Wakambozvibvunza here chii chinonzi jazz, chii nhoroondo yayo uye ndivanaani vaive vamiririri vakuru yemhando iyi yemimhanzi. Mubhuku rino raunozviwana uri mariri, tichagadzirisa kukahadzika kwese kwaunayo pamusoro pemhando yemimhanzi iyi kubva mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX.
Akazvarwa muUnited States, uye anga ari a mhando ine simba mumimhanzi yakakurumbira makore apfuura uye nanhasi. Kune vakawanda vanotenda kuti izwi iri rinobva mujagoni rinoshandiswa nevatambi vari kumahombekombe ekumadokero. Kune rimwe divi, kune vamwe izwi rekuti jazz rine midzi yemuAfrica ine chekuita nekuita zvepabonde.
jazz a musanganiswa weakasiyana eAfrica America neNorth America manzwi uye mutinhimira. Inoonekwa seimwe yemhando dzakakurumbira uye dzine simba dzemimhanzi munyika kune mamwe marudzi emimhanzi. Kana iwe uri mudiwa werudzi urwu rwemimhanzi, pamwe chete nevamwe, asi iwe unofarira nhoroondo inozvarwa mukati memhando idzi, iwe uchafarira chinyorwa ichi.
Chii chinonzi jazz: mavambo uye pfungwa
Jazz, yakatanga muzana ramakore rechigumi nepfumbamwe serudzi rutsva rwemimhanzi runobva kudunhu rekumaodzanyemba kweUnited States., Mississippi. Rudzi urwu rune matangiro arwo nekuda kwekubatana kweakasiyana Afro-American melodies uye rhythms.
Simbisa kuti mimhanzi yemhando iyi yakaoma, saka haigone kutsanangurwa zviri nyore. Ichokwadi, sezvatichangobva kutaura, kuti mhedzisiro yetsika dzeAfro-America, asi Yakavewo yakapesvedzerwa nedzimwe tsika nemhando dzemimhanzi.
Kutanga kweiyi nzira yemimhanzi itsva kunoitika kana iyo varanda vekuAfrica anogara kumaodzanyemba kweUnited States, tanga kutaura tsika nemagariro avo nokushandisa zviridzwa zvakasiyana saiyewo uye kumuperekedza nenziyo.
Nziyo dzavaiimba dzaive dzavo nzira yekuratidza kusagutsikana kwavo nemamiriro euranda kuti vazhinji vavo vakararama panguva iyoyo. Mune dzakawanda dzetsika dzavo, varanda vakabvisa shangu dzavo uye vakaimba kuchengetedza ndangariro yeboka iri mhenyu.
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Nekuda kwekurambidzwa kuita mabasa aya, varanda vanotsvaka kuzviratidza neimwe nzira vachishandisa zvanza zvavo nokurova kwetsoka dzavo, senge zvinhu zvinorova kuti ugadzire mimhanzi yako uye unakirwe netsika dzako. Chirambidzo ichi chatiri kutaura nezvacho hachina kushandiswa munzvimbo inozivikanwa kwazvo yePlace Congo muNew Orleans. Munzvimbo iyi maiva nevaranda vakawanda vaisangana vakasununguka kuimba, kutamba uye kuridza zviridzwa zvaiitwa nemaoko.
Nziyo dzemuAfrica, kushandiswa kwezviridzwa, kuwirirana uye mitsara ndizvo zvinhu zvikuru zvakasimbisa nheyo dzejazz panguva iyoyo uye iyo yakagadzira nzira yekuti zvinyorwa zvekutanga zveblues zvitange kuoneka. Iko kutsvaga kwezwi rako pachako ndiko kwekutanga kuwana mabhesi aya ataurwa.
When the varanda vakawana rusununguko rwavo, vaisagona kungonakidzwa nekodzero dzavo chete, asi nekuda kwezvitaera zvitsva zvemimhanzi zvakaonekwa senge ragtime inozivikanwa seyakatangira jazz yatinoziva tese nhasi.
Evolution ye jazz, kubva 1910 kusvika 1950
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Mhando mbiri dzemimhanzi dzinozivikanwa kugadzira nzira yejazz. Chekutanga chazvo chinozivikanwa se dixieland, yakabuda muna 1910 uye yakaitwa nemapoka mairidzwa zviridzwa zvitatu zvakadai se tuba, hwamanda uye saxophone. Pamusoro peizvi zvitatu, ivo vaiwanzoperekedzwa nezvigubhu, bass, trombone uye pane dzimwe nguva clarinet.
Imwe yemhando ichavhura nzira ndiyo yatakataura muchikamu chapfuura, ragtime ane chimiro chikuru aive Scott Joplin. Rudzi urwu rwatiri kutaura nezvarwo, yaisanganisa matauriro nemasyncopations akazoitwa nevaimbi vepiyano.
In the guta guru reSt louis, iri muMissouri, yakanga iri tsika perekedza mariro nebhendi remimhanzi. Miriyo inononoka, yakambomira yairidzwa nenzwi rakapfava uye rekusuwa pakuperekedza bhokisi kumakuva. Paakatendeuka, mimhanzi yakachinja kuita imwe nzira yekufara ichiita kuti vanhu vatambe, vaimbe uye manzwiro avo akachinja zvachose.
Izvi zvikwata zvematsotsi, zvakatanga kuwana mukurumbira pakati pemamwe matunhu akasiyana akadai sedzimba dzepfambi kwavakatanga kuridza mimhanzi yavo. Makore akati gare gare, muna 1917, chisarudzo chakaitwa chokupfiga nharaunda yepfambi muStoryville uko aya mapoka airidza.
Izvi zvakakonzera kutama kwevaimbi ava vese kuenda kuChicago neNew York kwavakanogara mumakirabhu ane mukurumbira, mazhinji acho aiva evapambepfumi. Nezviitiko izvi zvakararama, kuwedzera kwemhando yemimhanzi ye jazz inotanga.
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Jazz yaiitwa panguva iyi yaive inoratidzirwa ne rhythmic pulsation pane downbeats. Pfungwa iyi inoreva kutevedzana kwebhiti dzinogara dzichidzokororwa, izvo zvinoita kuti nguva ipatsanurwe kuita zvikamu zvakaenzana. Rhythmic accents anochinja kuenda kubhiti yechipiri neyechina.
En los 40s, jazz yakatozivikanwa uye inokosheswa munzvimbo zhinji dzepasi. Kudonha kwemabhendi ekuswing kunopa nzira kune imwe yakasiyana zvachose yemimhanzi mitsva yakadai seBeBop muna 1941. Dizzy Gillespie mumwe wevatungamiri veiyi mitsva yemimhanzi. Nekuda kwekutungamira kwayo uye kurira kwehwamanda, maitiro emutauro mutsva uyu wemimhanzi anoratidzwa.
Imwe yenhamba yekupayona yeBeBop ndeye Charlie Parker, uyo akaunza nzira nyowani uye mutauro wekuvandudza ane chimiro chendangariro chisingazivikanwe zvachose uye chinokatyamadza kune avo vaimuteerera.
Muna 1948, sangano idzva rakazvarwa, rinotonhorera. Ichi chimiro chitsva chaive chakanangana nechakapfuura, BeBop. Cool jazz yaifarirwa zvikuru nevaimbi vechichena vakaita saLennie Tristano, asi yainyatsofarirwa nevaimbi vechitema. Panguva ino mazita mazhinji akakosha anoonekwa munhoroondo yejazz akadai saGunther Schuller, Bob Graettinger kana Gil Evans.
Evolution ye jazz, kubva 1960 kusvika nhasi
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Jazz yemahara yakazvarwa muna 1960 pasi pekushoropodzwa kwakawanda kwete neruzhinji chete asi nyanzvi muchikamu chinokodzera iyi musambo mutsva kwete mimhanzi. Nekufamba kwemakore, musambo uyu wakapesvedzera vanhu vakawanda, kunyanya vechidiki vaimbi veJazz.
nezvemakore 1965, jazz yemahara inova nzira yekutaura yevaimbi pamadingindira akasiyana. Makore maviri gare gare, kudzikira kunotanga kubuda maererano nemhando iyi, jazz yemahara.
Izvi mimhanzi mu1970, ichiteverwa neinonzi Electric Jazz iyo yakaita kushandiswa kwemimhanzi yemagetsi yakakonzerwa nemhando yerock. Kuedza kwemapoka erock nenziyo dzejazz uku kwakazoita kuti pave nemhando itsva dzemimhanzi.
Panguva ino munhoroondo, vaimbi vejazz vakabatanidza rudzi urwu nedzimwe tsika dzemimhanzi ichipa kusimuka kune mitsva mitsva senge jazz rock, flamenco jazz, Latin jazz, nezvimwe. Iyi nguva inoratidzirwa nekubatanidzwa kwemaitiro.
En los Muma80, kudonha kukuru mumhanzi wejazz kwakatanga, zvichikonzerwa nekusanganiswa kwakasiyana zvakaitika mumakore apfuura. Izvi zvakaita kuti mhando yemimhanzi iyi ibve zvachose kubva pamavambo ayo, zvichikonzera dambudziko guru. Nekuuya kweneo-chinyakare, jazz yakave nenhevedzano yekuchinja kwakakosha ichiti inodzokera kune kwayakatangira uye kuchena kwemaitiro.
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Jazz, muma90s inogarisana nemhando dzakasiyana dzemimhanzi zvakadai sepop, rock, grunge, nezvimwe. Chimurenga chakakonzerwa nevaimbi vakuru vejazz padanho iri chakaburitsa nzira dzakasiyana siyana dzavaishandisa pakuvandudza. Aya matekiniki akaunganidzwa kubva kune akasiyana pesvedzero, ayo akazobatana pasina miganhu.
Kwete muNew York City chete maartist makuru ejazz akaonekwa, asi mamwe akawanda akabuda mhiri kwemiganhu yayo. Yakagadzirisa zvakare pfungwa dzakasimbiswa nezvizvarwa zvakasiyana zvevaimbi vejazz.
Mimhanzi yemagetsi uye shanduko yayakauya nayo yakapesvedzera budiriro yejazz. Nekuda kwechimurenga ichi, vanotanga ratidza vagadziri vatsva vanobva kumagariro emahara jazz asi vachiunza zvinopesvedzera ye classical vanguards ye electronic music.
In the Parizvino, kune vazhinji maartist vakagadzira iyo jazz rap substyle vakadai saKanye West, Hocus Pocus, Madlib, pakati pevamwe.
Vamiriri vakatanhamara vejazz
Muchikamu chino, tichapa mamwe mazita akanyanya kukosha manhamba ejazz munyika, kukudza iyi musambo wenziyo uyo kune vakawanda unoonekwa somudziyo wokuvaka nawo nzanga dzinobatanidzwa.
Duke Ellington
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Imwe yei ngano huru dzejazz munyika. Muimbi, piano uye conductor. Huwandu hwayo hukuru hwemimhanzi yemhando iyi inomira kunze, inopfuura zviuru zviviri pakati peiyo Jeeps Blues inomira.
Charlie parker
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Iine anopfuura makumi matanhatu enziyo uye anopfuura zana marekodhi, saxophonist uye muimbi Charlie Parker anozivikanwa. semumwe wevanonyanya kuita jazz.
charles mingus
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Muratidziri anopesana nerusaruraganda, muimbi, piano uye kaviri bass mutambi. Iine anopfuura makumi maviri rekodha zvigadzirwa zvinotora jazz kuti inzwikwe pasi rese.
Ella Fitzgerald
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Mukadzi uyu akaita a gumi zvigadzirwa uye nekuwedzera, akarekodha nevatambi vakasiyana vedanho raDuke Ellington naCount Basie.
Nina Simone
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Muimbi, muimbi uye piano yemhando dzakasiyana dzemimhanzi zvakadai se jazz, blues rhythm uye mweya. Murwiri wekodzero dzevanhu vatema. Anobva kuNorth America achienda kuEurope.
Miles Davis
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Muridzi wehwamanda uye munyori weJazz. Nhengo yeboka remunharaunda Eddie Randle's Blue Devil's. Ini ndinomira mumhanzi pakugadziridza kwandakaita manzwi ehwamanda.
dzungu gillespie
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Nebasa rakatanhamara rekuimba, tinokuunzira uyu mumiriri wemimhanzi yejazz. Trumpeter, muimbi uye muimbi weiyi mhanzi maitiro akashanda naCharlie Parker. Ndechimwe che Mapiyona ekuNorth America mukupinda mubato reAfro-Cuban jazz.
Louis Armstrong
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Akatsaurwa pasi rose mufananidzo semuridzi wehwamanda uye muimbi ine simba guru munhoroondo nekushanduka kwejazz.
Hunhu hunounzwa nerudzi rwemimhanzi yejazz pamwe chete hwakacherechedzwa neUN sesangano rekubatana, nhaurirano uye kushanda pakati pevanhu nemarudzi akasiyana.