Paunenge uchizvipira kuita zvekurima, zvinodikanwa kuti utarise zvinhu zvakawanda kuitira kuti zvirimwa zvikure zvine hutano uye zvakasimba, zvakadai sekudiridza, chiedza chavanoda, kuchekerera kana kuchengetedza ivo vakangwarira tupukanana dzine ngozi. Nekudaro, iwe unofanirwa kuziva kuti ndeapi ma substrates emiti aunoshandisa, nekuti anozokubatsira zvakanyanya. Dzidza zvakawanda pamusoro peizvi munyaya ino.
Substrates for Plants
Chokutanga pane zvose, zvinogona kutsanangurwa sechimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kushandiswa muzvirimwa zvegreenhouse, sezvo zvichibatsira zvirimwa kugadzirisa mvura uye kupa chimwe chinhu kuti midzi ibate pairi kuti chigadzikane. Nekudaro, nekuda kwekuwanda kwekusiyana kwechinhu ichi, kusarudza yakanakisa sarudzo yebindu kunogona kuve kwakaoma.
Kunzwisisa kuumbwa kwavo, mabasa, uye kushandiswa kwakagadzirirwa kunogona kuita kuti sarudzo ive nyore. Ndeapi mabasa e substrates? Masubstrates ezvirimwa anoshandiswa kuchengetedza mvura uye zvinovaka muviri, inzvimbo yekutsinhana gasi uye kudya kunovaka muviri, uye inoshandawo sezvitsigiso zvemidzi yechirimwa.
Uhu hunhu hwemuviri hune chinhu chakakosha ichi kune zvirimwa zvese zvinotsanangurwa nezvikamu zvinoshandiswa uye kuvapo kwavo muchinhu chinoshandiswa. Nokudaro, zvakakosha kuziva kuti zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti izvi zvinoguma zviito hazvienderane nekubatanidzwa kwakakwana kwezvigadzirwa. Pazasi, isu tichatanga kukuratidzai zvikamu izvo zvinoshandiswa kugadzira inokura midhiya uye isu tichaisa pfungwa pazvinhu zveiyo inokura midhiya kuitira kuti iwe usarudze chakanakira chirimwa chirimwa midhiya yebindu.
Zvikamu zvezvirimwa substrates
Izvi zvinogona kuva organic kana inorganic, chimwe nechimwe chazvo chichava nechayo chekuchengetedza mvura, saka iwe uchawana zvigadzirwa zvinochengeta mvura pamusoro pavo, vamwe mukati mechimiro chavo, asi vamwe vanova nezvakawanda kana zvishoma kugona kuichengeta. Ndokumbira utarise kuti huwandu hwekuchengetedza mvura uye chimiro chechimiro cheimwe mhando yechinhu chinogona kusiyana zvichienderana nekuti inobva kupi uye kuti inogadziriswa sei. Izvi zvinoshandawo kune peat.
Muchiitiko ichi, inogona kuchengetedza huwandu hwemvura yakakura kudarika uremu hwayo. Zvisinei, kana ichigadziriswa, kuchengetwa kunogona kuderedzwa nehafu, uyewo mhepo yemhepo inoderedzwa zvakanyanya. Paunosanganisa zvigadzirwa zvauchazoshandisa sehwaro hwekukura kwako, zvinhu zvacho zvinofanirwa kuve zvakasimba kugadzira zvemhando yepamusoro zvechirimwa substrates. Izvo zvakakosha kuti uzive kuumbwa, kemikari uye hunhu hwezvinhu zvauri kushandisa kuti uve nechokwadi chekuti chigadzirwa musanganiswa waunogadzira unopindirana kubva pabatch kuenda kune batch.
Zvivakwa zve substrates yezvirimwa
Kunyangwe pari zvino kune akati wandei mabasa anobvumira kuongororwa kwehunhu hwemuviri hwema substrates ezvirimwa, kazhinji ese akavakirwa pazviyero zvitatu zvikuru, zvinoti: chekutanga chiyero chehuwandu (huremu pavhoriyamu), kozoti simba rekuchengetedza mvura. (yakaenzana nehuwandu hwehuwandu hwemvura inowanikwa muchirimwa mushure mekunge substrate yashandiswa) uye pakupedzisira, aeration (iyo ndiyo chiyero chehuwandu hwenzvimbo yeporous iyo mhepo inowanikwa mushure me substrate drainage).
Kune chikamu chikuru, zvigadzirwa zvinokura zvepakati zvinoratidzira zvakaderera muhuwandu sezvo ivo vanonyanya kugadzirwa kubva ku sphagnum peat uye vanogona kuchengetedza huwandu hwemvura. Nepo bark-based substrates zvigadzirwa zvinorema, zvakakodzera uko kukwirisa mvura uye kugadzikana kwepoto kunodiwa. Zvese zvigadzirwa zvinowanzove neaeration yakanaka, iri pakati pe10-18% nehuwandu pane akawanda substrates.
Nezve makemikari ehupfumi, zviyero zviviri zvakakosha zvinogona kutaurwa: pH uye EC (electric conductivity). PH ndiko kutara chiyero cheasidhi kana hwaro hwechinhu kana mhinduro. Kuverenga kweEC kunoyera kugona kwemhinduro yevhu kuitisa magetsi uye chiratidzo chehuwandu hwekudya kunowanikwa kunogona kutorwa nezvirimwa. Pakukura midhiya, nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakajairwa, iyo yakakodzera pH renji i5.2-6.2 uye chinangwa chiri 5.8 pakuzara. Iyo inodiwa EC yezvese chinangwa substrates iri pakati pe1.0 ne2.0 mmhos/cm.
Pakumera kwembeu uye midzi yekucheka, iyo inodiwa pH range ichadzikira zvishoma, pakati pe5.0 ne6.0, uye saturation tarisiro ichave 5.6. Iyi pH range yakadzikira zvishoma, sezvo pH inowanzowedzera panguva yekushandiswa nekuda kwekushomeka kwefetireza yekuisa uye alkalinity yemvura yekudiridzira kubva mukupfapfaidza nguva dzose. Iyo inodiwa EC substrate yekumera uye kuparadzira iri pakati pe0,5 ne1,1 mmhos/cm. Mazhinji media ezvekutengeserana pH yakagadziridzwa necalcitic kana dolomitic limestone uye ine yakaringana yekutanga fetiraiza yekubatsira zvirimwa kuti zvienderane mushure mekudyara.
Kazhinji, zvinokurudzirwa kutanga kubereka apo mashizha matsva nemidzi zvinoonekwa pachirimwa. Kuwanda kwefotereza nenguva yekushandiswa kunoenderana nerudzi rwechirimwa, danho rekukura, kukura kwegaba, uye paunowedzera mvura iwe pachako. Ndokumbira utarise kuti zvimwe zvezvishandiso zvinoshandiswa kugadzira substrates zvinogona kunge zvine mamineral salt akadai sekokonati. Inokurudzirwa kushambidza kokonati zvakakwana usati washandisa kuderedza zvingangoita mazinga emunyu uye kudya. Izvi zvinoshandawo kune bark, sezvo kukura uye composting inogona kusunungura zvisingadiwi.
Substrate Types
Paunosarudza substrate yezvirimwa, iwe zvechokwadi uchawana zvakasiyana-siyana uye zvichienderana nezvauri kutsvaga, iwe unozogona kusarudza kuti ndeipi yekuwana yekugadzirisa kwakaringana humidity mazinga anodiwa nezvirimwa. Mumapoinzi anotevera, tichataura mhando dzema substrates ezvirimwa zviripo zvinoenderana nebasa razvo, ndiko kuti, kuchengetedza mvura, yedhiraivha uye kutenderera kwemhepo, pamwe neayo ari inorganic.
kuchengetedza mvura
Ivhu: ndiyo inogona kunzi "nyika". Iko kusanganiswa kwezvinhu zvakasikwa (zvipenyu kana zvakafa), zvicherwa, gasi uye mvura. Kune rumwe rutivi, zvinogona kucherechedzwa kuti inopa rubatsiro rwakafanana semamwe ma substrates anochengetedza mvura, anopa rubatsiro kumiti uye anobatsira kugadzirisa mvura, kudya uye mhepo. Nekudaro, iyi mhando ndeimwe yezvinorema chirimwa midhiya uye inogona kusapa yakafanana mhando yekutenderera kwemhepo semamwe midhiya.
Mhomho yacho: iyo organic medium ine pH yakaderera iyo miti inoda asidi inonakidzwa. Inonyanya kuumbwa nehutu hwakafa uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinoora. Peat moss chinhu chinowanzo kuwanikwa mumisanganiswa yepoto yakavharwa. Iyo substrate yakareruka inogona kubata kupfuura huremu hwayo mumvura (uye soluble nutrients kana fetiraiza).
Sezvo ichichengetedza nyore nyore huwandu hwemvura, hazvina kunaka kuishandisa wega. Kuita izvi kunogona kuchengetedza mvura yakawandisa kutenderedza midzi uye kutungamirira kumidzi kuora (iyo, kana isina kubatwa nekukurumidza, inogona kududzira kufa nekukurumidza kwechirimwa chako).
Pane kudaro, peat inowanzosanganiswa nemamwe ma substrates kuenzanisa basa iri neaeration, iyo ichapa mamiriro ari nani. Nekudaro, pane kukakavara pamusoro pekukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza kwekushandisa peat uye kukohwa. Inobudisa carbon dioxide, gasi rinopisa, mumhoteredzo. Kukohwewa kwepeat nechinangwa chekurima kunodawo kubviswa kwepeat mhenyu kuti isvike kune yakafa peat pazasi. Tichifunga kuti peat inononoka kukura sosi, nzira iyi haina kusimba.
Coconut fiber: Iyo inozivikanwawo se "coconut peat", coconut fiber inoonekwa seyakagadzikana imwe nzira kune peat. Uyezve, inogadzirwa kubva kukokonati fibers yakagadziriswa uye inopa kujeka kwakafanana kunotevedzera peat. Nekudaro, iyo inert, saka haipe zvirimwa mhando imwechete yezvinovaka muviri se peat uye ivhu. Saizvozvowo, inogona kutaurwa kuti, kunyange zvazvo ichida zvinovaka muviri, inopa huwandu hwakanaka hweaeration uye kuchengetedza mvura.
Coconut shell: imwe svikiro inowanzoshandiswa, kunyanya pakati pevarimi vearoid. Vanochengeta hunyoro hwakakwana vari voga, asi kana vasina kusanganiswa neimwe substrate, vangada rehydration kakawanda. Nekuda kwechimiro chayo chakakora, chinopa midzi yechirimwa nenzvimbo yakanaka yekunamatira uye nani aeration. Senge coir, iinert substrate, saka zvinovaka muviri zvinoda kuwedzerwa kutsigira hutano hwechirimwa kukura.
sphagnum moss: Inobva kune imwechete chirimwa se sphagnum peat. Nepo peat moss iri iyo yakafa layer material inowanikwa pazasi pechirimwa chipenyu mumabhogi, sphagnum moss ndiyo yepamusoro layer (i.e. chirimwa chipenyu pachacho). Kana iri muchitoro, kazhinji inenge yatooma uye yakavharwa. Iyo ine fluffy saka inokurudzira kutenderera kwemhepo uye, ingangoita yemhando yepamusoro sphagnum, iwo marefu matendri anorongedza mumabhuraki akamanikidzwa.
Kana yakanyura mumvura, inochengeta huwandu husingadaviriki hwemvura, uye kunyangwe ikadhindwa, inochengeta hunyoro kwenguva yakareba. Nekuda kwekunonoka kwayo kukura, inoonekwa seyakaganhurwa sosi. Sezvinobvira, shandisazve sphagnum moss chero isati yamboshandiswa kune chirimwa chine hutachiona. Naizvozvo, funga kuti iyi mhando yemiti yakasvibiswa inogona kubikwa mu microwave kuti iite sterilizer zvakare.
Yekudhonza uye kutenderera kwemhepo
Orchid bark: inzvimbo yakakora, kazhinji yakaoma inokurudzira kuyerera kwakafanira kuitira kuti mvura nemhepo zvipfuure nepakati pemidzi yechirimwa zviri nyore. Inogara ichishandiswa kumiti ye orchid uye mamwe epiphytes, asi inogona kushandiswa kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzinopisa dzinobatsira kubva mumisanganiswa inonaya zvakanaka. Bark inogona kubva kumhando dzakasiyana dzemiti, zvichienderana nenzvimbo yako kana kuti iyo kambani inopa makwati ayo. Iyo bark inowanzobva kune spruce kana mamwe marudzi ehuni yakaoma.
Marasha: Iri zvakare kirasi yema substrates echirimwa anobatsira kupa mvura iri nani kune chero mhando yechirimwa yaunayo. Rangarira kuti ine kabhoni isingaite uye haiputsi segwati, saka yakanakira kuchengetedza misanganiswa uye ma substrates akasununguka uye asina kuumbwa nekufamba kwenguva. Pamusoro pezvo, zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti sezvo zvine mwero porous, inogona kubatsira kuchengetedza mvura, ukuwo ichifambisa kubatwa kwezvinovaka muviri.
Iyo pearlite: inowanikwa muzvitoro zvakawanda uye inowanzova chinhu mukukura midhiya yemiti yakabikwa. Icho chinhu cheorganic (girazi rinoputika) chinodziiswa kune imwe tembiricha inoita kuti iwedzere. Iyo yakawedzera zvinhu ine nzvimbo diki mukati dzinoibatsira kuchengetedza huwandu hwakanaka hwemvura ichipawo drainage. Iyo haipe zvinovaka muviri, saka kazhinji haishandiswe yoga, asi sechigadziriso kune mamwe ma substrates.
Kunyangwe perlite chiri chikamu chikuru cheimba yekumisikidza hobbyist's arsenal yezvekushandisa, ini ndinovenga kuishandisa. Iyo yakatetepa uye yakasindimara perlite mabheti paimba yangu yekutandarira pasi anoputsika nyore kuita hupfu kana akatsikwa. Nemhaka yekuti yakareruka, inowanzokwira kumusoro kwe substrate nekufamba kwenguva. Ishoma perlite yakagovaniswa mupoto yese uye substrate inotungamira kune compaction (uye kushoma kuyerera kwemhepo) mumutsara.
vermiculite: Yakagadzirwa ne silicate zvinhu zvakare pasi pekupisa. Kana yaiswa mumvura, inokura kunge accordion uye inobata mvura yakawanda kupfuura perlite. Iri kirasi yezvirimwa substrates inobatsira kana zvidyarwa zvako zvinoda substrate inogara yakanyorova uye inogona kubatsira kudzora mvura uye zvinovaka muviri. Nekudaro, zvinofanirwa kutariswa usati watenga iyi mhando yechirimwa substrate, ndeyekuti haina kupa yakawanda yemvura semamwe midhiya.
Inorganic Substrates
LECA: Iyo dzimwe nguva inonzi "hydroton" muzvitoro zvehydroponic, uye inonzi colloquially "coco puffs" nekuda kwechitarisiko chayo. Iwo anowanzo kuwanikwa seakatsvedzerera, akazvimba mabhora ebrown, kunyangwe iwo anogona zvakare kuve akaomeswa-akashongedzwa negrey kana beige. Inogadzirwa nekushandisa kupisa kuwedzera ivhu. Sesvikiro inert, LECA inoda zvinonyungudika zvinovaka muviri kuti chirimwa chako chibudirire.
Zvisinei, homwe dzayo dzakanaka dzinobvumira kutorwa kwemvura iyo midzi ichatora sezvinodiwa. Uye nekuda kwekuvakwa kwayo kwakashata, inopa kutenderera kwemhepo kana yakashandiswa nemazvo. Sezvo isina ivhu, unogona kuona zviri nyore hutano hwechirimwa chako midzi. Kushaikwa kwezvinhu zvine organic zvinoodza moyo zvipembenene zvakajairika, izvo zvinobatsira. Sechinyorwa chepadivi, sezvo zvivakwa zvehydro zvinoshandisa LECA zvichigara zvakanyorova, pane kushomeka kwekufungidzira kana zvasvika pakudiridza.
ISA: Imhando yakakurumbira inonzi "Owl-Pon", ndeimwe mhando yeinorganic medium iyo inoumbwa nezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira lava rock, pumice stone, uye zeolite (iyo inoumbwa nesilicon nealuminium makomisheni, pakati pezvimwe. zvinhu). Kufanana neyakapfuura, haishandisi ivhu uye inotsamira pane capillary chiito che passive chiito kuchengetedza uye kunanga mvura kumidzi yemiti, sezvinodiwa. Nekune rimwe divi, inodawo yekuwedzera inovaka muviri sezvo iri inert substrate. Iyi substrate inopa aeration, inodzorwa mvura inopihwa uye yakawanda yemvura.
Kana iwe wakafarira chinyorwa ichi nezve Yakasiyana Substrates yeZvirimwa, tinokukoka iwe kuti uverenge zvimwe zvinyorwa zvine misoro yekufarira mune anotevera malink: