Muchidimbu, Pangea ndiyo yaive supercontinent yaive nepasi rose rePasi. Izwi rokuti Pangea rinobva pamazwi echiGiriki chingwa-zvinorevei "zvese"uye -geazvinorevei "Pasi".
Pano tinokuudza zvishoma nezvekwakabva, uye nezve Alfred wegener, uyo akatsigira kuvapo kwaro; akataura nezve kuumbwa nekuparadzaniswa kwavo muna 1912.
Pangea uye maitiro ayo
Pangea izita re Nyika yekutanga yakakura supercontinent. Pangea inonzi phangea muchiGiriki uye inoshandura ku "zvose" uye "pasi." Zita rayo rakagadzirwa naAlfred Wegener muna 1912, aive mutsigiri mukuru we Dzidziso ye Continental Drift.
Chimiro chepakutanga chePangea chinotendwa kuti chaive 'U' kana 'C' chakaumbwa nevhu riri paequator. Nekuda kwekukura kukuru kwePangea, nzvimbo dzemukati menyika dzaifungidzirwa kuva dzakaoma nekuda kwekushaya unyoro. Mhuka dzaigara pamusoro pekondinendi huru dzaigona kufamba zvakasununguka pakati penzvimbo dzakanyanyisa pasina zvipingamupinyi.
Pangea yaive nechikamu checoncave, chinonzi Tethys Gungwa, iyo yaigara gungwa duku. Pamusoro pe Panthalassa, gungwa roga rakapoteredza Pangea, nyika huru yakanga yakakomberedzwa negwenga nokuda kwokushayikwa kwounyoro. Izvi zvaikonzerwa nekuti nzvimbo zhinji dzemukati memukondinendi yePangea dzaisawana unyoro kubva munyanza zviri nyore.
Pangea yakaumbwa sei? Uye wakagovaniswa sei?
Yakagadzirwa nekubatana kwekubatana kwe tectonic plates 335 mamirioni emakore panguva ye Paleozoic nguva. Panguva iyoyo, nzvimbo zhinji dzepasi dzaisanganisirwa muPangea. Yakazoparadzana 175 miriyoni makore gare gare, nezvikamu zvakatsemuka uye makondinendi matsva achigadzira. Muitiro uyu wakapfuurira kutozosvikira dzakawanda dzenzvimbo huru dzanhasi dzaumbwa, muitiro unopfuurira nhasi.
Zvinoenderana nezvinyorwa zve geological, biological and physical, goko repasi rakasimba makore mamirioni mana apfuura. Kubva ipapo, shanduko dzakawanda dzakakosha dze geological dzakaitika, zvichibvumira maonero akajeka ezviitiko zvakaitika kusvika pakuumbwa kwePangea. Anenge mamiriyoni 700 makore apfuura, pakupera kwenguva yePrecambrian, Paive nembiri paleocontinents panyika. kudaidzwa Baikalia y Pan African. Pakupedzisira, vakabatana kuti vaumbe kondinendi imwe chete Pangea anenge makore 500 Kristu asati auya. Anenge makore 400 Kristu asati auya, Europe neNorth America dzakabatana senyika imwe chete.
Nyika inozivikanwa se gondwana yakaumbwa makore angangoita 230 miriyoni apfuura uye yaisanganisira nyika zhinji dziri muAsia, Africa, Australia, South America, uye India. Yaivawo neEurope neNorth America panguva iyoyo. Makondinendi ose aya akabatanidzwa nenzira inenge yakafanana. Dzimwe shanduko diki dzakaitwa kubva ipapo nekuda kweanotevera orogenic maitiro. Pangea yenguva yeMesozoic yakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvina 65 miriyoni makore apfuura, maererano nezvakanyorwa.
Chii chakaitika pakukamurwa kwePangea?
Gungwa reAtlantic rakaumbwa pakati peAfrica neNorth America apo nyika yakatsemuka pakati peLaurasia neGondwana.. Kukamukana kwakazotevera pakati peNorth America neSouth America kwakakonzera kuwedzera kwemakungwa. Kuparadzaniswa kweAfrica, Antarctica, Australia, neSouth America kubva kuIndia kwakaitika apo gondwana supercontinent yakaparara. Panguva imwe cheteyo, North India yakanga ichibva kuSouth India. Izvi zvakakonzerwa nekutsemuka uye kufamba kwakasiyana-siyana mumakondinendi eGondwana.
Sezvo Africa yakaenda kuchamhembe, Gungwa reMediterranean rakaumbwa. Izvi zvakakonzerawo kuvharwa kwemugumo wekumabvazuva kweGungwa reTethys. Panguva imwe cheteyo, South America neAfrica zvakaparadzana, zvichideredza ukuru hweGungwa reTethys. Pakupera kwenhambo yacho, Greenland yakaparadzaniswa neEurope ndokuva nyika yakaparadzana. Africa neSouth America dzakanga dzaparadzana, sezvakaita Australia neAntarctica. India yakanga yava kuda kusvika pakati peequator; yakanga yaparadzana neSouth America. North America yakaparadzanawo neEurope.
Ndiani akabvumikisa kuvapo kwaro?
Alfred wegener yaive german meteorologist uyo akaunganidza data kubva munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzesainzi kutsigira dzidziso yake ye continental drift. Akaburitsa mhedzisiro yake mubhuku muna 1915, zvichikonzera kuzununguka-kufanana nekudengenyeka kune nheyo dzeSainzi yePasi. Vanhu vakawanda vaifunga kuti dzidziso yake yakanga ine nharo zvikuru panguva iyoyo.
Tichitarisa paatlasi muna 1910, Wegener akafunga mukana wekuti maumbirwo emakondinendi anokwana pamwe chete nemasanga. Gare gare vakagumisa kuti vanobatana kuti vaumbe imwe kondinendi huru inozivikanwa sePangea, rinova izwi rechiGiriki rinoreva 'Nyika yose'. Sezvingabvira, nzvimbo yakasimba yePangea yakatanga kuva makondinendi anhasi anenge Makore zana nemakumi masere nemashanu kusvika makumi matanhatu nemashanu.
Pfungwa iri kumashure kweiyo thesis ine hukama nezvikamu zvitatu zvesainzi: biology, paleontology uye geology. Akatsanangura hukama pakati pezvipenyu mumakondinendi akaparadzaniswa nemakungwa; yaienderanawo nemesosaur fossils inowanikwa muSouth Africa neBrazil. The thesis zvakare yakatsigira maumbirwo akafanana ejooloji anowanikwa mumakondinendi akasiyana, zvichiratidza kuti Cape Fold Belt yekuWestern Cape yekuSouth Africa yakambobatanidzwa neSierra de la Ventana kuArgentina.
Masayendisiti anotungamira akapikisa dzidziso yaWegener zvakanyanya nekuti haina kuratidza kuti isimba ripi rakaita kuti makondinendi akukure.. Wegener akabvuma kuti kutsoropodza uku kwakanga kwakarurama; akanyora muna 1929 kuti 'dzidziso yaNewton ye continental drift' yakanga isati yaberekwa. Zvakatora mamwe makore makumi matatu mushure mekufa kwaWegener, pazera remakore makumi mashanu, kuti dzidziso yake ive yepamutemo. Iri ndiro gore iro nharaunda ye geophysical yakasimbisa kukukurwa kwemakondinendi kuburikidza neplate tectonics.
Hupenyu hwaive hwakaita sei paPangea?
Mamiriro okunze aidziya uye upenyu hwakanga hwakasiyana zvachose nezvatinoziva nhasi. zvinokambaira zvakadai Shringasaurus indicus, anozivikanwa zviri nani sa allokotosaurus, aigara mune yava kunzi India zvino uye aizivikanwa nekuva nenyanga mbiri dzemberi uye kureba kwemuviri kuri pakati pemamita matatu kusvika mana. Zvipembenene zvekutanga uye cicadas zvakaonekwawo, uye mhuka dzakawanda dzinokambaira dzakabudirira mukutanga kweTriassic. Zvinotendwawo kuti vaivepo dinosaurs muPangea, vangave ndivo vakatanga kufamba panyika.
Ndinovimba ruzivo urwu nezvePangea rwave runobatsira kwauri.