyaya yeunyanzvi hwehumambo hwakavamba panguva yaAugustus uye hwaive mupiro kuna Gnaeus Domitius Cherorbus nekuda kwekupera kwekurwisana kwemauto muguta reBrindisi.
Yakanga yakavakwa pamberi penzvimbo tsvene yeNeptune, zvose zvakavakwa panguva imwe chete maererano neatari, yakanga yakashongedzwa nemavharo akawanda efrieze, pakati payo mifananidzo ine chokuita nengano dzechiGiriki inooneka, pamwe chete nemifananidzo yechitendero.
Uko mumwe wevapristi ari kuita chibayiro pamativi echisikwa ichi, varwi vanocherechedzwa mukuwedzera kuvamwe vanhu vakapoteredza kuti vatsanangure rondedzero dzeRoma.
Kuburikidza nemifananidzo yakaitwa muRoman Sculpture sezvo ruzhinji rwevanhu harwuna kuverenga nekutaurirana kuburikidza nekuonana kutaurirana, izvo zvakave budiriro huru mumuenzaniso wezvematongerwo enyika webudiriro yeRoma.
Zvivezwa zvaAugustus
Mambo Augusto akabvumira kuti guta reRoma rive rinokosha zvikuru muumambo uhwu hukuru nokuva musimboti wetsika mumutauro wechiGiriki.
Sezvazvakanga zvakaita kare muAlexandria nePergamoni, uko kwaiva nenhamba huru yemhizha dzechiGiriki muguta guru, naizvozvo guta reRoma rakapa mupiro mukuru kuZvivezwa zveRoma kutenda kunaMambo Augustus.
Pakati pavo kugadzira kwemari kwaunogona kuona miniature bas-reliefs. NdiJulius Caesar pachake anonyoresa pamutemo tsika yechiGiriki muguta reRoma.
Mukuwedzera kune unyanzvi hwokumabvazuva, kubvumira zviso zvevatongi kudhindwa pamari, sezvo kare mifananidzo yaireva vamwari kana kuti mavara anokosha zvikuru munhau yeRoma vakanga vatofa yaiiswa.
Saka mambo Augustus akatora mukana wekuzivisa uku mune zvematongerwo enyika kuisa huvepo hwake paruzhinji kuburikidza nemufananidzo wake wekuona pamari.
Chiumbwa cheRoma chaive chikamu chehurongwa hwakakura hwemagariro nezvematongerwo enyika muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva hwevagari veRoma kuburikidza nekushandisa mari.
Ara Pacis munguva yaMambo Augustus
Rimwe remabasa ekutanga ane chekuita neRoman Sculpture iAra Pacis pamwe nechimwe chivezwa chakatsaurirwa kuna mwarikadzi Pax, icho chaipemberera kudzoka kwaMambo Augustus mushure mekukunda kwake mukurwisana kuGaul neHispania.
Ichi Chivezwa cheRoma chakashongedzwa nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemafrieze uye zvinyoro zvinomiririra maforamu ane zviratidziro zvichireva ngano.
Zviitiko zvezvibairo zvakatonyorwa, zvinopupurirwa mune imwe yeidzi rondedzero inzvimbo inoreva Tellus, inova Amai Pasi muRoman Mythology, vachipikisa zvikuru tsika dzechiGiriki dzinonzi Gea.
Muchifananidzo cheRoma chinoratidzwa nechisimba uye chisina musoro simba rinomiririra Masikirwo sezvakaonekwa mumidziyo yechiGiriki, asi mutsika yeRoma iyi ndeye amai zvachose, inodzivirira uye inochengeta vagari veRoma.
Kana toreva nezvokukura kwomuitiro weChiumbwa cheRoma, nguva yaidikanwa nokuda kwacho, kunyange zvazvo mambo Augusto akabvumikisa kuva mutongi mukuru.
Aivewo nerutsigiro rwevanhu vake nekuti kubva kuFirst Consulate aive akazadzwa nerukudzo rwaimupa chinzvimbo chehumambo nedare reSenate.
Asi vanhu vakamupa zita rokuremekedza raAugusto uye mukati mehurumende yake Umambo hweRoma hwakanga huri pamusoro pebudiriro norugare, uye iye akarongawo rudzi rwacho kubva munharaunda yezvamatongerwe enyika.
Mukuwedzera kune chirango cheunyanzvi, kusimudzira chimiro chake pachake sokunge kwaiva kushambadza kwakajairika munguva yake. Izvi zvinoratidzwa nehuwandu hwezviumbwa zvinogona kuonekwa mumamyuziyamu nhasi.
Uko kwakasiyana-siyana kweunhu hwamambo mukuru uyu hunoonekwa mumauto, ehurumende uye kunyange samwari pakati peChiumbwa cheRoma chinomira pachena maererano naAugustus.
Augustus wePrima Porta anowanikwa, inova dhizaini yakafanana paDoryphorus yePolykleitos uye inoratidza kuti tsika dzechiGiriki dzakanga dzichiri kushandiswa sei mumabasa ake ounyanzvi, zvichiratidza mambo segamba guru revatsigiri.
Julio Sculptures – Claudia
Imwe yemadzinza anogona kutaurwa paive nekusimudzirwa kukuru kweChiumbwa cheRoma chinoenderana nechaJulio - Claudia uko kwaive nehukuru muhushe hweRoma.
Kubva kuhurumende yemadzishe Julius - Claudius kusvika kuna Nero, zvisaririra zvishoma zveRoman Sculpture zvinocherechedzwa, kunongova tuturu tudiki twemariro twakagadzirwa nemarble kwavaiisa madota evadikani vavo pamwe chete neatari dzaiiswa pamusoro peguva sechishongo. .
Naizvozvo, kushongedzwa kunoonekwa munguva ino kunoenderana nemaruva akafanana neaya eAra Pacis, ayo akavezwa nekuvimbika kukuru kune chimiro chezvisikwa uko shiri pamwe nedzimwe mhuka dzinoonekwa.
Zvishongo zvemadziro zvakaitwa kuburikidza ne terracotta nechinangwa chekukwanisa kushongedza dzimba dzeRoma uye zvivakwa uko vaishandisa hunyanzvi hwechiGreek huchenjeri hwekushongedza kwemafacade.
Zvichienderana nemifananidzo yenguva iyi, chokwadi chikuru chinoonekwa apo mweya weRoma unofananidzwa nemunhu kuburikidza neChiumbwa cheRoma.
Imwe yemifananidzo yakatanhamara yenguva iyi inoenderana neatari huru yakawanikwa muguta reRoma pasi peyaive panguva iyoyo yenhoroondo Papal Chancellery.
Uko mudungwe unocherekedzwa uchiperekedzwa navashumiri vanotakura mumaoko avo zvimwe zvidhori zviri rutivi rwekupiwa kwezvibayiro pamwe chete navamwe vabetseri venziyo nemhuka.
Rusununguko urwu runoratidza chido cheRoman Sculpture yekurondedzera zvikamu muzviito uye nekuzvizadzisa nevatambi vemashure zvinoratidza hudzamu hwevanyori vekuRoma ava.
Muchikamu cheunyanzvi, zvigadziriso zvemwenje zvakatsvakwa kunze kwekurapwa kwepamusoro, kusanganisira nzira nyowani dzekutaura rondedzero nenzira iyi.
Kuburikidza nekudzidza kwezvisikwa kuburikidza nekutsvaga zvisingazivikanwe maererano nemaonero, kugadzira chikoro chechokwadi muRoman Sculpture.
Nezvekubudirira kwake maererano nemhando yemifananidzo yakaitwa kubva kuRepublic, kunyangwe mamodheru akaitwa muchimiro nekuda kwesimba pachikoro cheGreek neAttic.
Zvivezwa zvichireva nguva yeFlavian
Mune izvo zvinoenderana nehurumende dzemadzimambo eFlavian akadai saVespasian, Titus, pamwe naDomitian, zviyeuchidzo zvikuru zveRoman Sculpture zvakatanhamara.
Pakati payo tinogona kutaura nezvemifananidzo yakaitwa paArch yaTitus neiyi hunyanzvi hwekurondedzera, yaida kupemberera kukunda kwehondo yechiJudha mugore rechi71 renguva yechiKristu, asi mufananidzo wehunyanzvi wakaitwa munenge mugore ra81. .
Mifananidzo mikuru inoratidzwa, imwe parutivi rumwe norumwe rwokoridho, iyo inoorora pakati apo rukundo rwunocherechedzwa, mune imwe yacho mambo anocherechedzwa ari pangoro yake apo anokombwa neshamwari navamwe vagari veRoma.
Sezvazvinofanira kuva panguva yaakapinda muguta, mukuwedzera kumimwe mifananidzo yokufananidzira, yakadai souyo anotarisira kupfekedza mambo korona, uye uyo aitungamirira kutyaira mabhiza ndimwarikadzi weRoma.
Vachiratidza zviitiko zvenhoroondo yezvakaitika kare kuburikidza nemifananidzo yakavezwa yeChivezwa cheRoma maererano neruyamuro rwechipiri, varwi vanoratidzwa vakatakura zvakapambwa zvavakakwanisa kutora kubva munzvimbo tsvene yeJerusarema.
Izvo zvakafanana zvinogona kuonekwa mumufananidzo wevaimbi vane hwamanda dzavo refu dzinomutsa nguva yekunyengetera pamwe chete nezvimwe zvinhu zvisingaitwe mundege nhatu sepaya kusunungurwa kwaAra Pacis achiita mutambo pakati pechiedza nemhepo kugadzira. fungidziro yekuti nhamba dzinogadzira kufamba.
Pasinei nokusaziva mitemo yemaonero akawanikwa pashure pemazana emakore anoverengeka, kunyange zvazvo mashoko aya achicherechedzwa, nguva yaFlavian yakabvumira kuwedzera zvinhu zvitsva paChiumbwa cheRoma.
Matekiniki ane hukama nePortrait
Nekuda kwechifananidzo, Chivezwa cheRoma chinopa mupiro mukuru kune iyi tsika, iyo yakavambwa nebudiriro yechiGiriki asi tsika dzechiRoma dzakachivandudza, saka chakakamurwa kuita mativi maviri, chimwe nechimwe chine maitiro ayo eshanduko.
Zvakanaka, kubva panguva yeRepublic mufananidzo wacho waive watonyanya kukosheswa sezvo makore akafamba wakave wakasarudzika classicist maitiro.
Nepo chimwe chimiro chichienderana nezviripo panoshandiswa pachezvake kutaura kwechiHellenistic tsika dzechiGiriki maererano nemifananidzo, kuputika uye musoro zvaive zvakajairika muRoman Sculpture.
Zvakanaka, mapikicha akareba-akazara aive mashoma pakudiwa ukuwo misoro nemifananidzo yebust yaive yakakurumbira mutsika dzechiRoma.
Kutanga musika wehupfumi mune aya ehunyanzvi mabasa echiRoma Sculpture maererano neMedithera Basin, sezvo yaive yakanyanya kuwanikwa kugadzira rudzi urwu rwechivezwa kubva, kuve musoro kana kuputika, yaive yakachipa kupfuura iyo yemuviri wakakwana.
Zvakare nekuti ivo vanotarisa pakuzivikanwa kwemunhu kwakapararira mubudiriro iyi, sezvo chiso chaionekwa mumusoro chaive chevaRoma chinhu chakakosha zvikuru maererano nemufananidzo.
Midziyo yainyanya kushandiswa mukugadzirwa kwemifananidzo yaienderana nebhuronzi nemarble.Pakutanga maziso aive neruvara rwepigment,akazotanga kuvezwa nevapfuri vegoridhe.
Zvakanaka, paive nekuzivikanwa munharaunda kwevanhu nekuda kweRoman Sculpture, sezvakataurwa nemuongorori Robert Brilliant muchidimbu chinotevera:
"... kuzivikanwa chaiko kwechinyorwa, chakasimbiswa nemamwe maficha emusoro, akange atorwa sechinhu chekufananidzira chisina kurangarira kuvimbika kwemuviri ..."
"... Zvinoita sekuti vavezi vakagadzira misoro yavo sekiyi huru yekuzivikanwa uye yakaiswa mune yakanyatso kurongeka yakafanana mune pfungwa..."
"... kana zvisiri muchinangwa chayo, muzvinyorwa zvakagadzirirwa, zvine kuvhurika kwechiso, zvinowanzoitika pakati pevatorwa vemifananidzo vezana ramakore rechiXNUMX ..."
"... zvidhori zvisingaverengeki zvakasara kubva panguva dzekare zvakafanana nematanho asina vatambi ..."
"...kunyanya apo mutumbi wakagadzirwa nevabatsiri pachine nguva, uchimirira kuti musoro ugovezwa nemuvezi mukuru..."
Kuburikidza nekusimuka kwaMambo Vespasian, uyo akatanga dzinza reFlavian, chimiro chakavhenganiswa chakagadzirwa pakati pezvinhu zviviri izvi, mafungiro uye chokwadi, izvo maartist eJulio-Claudia dynasty vaive vatoita.
Portrait Shanduko
Shanduko yakatevera kuburikidza nemaitiro echiGiriki pamwe chete netsanangudzo yechokwadi yenyaya yakaitirwa Chivezwa cheRoma.
Izvi zvakange zvichitekeshera zvakare kana zvasvika kuna mambo wehushe hweRoma kunyangwe hunyanzvi hwakawedzerwa kuburikidza nehunyanzvi hwekuchera.
Izvo zvakabvumira bvudzi rakaoma kuti riiswe pazviso zvechikadzi zvenguva ino nekuda kweRoma Sculpture, iyo yakanga iri bhomba guru repamusoro-soro revanhu veRoma.
Panguva iyo Trajan akatora chigaro samambo, shanduko dzakaitwa dzakakunda pamusoro pekufungidzira, izvo zvakatora kunyanya kutarisisa munguva yaHadrian, sezvo kuravira kwake kwechiGiriki kwakanyatso kuratidzwa muRoman Sculpture.
Kune rumwe rutivi, mumifananidzo yaMarcus Aurelius, hunhu hwechokwadi hunocherechedzwa zvakare, hunoratidza kukosha kwekutsanangurwa kwezviso, kuratidza hukuru hwekutaura, ndicho chikonzero vane simba guru munharaunda yose yeRoma.
Nekuda kwesimba rekumabvazuva, mukuwedzera kune kufarira kwezvinhu zvemaumbirwo ejometri, kuwana muRoman Sculpture iyo mapikicha aripo ane stylized uye kunyange abstract hunhu.
Muhumambo hwaConstantine yakasvika pamusoro-soro nekuda kwehukuru hwayo, inoyeuchidza nezve classicism yakajairika yenguva yaAugustus mukuru.
Iyi nzira yeChiumbwa cheRoma ndiyo yaizove inofanotungamira yataizoziva gare gare seunyanzvi hweByzantine, inomiririra kupera kwenguva yegoridhe yeunyanzvi uhwu mubudiriro yeRoma.
Madzimambo eRoma akashandisa mufananidzo wacho sechiratidzo chesimba riri chikamu chepurogiramu yavo mune zvematongerwe enyika uye munharaunda yakavanzika yenzanga yeRoma rudzi rwemifananidzo rwaishandiswa pamariro.
Kunyange maBusts uko zvinyorwa zvaiwedzerwa apo shamwari nehama dzaitarisira kushongedzwa kweatari mukuwedzera kune chokupisa chitunha.
Tsika iyi yaive yakabatana nemasikisi emariro akagadzirwa nenamo kana terracotta yemadzitateguru ane mukurumbira mumariro evakuru vepamusoro venzanga yeRoma, vachiratidza dzinza ravo guru revabereki.
Saka masiki erufu aya aichengetwa munzvimbo inoera yemhuri inonzi lararium pamwe chete nemabhazi akagadzirwa neterracotta, bronze uye kunyange marble.
Ndicho chimwe chezvikonzero nei vaRoma vakakumbira chokwadi mumifananidzo kuchengetedza zviso zvevadikani vavo nekuda kweRoman Sculpture.
Mhando dzemifananidzo muRoman Sculpture
Maererano nekuferefeta kwakaitwa maererano neRoman Sculpture, nzira nhatu dzekugadzira mifananidzo dzinogona kuonekwa, dziri dzinotevera:
Toga Portraits apo mufananidzo wamambo unovezwa nenguo nejasi mumusoro wake kumufananidzira pamberi penzanga yeRoma sapapa mukurusa.
Thoracatos mifananidzo Mune rudzi urwu rweChifananidzo cheRoma, mambo anomiririrwa semumiriri kana sechimiro chekuremekedza kukuru kwekumiririra mauto ehondo, nekuda kweiyo chidzitiro chechipfuva chinoiswa paari.
Apotheosis Mufananidzo Murudzi urwu rweChivezwa cheRoma mambo anotariswa samwari kana gamba, chikamu chepamusoro chemuviri wake chakashama chichiratidza muviri wake wezvivezwa unoshamisa.
Akapfeka korona yeraurel yakaitwa mwari patemberi yake samwari mukuru, ari mumwe wemienzaniso yakapfuma kwazvo yeChiumbwa cheRoma asi isiri iyo inowanzoratidzwa.
Kuona kuti rudzi rwechifananidzo rwakanga rwuchishandurwa sei kuita Chivezwa cheRoma kuburikidza neruzivo rwaive kugadzirwa nehunyanzvi hukuru.
Nezve chimiro chemaziso, ndebvu dzinopfekwa nevarume uye bvudzi rinopfekwa nevakadzi, fashoni inogona kuratidzwa kuburikidza nemhando dzakasiyana dzebvudzi dzenguva inoratidzwa mumifananidzo yakagadzirwa.
Evolution of the portrait in the Roman Empire
Nezvenguva yeRepublic, hukuru hwechokwadi hunoonekwa mumufananidzo, unoonekwa kuburikidza nezvikamu zvezvikamu zvezvidzidzo zvichave zvichivezwa, izvo zvakasimbiswa zvakanyanya.
Iyi mifananidzo yeRoman Sculpture yaisiyaniswa nekuve bhururu pfupi apo musoro wainyanya, mukuwedzera kumutsipa, muvarume zvaive hunhu kupfeka bvudzi pfupi.
Mufananidzo panguva yaMambo Augustus
Munguva ino yenguva, mufananidzo unova wakanaka, saka iwo maficha akavanzwa sezvo iri inomiririra yezvematongerwo enyika inokwira kumamiriro ekukwana.
Nezve vhudzi munguva ino yenguva, ichiri kupfekwa pfupi asi inoratidzika kureba kupfuura munguva yapfuura, zvinyoro zvinyoro uye zvishoma zvinyoro zvinyoro zvinoonekwa muRoma Sculpture inokodzera chikamu chemusoro.
Bvudzi rinodonha pahuma rakafanana nemuswe weshiri inozivikanwa nezita rekuti nyenganyenga.Pamifananidzo yechikadzi, mufananidzo waEmpress Livia wakapfeka vhudzi rakakama kumusana, raunganidzwa uye pahuma akapfeka shinda kana kuti knot. .
Mufananidzo weFlavian Period
Izvi zvinoitika kubva muzana ramakore rekutanga uye kune kubwinya muHumambo hweRoma iyo inosarudza chimiro chechokwadi kuti chifananidze zvidhori pasina chikonzero chekuvapomera.
Kana iri yekuputika, iyi inguva yakati rebei, inosvika pakuona varume uye pectorals yevanhu vakaikumbira kubva kune vepamusoro venzanga yeRoma.
Nekuremekedza kune bvudzi, iyo inoputika uye yakafara curls inooneka, inosimbisa chiaroscuro, uyezve, kufamba kunoshandiswa nekuda kwekuti mutsipa unotanga kuita shanduko.
Julia mukunda waTito anoisa fashoni kuvonga kumifananidzo yekushandiswa kwebvudzi repamusoro iro rinonyanya kushamisa mune vepamusoro vevanhu veRoma.
Portraiture panguva yeXNUMXnd uye XNUMXrd century
Nezvenguva ino yenguva, Chiumbwa cheRoma chinoratidza kuravira kweunyanzvi hwebaroque maererano nevhudzi riri mumifananidzo, iro rakavezwa kwenguva refu uye rakaparadzaniswa kubva mumusoro rine macurls akawanda pamwe nendebvu pavarume vanoratidza kufamba.
Imo muhurumende yeHadrian umo chimiro chemaziso mumifananidzo chinotanga kuvezwa pakati pemienzaniso yezviumbwa izvi ndecheAntinous apo fungidziro yakafanana zvikuru netsika yechiGiriki yechiGiriki inoonekwa.
Yaiva yaifarirwa namambo Hadrian, mufananidzo wacho wakanga wakanyatsonaka uye wakasvika pakuvhiringika nemufananidzo wamwari Apollo.
Bvudzi rake rakanga rakareba uye maziso ake akanga akavezwa, uye mufananidzo uyu wakanga wakazara-uzere nechimiro chemuviri wakanaka kwazvo.
Pamifananidzo yechikadzi, unoona yaFaustina apo anooneka nebvudzi rakatsemuka nepakati pemusoro uye vhudzi rake richidonha mumafungu akapfava uye rakaungana pamutsipa kana pamusoro pemukadzi achiumba. ne bho..
Nekuremekedza mufananidzo weHadrian wakaitwa muzana remakore rechipiri, maziso akavezwa, ane ndebvu pachirebvu chake uye vhudzi rake rakaiswa chiratidzo uye rakaparadzaniswa kubva mumusoro sezvo rakareba.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z0_eNQt7EY0
Yakashandiswa kushandisa trepan ine hunyoro hukuru mune zvakadzama, uye pachipfuva chake ane jellyfish. Nezve muzana ramakore rechitatu, imwe yeanomiririra mifananidzo yeRoman Sculpture ndeye mambo Caracalla.
Ndiani aive nechisimba, anozvikudza uye ane hunhu hwakasimba, hunhu uhwu hwakasimbiswa mumufananidzo wavakagadzira kwaari uko musoro unotenderedzwa zvachose.
Mufananidzo wemuzana ramakore rechina reHumambo hweRoma
Munguva ino yenguva inoonekwa kuti mapikicha haana hunhu uye mambo anotama kubva munharaunda, saka anti-classicism inoonekwa.
Munguva iyi zvinhu hazvina kuenzana uye kuveza kwakaoma, sezvinoratidzwa mumifananidzo yakaitwa kuna Constantine.
Kuve yakanyanya kuitika panguva ino munhoroondo yeRoman Sculpture, iyi pikicha yenguva yekupedzisira yehumambo inotarisira kuvezwa kweByzantine.
Zvidhori zvakaitwa muRoman Sculpture
Nezvekuumbwa kwezvidhori, zvakaitwa nechimiro chechiGiriki kuna mwari, zvichiita kuti munhu ave munhu wemambo.
Mumuviri unogara uri mudiki uye uzere nesimba sechiratidzo chesimba ramambo zvakasiyana nemufananidzo unopiwa chokwadi.
Naizvozvo, pakanga pane musiyano wakatanhamara pakati pezvidhori nemifananidzo, sezvo muzviyeuchidzo zvavose umo chifananidzo chakakwana chaidikanwa, mutumbi womumwe mwari waishandiswa uye musoro wamambo waiiswa pauri pasina chinonetsa.
Vakatotsiva mumwe musoro nemumwe pasina kukanganisa, sezvinoratidzwa mumabhuku enguva yezvakaitika kare, nokudaro vachisimbisa rusununguko.
Nezvemufungo wevagari veHumambo hweRoma maererano nemusoro une tsananguro dzekutanga dzemaitiro echokwadi uye muviri wakasarudzika.
Zvidhori izvi zvakagadzirwa nguva dzose kusvika muzana remakore reXNUMX mushure meKristu, kunyange zvazvo panguva yaConstantine I simba rekuMabvazuva rakaratidza kusavapo kwezvidhori uye vaingozvipira kugadzira mifananidzo.
Kunyangwe zvidhori zvakaitwa munhamba diki chaizvo zvezviyeuchidzo zveveruzhinji uko masitaera ekugadzira anotungamira pamwe neasinganzwisisike, kuve hukama neByzantine art.
Makofi mutsika dzechiRoma
Kushandiswa kwemabhokisi aya kwakanga kwakajairika mubudiriro yeEtruscan mukuwedzera kuchiGiriki, asi muguta reRoma chimiro ichi chakashandiswa zvikuru neUmambo hweRoma kubvira muzana remakore rechipiri zvichienda mberi, sezvo tsika yeRoma yaipisa chitunha uye yakatsiviwa nokuvigwa. .
Kugadzira nzvimbo nhatu dzakakosha kwaigadzirwa mabhokisi, senge guta reRome, Africa neAsia, zvichiratidza mhando dzakasiyana dzemabhokisi emochari.
Pamabhokisi aya ainyanya kuzivikanwa raiva bhokisi rakanga rakashongedzwa nemifananidzo yokuyamura uye raiva nebutiro rakatsetseka sezvinobvira.
Ipapo paive nerimwe bhokisi raivewo nekavha yakashongedzwa paigona kuwedzerwa mapikicha eChiumbwa cheRoma, aya anogona kunge ari muviri wakazara wemufi.
Zvaiita sekuti vanhu vaive vakagara pamabiko uye yaive muenzaniso waibva kutsika dzeEtruscan, zvichibvumira kusikwa kwemafomu matsva akashongedzwa nereliefs yekuoma kukuru mumashoko avo.
Mukuwedzera, muguta reRoma, bhokisi rebhokisi rekufa rakashandiswa, iro rakanga rakashongedzwa nezvinhu zvisingaoneki, kusanganisira maruva ekugadzira kana misoro yemhuka.
Pakati peavo vakamira kunze kweshumba pamigumo yebhokisi iri, pakanga paine mamwe mafomu akati wandei anoshamisa uye akaitwa maererano nesimba rehupfumi remhuri yakaita chirevo.
Nezvekugadzirwa kwemabhokisi muAsia, mabhokisi makuru akashandiswa uye aya akapiwa mafomu ekuvaka akapoteredza bhokisi, makoramu akaiswa mukuwedzera kune zvidhori zvinogadzira gonhi rine mahwendefa ekushongedza.
Kunyange denga raiva nechimiro cheprism ine acroteras zvokuti pakutanga kutarira yaiita senzvimbo tsvene uye kunyange pamusoro paiva nechikuva.
Rudzi urwu rwebhokisi rekumabvazuva rwakanga rwakashongedzwa kumativi ose mana, kuva chiyeuchidzo chakazvimirira chakavakwa munzvimbo yakasununguka yemakuva, panzvimbo pekare akaiswa mumakuva emakuva, aingoshongedzwa apo bhokisi raizoonekwa.
Iyi tsika mutsika yeRoma yekuvigwa kwevadikani vavo yakaramba ichiitwa munguva yechiKristu, ichiva imwe yemifananidzo mikuru yechitendero.
Mifananidzo iri mukugadzirwa kweRoman Sculpture
Kugadzira atari hombe sezviyeuchidzo pamwe chete nembiru dzechirangaridzo nemaarch ekukunda zvaidiwa muRoman Sculpture.
Zvishongo zvekushongedza izvo zvaive chikamu chezvivakwa zviri munda wakakura wekubereka kubereka kwerondedzero yehushe hweRoma.
Tatokuudza pamusoro peAtari yeAtharbus neAtari yePraxis, inova mienzaniso mikuru inotangira nzira iyi, pane kunyange Emilia Basilica yakaitwa pakati pe54 -34 BC muRoman Forum.
Inopa chimiro cheHellenizing chetsika yeGreek maererano nedzinza reJulio-Claudia, pakanga pasina zvakawanda zvakasara zveunyanzvi uhu, asi hudiki hwakasara hunoratidza chimiro, senge frieze yakawanikwa muguta reRoma.
Uko mudungwe wemamejasitiriti unocherechedzwa pamwe chete navaprista vanotakura zvidhori zvinopiwa mumaoko avo vachiperekedzwa navabetseri, vaimbi nemhuka uko murangariro unooneka.
Nekubatanidza manhamba ari kumashure pamusoro pemutsara unoenderana nemudungwe, inzvimbo inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muRoman Sculpture.
Nezve Arch yaTitus, iyo yakasikwa pakati pemakore 81 ne82, inomiririra iyo yepamusoro peiyo nzira muhurumende yeFlavio kubvira mapaneru anoshongedza iyi dhizaini.
Ivo vanoratidza kukunda kunowanikwa naTito uko kwakagadziridzwa aesthetics uye hunyanzvi hukuru muhunyanzvi hwekupfupisa zvinoratidzwa.
Inotarisirwa kumiririra mambo uye ngoro yakatarisana nevaoni ichiita kutendeuka zvakanaka nekuda kwenjere uye unyanzvi hwemuvezi.
Mune rimwe divi, kubiwa kweJerusarema kunoonekwa panoshandiswa chinhu chimwe chetecho asi mune imwe nzvimbo inosimbiswa zvinhu nekuda kwechiedza nemumvuri.
Munguva yekutonga kwaMambo Trajan, Column yeTrajan yakagadzirwa mukukudzwa kwake, iyo yakaratidza kukunda muDacia pakati pemakore 101 kusvika ku106.
Iri basa rekuvaka ikoromo iyo yakafukidzwa zvachose neinopfuurira frieze ichiita spiral kubva pasi kusvika kumusoro kwepilaster.
Kuve humwe hunhu hukuru hwemanyorerwo erondedzero maererano nezvinyorwa zveRoman Sculpture apo zvikamu zvenhoroondo yeRoma zvakarongwa nenzira yakatevedzana.
Pasina kukanganiswa apo mambo anoratidzwa mumamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana-siyana akapoteredza 2500 mifananidzo yakavezwa pambiru huru.
Kuratidzira yakanakisa tekinoroji nhanho inocherechedzwa mune yese yebasa rehunyanzvi, humwe hwehunhu hwayo kuve kusiiwa kwemaonero.
Pamusoro pekushandiswa kwenhamba dzisina kuenzana maererano nemamiriro ekunze, inoratidzira pesvedzero yebudiriro yekuMabvazuva mubasa reunyanzvi, parizvino mafomu chete akagadzirwa nemarble anogona kuratidzwa.
Asi kuita kwayo kana kwapera kunofanirwa kunge kwaishamisa nekuti mifananidzo yakagadzirwa nesimbi, pamwe munyori wayo anofanira kunge aive Apollodorus weDhamasiko nekuda kwehunhu hwebasa rekushongedza.
Mushure meizvozvo, classicism inodzokera kumusoro uko imwe Arch yeTrajan inoitwa asi muguta reBenevento iro, kunyangwe nguva yadarika, iri muchimiro chakanakisa maererano nemifananidzo, yakapedzwa muhurumende yeHadrian zvakare. semakomba ane gumi nerimwe emhando imwe.
Ikoko Emperor Marcus Aurelius inoratidzwa mumifananidzo yakasiyana-siyana maererano nezvikamu izvi, zvina zvezviitiko izvi zviri muCapitoline Museums.
Mamwe acho akashandiswazve munguva yehumambo inoenderana neArch yaConstantine, mumwe muenzaniso weRoman Sculpture ndiyo Column yakaitwa mukukudza Marcus Aurelius apo classicism inotonga, kurongeka kunoratidzwa muchikamu.
Iyo yakashongedzwa mudenderedzwa pamwe ne rhythm uye chirango icho chisipo mukoramu yapfuura yakagadzirwa mukukudza Trajan.
Kunyangwe iyi diki nzvimbo yenhoroondo apo classicism inocherechedzwa inoguma nekusimuka kwaEmperor Septimius Severus akagadzirirwa Arch.
Ikoko unyanzvi hwekumabvazuva ndiyo protagonist maererano nehuwandu uye kupfupika kwenzira iyo mifananidzo yakasununguka yakarongwa.
Zviratidziro zvina zvinooneka mumikombe mikuru inotaura nezveMesopotamia, chimiro ichi chiri icho chichapfuurira muKuvezwa kwechiRoma muzana rose rechina.
Sezvinoratidzwa mumafrieze anokwira Arch yeConstantine achiratidza musiyano maererano nenguva yaMarcus Aurelius.
Kuve mienzaniso yakashata yeChivezwa cheRoma Obelisk yaTheodosius I iri muHippodrome yeConstantinople yakafanana nehunyanzvi hweByzantine pane tsika yeRoma.
Nezve maCameos
Rudzi urwu rwakanga rwakajairika muvakuru vepamusoro vevanhu veRoma, yakashandiswa sechishongo, yakavezwa mumatombo anokosha.
Pakati payo pane Jasper, agate, amethyst, onikisi uye kalkedoni ichionekwa sechifananidzo cheRoma mukuderedza uye vakagadzira zvinyorwa pazviri.
Rudzi urwu rwakasvika muguta reRome nekuda kwesimba rebudiriro yechiGiriki yemaitiro echiHellenistic, kuve wekutanga kutanga hunyanzvi uhu.
Apo kukanganisa kusingagone kuvapo, zvinoda kuwanda kwepamusoro uye kunzwisiswa kushanda patsinga yeiyi semi-yakakosha dombo.
Pamusoro pekushanda pazvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvedombo kuti uwane hunyengeri nuances yeruvara nekuda kwemhedzisiro yechiedza uye kupinza maererano nenhoroondo yenguva yavakatanga kugadzirwa, zvakanyanya kuoma kutsanangura kunyangwe yakanakisa yakagadzirwa. makameosi akanga ari avaunganidzi vakuru.
Imwe yacho iGema Augustea, iri chidimbu chedombo rinokosha rinonzi bicolor onyx rakanga rakavezwa nemifananidzo miviri inosanganisira mavara akati wandei.
Munguva yehumambo macameo aya aikosheswa zvikuru seChiumbwa cheRoma, saka budiriro iyi yaive nehungwaru hwekugadzira magirazi nawo, ichiwana zvimwe zvakanaka sekukwanisa kudzora ruvara nekupinza.
Kunyangwe chinhu chakanyanya kuoma chaive chekushanda girazi nekuda kwekushomeka uye kudhura kwaive kweiyo nguva yenhoroondo nekuda kwehunyanzvi hwekuita zvehunyanzvi izvo kunyange nhasi nyanzvi dzegirazi hadzina kukwanisa kutsanangura zvakavanzika zvehunyanzvi hwavo.
Vakatogadzira midziyo yekameo yakagadzirwa negirazi ine kushongedzwa kwakavezwa kwakadzivirirwa negirazi, mumwe wemienzaniso yayo mikuru iri girazi rePortland uye Girazi reMwaka sezviratidziro zveRoman Sculpture.
Nezve matoyi evana
Chimwe chinhu chakajairika mumagariro ese chaive matoyi uye Humambo hweRoma hwaizove hwakasiyana maererano netsvakiridzo yakaitwa kubva panguva yeHellenistic Greek budiriro inoratidza kuti kwaive nemhando dzakasiyana dzematoyi dzakaitirwa kunakidzwa nekutandara kwevacheche.
Kubva pazvidhori zvechinyakare kusvika kungoro dzine mavhiri, kunyangwe zvidimbu zvidiki zvefenicha uye nhamba dzevarwi semhuka dzakasiyana siyana, kune kunyange dzimba diki dzakagadzirwa nezvinhu zvakasiyana senge terracotta, huni kana simbi.
Matoyi aya inzira huru yokukwanisa kuziva mamiriro emhuri nezvemari maererano nokutorwa kweizvi zvinhu kuti vape madzimambo emba avo vaiva vana vavo.
Zvidhori zvekunamata uri wega
Murutivi rworudzidziso, mhuri dzakanga dzine zvidhori zvorudzidziso zvavamwari vakasiana-siana muvamwari veRoma mumisha yadzo, mukuwedzera kuvamwari vemhuri uye kunyange pamwero worudzi.
Iyi tsika yokunamata vamwari inobva mupesvedzero yebudiriro yeEtruscan neGirisi uko vakadzidziswa kuremekedza nokurumbidza masimba echisiko.
Kufanana nemamwe masimba asingaoneki, nzanga yeRoma yakaashandura kuva mifananidzo ine physiognomy yemunhu, ine basa guru muchitendero chega chemhuri.
Parizvino iwe unogona kuona zvinomiririrwa zvenhaka iyi inobatika mumamyuziyamu umo zvidhori zvechitendero zvepachivande zvakawanda, ndosaka kuwedzera kwayo kukuru muhushe hweRoma kunofungidzirwa uye hunyanzvi hwekuita zvinoenderana nemutengo wenguva iyoyo yenhoroondo.
KuvaRoma zvidhori izvi zvaive chimiro chekubatana nevamwari kuburikidza nekugadzirwa uku kwakaitwa nevanhu vanofa kuti vazive mashura.
Nenzira imwecheteyo nezvimwe zvidhori - mazango uko aidzivirira vagari vemo kubva kumasimba masimba, vese veEtruscan neGreek budiriro vakaishandisa.
Kutenda kwavari, nzanga yeRoma yakavaziva pakati pevanyori vekare vakaita saGalen naPliny vanotiudza nezve mabhenefiti avo makuru.
Naizvozvo, vagari veRoma vakaita iyi tsika tsika yakajairika, kunyanya munguva yeLate Imperial, asi zvinhu izvi zvaive zvisiri zvidiki.
Muzviitiko zvakawanda, zvidhori zvakaitwa basa remumulet zvakawanikwa munzvimbo dzekuchera matongo, sezvavaifananidzira madzitateguru ekudzivirira eimba, sezvakaita maLares.
Izvo zvainamatwa mudzimba dzemhuri yakadai inyaya yaPriapus ari mwari wenhengo nekuti chifananidzo chake chaive chakanakisa kudzivirira kubva kune wakaipa ziso pamwe nekushaya simba uye kusasimba, chakaiswa kunze kwedzimba.
Kushongedzwa kwezvinhu
Zvinhu zvakawanda zvekushandisa zvakashongedzwa, ndizvo zvakaita nyaya yezvikafu, mavhasi, zvibato zvegonhi, pamwe nemwenje, iri padyo neRoman Sculpture, iri zvidimbu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoratidza hunyanzvi uye hunyanzvi hwebudiriro yeRoma.
Nezve mwenje, kuwedzera kune mabraziers, ayo akashongedzwa nemhando yakawanda yemifananidzo yakanyanyisa mukuyamura apo zvitendero, zvinonyangadza uye zvinyorwa zvenhema zvakaratidzwa, zvichienderana nenzvimbo yechifananidzo chaizoshandiswa.
Mashongedzero aya aive akashongedzwa pamusoro pendiro, mbiya, magirazi pamwe chete nemapoto akagadzirwa zvinoyevedza pamwe nemitsipa yemavhasi ane maumbirwo anoyevedza.
Nezve ceramics, iyo terra sigillata inomira pachena, iri chimiro chemudziyo kana mudziyo wakashongedzwa neakachekwa pamwe chete nereliefs, iyo yaiwanzoitika munzvimbo yese yehumambo hweRoma.
Chimwe chezvinhu zvinogaro shandiswa kuita chikamu cheChiumbwa cheRoma chinozivikanwa nezwi rekuti antefixes akaiswa pamicheto yematenga edzimba dzechiRoma, akagadzirwa nechimiro chisina kujeka kana manhamba.
Chivezwa cheRoma munguva yeImperial
Nezvemazana emakore ekupedzisira eHumambo hweRoma, kutenderera muzana ramakore reXNUMX kusvika kuzana ramakore reXNUMX, shanduko nyowani yetsika inozivikanwa se classicism yakagadzirwa.
Naizvozvo, Hushe hweRoma hwanga hwatova nenhoroondo yahwo uye kuzivikanwa uye hwakanga hwave kutanga kuwana dzimwe tsika dzekare, dzakaita seNear East.
Kwakanga kuri kuita pesvedzero yeaya budiriro, chinamato uye pfungwa mukati mebudiriro yeRoma nekuda kwenzvimbo yakakura yavakapindirana netsika idzi itsva kwavari sezvakaitika kuGaul, Hispania, Britannia, Arabia, Persia, Kuchamhembe kweAfrica. uye Caucasus.
Neizvi, matekiniki matsva akagadzirwa ayo aive chikamu cheRoman Sculpture nekuda kwesimba renzvimbo idzi nyowani dzaive chikamu cheHumambo hweRoma.
Kugadzira kukwira mutsika uye kushandiswa kwemhando dzakasiyana siyana dzeaesthetics dzakashandurwa zvinoenderana nepurovhinzi iyo hunyanzvi hwakagadzirwa. Naizvozvo, syncretism yaive humwe hunhu hwehunyanzvi hwechiRoma uye munguva yekupedzisira yehumambo hwekukosha kukuru mushure mechiKristu, tsika dzechihedheni dzakatorwa nevatongi vechiKristu maererano nemisoro mitsva.
Panguva iyo guta reConstantinople rakashandurwa kuita guta guru idzva saka rakanga rakashongedzwa nezvivakwa zvakanaka zvemavakirwo. Pamusoro pehunyanzvi hwekunongedzera kuguta reRoma, rinoratidza kunzwa kwekuchengeta tsika dzechinyakare dzichigadziridzwa zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa uye zvinofarirwa nemamiriro ezvinhu.
Asi iwe unofanirwa kuziva kuti kwaisave kuperera zvachose kwechinyakare asi kusarudzwa kwemaitiro ehunyanzvi, saka nguva iyi yaive yekusarudza uye yekuzvidira. Sezvakasimbiswa nemabhuku enguva iyoyo, mamwe masitayera akachengetwa zviri pamutemo asi mamwe akakanganwika.
Kunyange panguva ino shanduko dzakasiyana-siyana dzemagariro, ezvematongerwo enyika uye ehupfumi dzakaratidzwa maererano nemamiriro ezvinhu kuitira kuti vepamusoro vevanhu veRoma vakaramba vachiwana dzidzo yekuchengetedza uye yekare. Nokudaro, vakaverenga vanyori vane mukurumbira uye vaiziva tsika dzemadzitateguru, vachikudziridza kuravira kwavo maererano nemaguta.
Kuwedzera kudzimba dzevakuru vakuru, pamwe chete nedzimba dzemitambo, dzaishongedzwa nemifananidzo yaionekwa seyechihedheni panguva iyo Mambo Constantine akatendeukira kuchiKristu mugore ra312.
Kwaive kutsemuka netsika yeRoma yaizivikanwa kusvika panguva iyoyo, asi yakaitwa zvishoma nezvishoma zvichienderana nekuferefeta kwakaitwa naRachel Kousser, achitaura zvinotevera:
"... Vatongi vezana remakore rechina saka vaifanira kutaurirana nzvimbo munyika ino inopokana, pasina kukonzera kukakavara pachena ...".
"... Zviyeuchidzo zvakaitwa zvakachengetedza zvisaririra zvenhaurirano iyoyo: zvechinyakare muchimiro, oblique mune zviri mukati, zvinonyora kusikwa kwekubvumirana kutsva ..."
"... Kune vatongi vezana remakore rechina, iyi mifananidzo yakavakirwa pamhando dzechinyakare zvidhori yaive mota dzinobatsira pakuzvimiririra uye nekunyatsozvimiririra ..."
"... paive nekutaura kwezvakapfuura zvakagovaniswa nevose uye chipo chakakamurwa. Neiyi nzira, vakabatsira kuve nechokwadi chekupona kwemhando dzekare muhunyanzvi hwekare ... "
Panguva iyoyo, mabasa ehunyanzvi akaitwa aive nechitarisiko chakajairwa asi parizvino kwatiri anomiririra yakajairwa monotony ichikosheswa zvakanyanya munguva yeLate Imperial.
Naizvozvo, mabasa aya akaratidzira chishamiso muurongwa hutsva hwechiKristu uhwu, achiita mufananidzo chaiwo wechimiro chomunhu kupfurikidza neChiumbwa cheRoma, kuva budiriro huru mumabasa ounyanzvi.
Nekuda kweizvi, zviyeuchidzo zvechinyakare zveLate Period zvisingafadzi sisitimu nekuda kwehunhu hwehunyanzvi hwakaunzwa kubva kubudiriro yeGreek.
Yakanga yatopararira munharaunda yese yeHumambo hweRoma, iri kurudziro huru muRenaissance semune dzimwe nguva dzehunyanzvi dzauchadzidza nezvadzo kuburikidza nezvinyorwa zvedu zvinonakidza.
Zvifananidzo zvinofadza izvi zvairatidza Chivezwa cheRoma pakumuka muzana remakore rechitanhatu, kunyange zvazvo chiKristu chakanga chichiwedzera, uyewo kudzingwa kwechitendero cheRoma chekare naMambo Theodosius I mugore ra391, zvakakonzera kuparadzwa kwemifananidzo yechitendero yaishongedza. .
Mambo Prudentius akakumbira pakupera kwezana ramakore rechitanhatu kuchengeta zvidhori zveizvi zvidhori zvechihedheni sezviratidzo zveunyanzvi hukuru hwounyanzvi hwemhizha, pamwe chete nokuva nzira yakaisvonaka yokushongedza kuronga kwomuguta kwamaguta.
Kunyangwe mumabhuku, kuburikidza neCassiodorus, kuedza kwakaitwa kuchengetedza zvivezwa zvechiRoma muzana ramakore rechitanhatu zvinogona kuonekwa, izvo zvaizoita chikamu cheuchapupu hwehushe hweRoma hweramangwana.
Asi mutemo waishandiswa napapa noUmambo hweRoma wakachinjwa zvokuti zviyeuchidzo zvakawanda zvakatorerwa zviumbwa zvaimiririra Zvivezwa zveRoma.
Kushandiswa kweruvara sechinhu chakarongeka uye chemimetic
Kuwedzera pakuveza dombo kana bhuronzi yakakwenenzverwa yeChiumbwa cheRoma, mhedzisiro yebasa reunyanzvi yakashandurwa nemavara akashandiswa pamusoro pechifananidzo.
Iyi tsika yaive yakajairika mumagariro echiGreek, ayo aive akajairika, sezvakaratidzwa nenhoroondo dzenhoroondo dzakapihwa kune zvidhori zvendarira nematombo.
Chinhu chinotyisa sezvachiri kucherechedzwa mumamyuziyamu, chiri chekufarira zvikuru pigment inoshandiswa sekushongedza, ndosaka muRoman Sculpture yaive yakajairika mumifananidzo uye mumafrieze uye mune zvekuyamura kuburikidza nekushandiswa kweruvara.
Zvaitendwa kuti ruvara rwakanga rusingashandiswe muzvidhori, chikanganiso chakaenderera mberi mune mamwe maitiro ehunyanzvi akadai seRenaissance, Baroque uye Neoclassical.
Kuti vakasiya zvidhori zviri muchimiro chechisikigo chezvinhu zvavakashandisa, kusiyana neChiumbwa cheRoma, kunyange mukuwedzera kukushandiswa kwemavara, chaishandiswawo kuisa zvidimbu kupfurikidza nezvimwe zvinhu.
Sezvo iri goridhe, sirivheri, enamel, girazi uye amai-ve-parera kuratidza zvimwe zvinhu kana zvikamu zveanatomy kuburikidza nezvinhu izvi, vanogona zvakare kuve neruvara marble kana mamwe semi-akakosha matombo seonikisi.
Kunyangwe alabaster ine mitsipa ine mavara akawanda uye kupinza kukuru kwezvipfeko zvezvidhori zvinogadzira zvinokwezva uye zvinoyevedza maitiro.
Zvinoenderana nekuferefeta kwazvino kwaitwa paRoman Sculpture, kwave nemashoo aireva mifananidzo yemabasa akanaka kwazvo ari mumamiziyamu.
Kuita kudzoreredzwa kwemavara ekutanga mune izvi zvakareruka kunoita kuti vataridzi vazive kuti ichi Chivezwa cheRoma cheunyanzvi hwemhando yepamusoro chaitaridzika sei mumazuva acho.
Zvivezwa zvakatanhamara zveRoma
Imwe yezviumbwa zvakatanhamara zveRoman Sculpture nekuda kwekukwana kwezvimiro zvayo izvo zvakaitwa mumifananidzo ndeye bust yeAntinous yakawanikwa muna 1998 muVilla Adriana nhasi villa iyi inozivikanwa nezita rekuti Tivoli.
Akanga ari mudikani wamambo weRoma Hadrian, apo jaya iri rakafa, mambo akakumbira kuti vagadzire mufananidzo wavakamuitira waanoda, uchiratidza runako runokatyamadza.
Inoteverwa nemufananidzo waMambo Augustus, chiri chivezwa cheRoma chakatanhamara kubva muzana ramakore rechina BC uye parizvino chakachengetedzwa uko ruzivo rwemuvezi runoonekwa mune zvakapfava zvinhu zvinopa hupenyu kune marble.
Tinogona zvakare kutaura nezvePantheon yaAgripa inova Chivezwa cheRoma chakakosha uye chakachengetedzwa munhoroondo.
Chimwe chezviumbwa izvi zvakakosha zvikuru muRoman Sculpture mufananidzo waCato naPortia vari vaviri vari mumubatanidzwa wemariro umo kuoneka kunoonekwa.
Nekuda kweunhu hunotevera hunotsanangurwa mune yakavezwa basa, sezvo mukadzi ari mudiki pane munyoro, ichi Chifananidzo cheRoma chinoratidza kunzwa kukuru kunopenya runako uye manzwiro kana vachiona maoko avo akabatana.
Tinogonawo kutaura mufananidzo waPatrick apo anopfeka mask iyo inonyatsozivikanwa nezita reBrutus Barberini nekuremekedza chifananidzo ichi chakazara muviri uye maererano nenguvo dzake zvinonzwisisika kuti iye Patrician.
Anotakura muruvoko rwake rumwe norumwe bhasikoro rinoenderana nemadzitateguru ake uye rinomiririra rudo neruremekedzo rwaanonzwa kudzinza rake rekwaakabva pamwe nekuchengetedza tsika dzekuvigwa kweHumambo hweRoma.
Tinogonawo kutenda chivezwa chaAugustus wePrima Porta, ichi Chivezwa cheRoma chakawanikwa muVilla de Livia iri muguta reRome kunyanya musi wa20 Kubvumbi, 1863, parizvino iri basa rakanaka rakachengetedzwa muBraccio Nuovo.
Icho chiri chikamu cheVatican Museums, iyi yeRoma Sculpture inodarika mamita maviri kumusoro uye muchifananidzo ichi chidzidzo chakaoma chemuviri wemunhu kuitira kushushikana uye kuzorora kwemhasuru kunoonekwa.
Kuve kukwezva kukuru kune vataridzi maererano nekuferefeta, iri basa rekuveza rakatumirwa nemukadzi waCésar Augusto mushure mekunyangarika kwake sechiyeuchidzo chechizvarwa chehunhu hwake hunoshamisa.
Nezve ichi Chivezwa cheRoma, chakavakirwa paDoryphorus yePolykleitos kubva muzana ramakore rechishanu pamberi paKristu, ndosaka maficha echinyakare chivezwa achionekwa.
Icho chivezwa chakavezwa mumarble uye humwe hunhu hwacho ndechekuti chimiro chayo chakaita denderedzwa uye mairi pigmentation yemavara yakashandiswa, sebhuruu, goridhe kuwedzera kune yepepuru.
Kuve mufananidzo wakazara waMambo Augustus akapfeka nhumbi dzechiuto pamwe chete nechidzitiro chake chechipfuva apo zvinomiririra kukunda kwehondo yake yekupedzisira.
Chivezwa cheRoma maererano nemaProvince
Kunze kweguta reRoma unogona kuwana budiriro yechisikigo apo mamwe matombo akafanana neaya akagadzirwa muguta guru anochengetedzwa.
Kunyange zvazvo vavezi vakawanda vakanga vasina unyanzvi hwakafanana nenyanzvi dzemifananidzo yeguta reRoma, zvinofadzawo zvikuru nokuda kwemisoro inobatwa maererano nepfungwa dzeRoma dzakashandura nyika dzavakakunda.
Uko chiverengero chikuru zvikuru chezvivezwa zvomenemene zvoUmambo hweRoma chinocherekedzwa, zvakatanhamara mumaruwa okumadokero orudzi rwacho kupfuura rutivi rwokumabvazuva, uko zviri zvishomanene zvikuru.
Naizvozvo, nemhaka yoUmambo hweRoma, Chivezwa cheRoma chakawedzera muumambo hwose mumarudzi akakundwa muMadokero kutozosvikira, pakupinda munyika dzokumabvazuva, mirangariro yeRoma yachinja mukuwirirana netsika dzayo.
Tsika nemafungiro erudzi rwePezhiya neNear East zvishoma nezvishoma zvakashandura Chivezwa cheRoma kuita hunyanzvi hutsva kuburikidza nekutanga kwechiKristu.
Nhaka yeKubudirira kweRoma maererano neSculpture
Imwe yemamiriro ezvinhu inofanirwa kutariswa kudada kwebudiriro yeRoma maererano nepesvedzero yetsika dzechiGreek uye dzimwe tsika sedzekuMabvazuva.
Virgil akataura mugwaro rake reAeneid kuti Roma yakanga ichiri kuzvarwa maererano nehunyanzvi hwaizova pasi peGirisi huru asi maitiro ayo ehondo.
Sezvo kusimukira kwayo mukutonga kweruzhinji kwakaita kuti ibudirire, saka Zvivezwa zvese zveRoma pakutanga zvaingova kopi yemuenzaniso wechiGiriki.
Izvo zvakakosha zvakakosha muHumambo hweRoma izvo zvinomira pachena kuti zviitwe muRoman Sculpture yaive hushingi, simba uye simba mune chero chikamu chechikamu chemugari weRoma.
Nokudaro, izvi zvakakosha zvakatorwa panguva yekugadzira mufananidzo apo kwete chete kunaka kwekunze kwaionekwa, asiwo simba remukati remunhu kuti ave muenzaniso weRoma Sculpture.
Sezvinoratidzwa nehumwe Hutano Hwakanaka hwakadai sekupenda, zvinyorwa, nhetembo, nziyo, mimhanzi kunyangwe mumavakirwo ezvivakwa zvayo zvichisimbisa hunyanzvi hwayo uye hunyanzvi hwayo sekuratidzwa mumhando yemifananidzo inofananidzwa nemifananidzo yeRoma.
Nzanga yeRoma yakanga ine simba guru revanhu uye yakanga isingafariri kuzvimiririra pamwe chete nekunyanyisa kwaikonzera kuvhunduka kumagariro echiGiriki.
NekuRenaissance, Chivezwa cheRoma chakave nemukana wekubudirira zvakare, chiri chidimbu chakakosha mukusimuka kweiyo aesthetics itsva kuburikidza nezvinhu zvayo.
Kunyangwe muimbi mukuru Raphael maererano neakarasika mabasa ekare akashora kushandiswazve kwemarble kana bhuronzi kugadzira zvimwe zvinhu.
Mukuwedzera, kutsvagisa munzvimbo dzekuchera matongo dzebudiriro yeRoma kwakaita zvitsva uye zvakawanwa zveRoman Sculpture izvo kusvika panguva iyoyo vaisaziva.
Kukonzera kutsamwa kukuru munharaunda yepamusoro yeRenaissance iyo maartist makuru akagadzira zvidhori uye dudziro nyowani dzakafemerwa neRoman Sculpture.
Kutenda kucherwa kwenzvimbo dzekuchera matongo mukuwedzera kune yakanakisa kuvezwa, iyo iyo pesvedzero yaro yakashamisa mune iyi hunyanzvi kufamba.
Pamusoro peBaroque, kufarira kwezvivezwa zveRoman Sculpture hakuna kuderera asi kwakachengetedza kukwirira kwayo.Mienzaniso yeizvi ndiBernini, uyo akafuridzirwa nemifananidzo yeRoma neGreece kuti aite kuti zvidhori zvake zvinoshamisa zvikurudzirwe ne classicism.
Kwezana ramakore rechigumi nenomwe apo vanhu vakashanya kuEurope, guta reRoma raive imwe yenzvimbo dzekutanga kushanyira.
Pamusoro pezvo, kufarira kugovera ruzivo uye matekiniki ekufamba uku kwehunyanzvi kwakaunza sechigadzirwa kutaridzika kwemhando nyowani yehunyanzvi inozivikanwa seNeoclassicism.
Pamusoro pezana ramakore rechi XNUMX nerechi XNUMX, miunganidzwa mikuru yakavanzika inoitwa munyika dzinoverengeka, kubatanidza England.
Uko Chidhori cheRoma chaive chikamu chezvakatorwa izvo zvaipa varidzi vayo kuvandudzwa kwechimiro chemagariro pamwe nekukwidziridzwa kwakanaka muhofisi yeruzhinji.
Iri panguva ino yeNeoclassicism kuti kududzirwazve kwechinyakare chimiro chakafemerwa neRoman Sculpture pakati peXNUMXth century inoitwa.
Greece inodzoka kuzopa mukana kunyika dzekuMadokero mushure mekunge hutongi hweTurkey kuburikidza nenzvimbo dzekuchera matongo mabasa matsva echiGiriki akaonekwa.
Nechekare muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX, shanduko yemazuva ano yakaderedza kufarira kwehunyanzvi hwehushe hweRoma, asi mamuseum nhasi anotiratidza hupfumi hweChiumbwa cheRoma kwakabva tsika dzekuMadokero.
Mhedziso
Zvivezwa zvechiRoma, zvakasiyana netsika dzechiGiriki, hazvishamisiri pakunaka kwacho kana kushongedzwa kwacho, asi zvinotaridza kuti zvivezwa zvacho zvakasikirwa kufadza dzimwe nyika nekuda kwesimba rayo guru rehondo, rezvematongerwo enyika uye rekutonga.
Kuburikidza nemifananidzo nemabhazi, magadzirirwo erondedzero yemadzishe akagadzirwa, zvichiratidza kuburikidza neChiumbwa ichi cheRoma chimiro chakakomba, chine mutoro uye chakatsunga chemumiriri wepamusoro wehushe hweRoma.
Kana zviri zvinyorwa, zvakashandiswa muRoman Sculpture kuitira kurondedzera zviitiko zvezvakaitika kare pamwe nekutarisana kwemauto eRoma muhondo apo vakatonga nzvimbo itsva kuti vawedzere humambo hweRoma.
Kunyange zvidhori zvakaitwa panocherechedzwa simba noukuru hwemadzishe ari mumachira, mukuwedzera, kushama kwechikadzi hakuonekwi mubasa reChiumbwa cheRoma sezvaiwanzoitwa mune dzimwe tsika.
Saka Chivezwa cheRoma chaive nechinangwa chaive chekusimudzira simba nehukuru hweguta reRoma rakanaka kune mamwe marudzi.
Iwe unofanirwa kuziva kuti vekutanga vatenzi vezvivezwa vakasvika muguta reRoma vaibva kuGreece, uyezve, vepamusoro vevanhu veRoma vakawana kushandiswa kwakawanda muRoma Sculpture maererano nenzvimbo yepamba.
Mukuwedzera, kubudirira kwenguva yechiKristu kunokurudzira zvinodiwa zvekugadzirwa kwezvivezwa zvine chokuita nendima yechitendero chechiKristu munguva yayo yekare inowirirana negore rechi150 renguva yechiKristu.
Kunyange Chivezwa cheRoma chakanga chiri muenzaniso weparadziro yezvamatongerwe enyika munguva yayo yokukudza madzimambo.Pakati pezvivezwa zvakatanhamara zvikurusa ndezviya zvakagadzirwa nemarble, zvichiteverwa nezviya zvakagadzirwa nebhuronzi uye chitsama chiduku chakagadzirwa nenyanga dzenzou nokuda kwokushandisa kwomunhu oga.
Zvinyorwa zvaive zvakanyanyo zivikanwa zveRoman Sculpture, kunyanya mumifananidzo yairondedzerwa zviitiko zvenhoroondo.
Pamusoro pekukunda kukunda kwakakundwa nevaRoma, sekuratidzwa nekoramu yakakurumbira yeTrajan, mifananidzo yakashandiswa zvakare mukuvaka kwetsika iyi.
Kana iwe wakawana chinyorwa ichi chinonakidza, ndinokukoka iwe kuti ushanyire anotevera malink: