Chii chinonzi amphitheatre? Kubvisa nyaya yako

Colosseum yeRome kana Teatro Flavio, mumiriri mukuru weimba yemitambo yeRoma

The amphitheatre Ndiyo nzvimbo yemhemberero dzeruzhinji dzakanangana nebudiriro yekare yeRoma. Iine chivakwa chine hunhu, inoumba nzvimbo yakatenderedzwa kana yeovhari yakaganhurwa nedenga rakavakwa nemaarch uye vaults, uye nzvimbo yepakati ine nhandare umo mashoo aiitirwa.

Humambo hweRoma hwakavaka nhandare dzemitambo pasi rese. panguva yekuwedzera kwayo muZera Rekare, iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa iri Colosseum muRoma. Saka, budiriro iyi yatisiya nhasi nhaka yese yetsika apo nzvimbo idzi dzakatemerwa kupemberera zviitiko zveveruzhinji zvakasiyana. Kana uchida kuziva chii chinonzi amphitheatre uye uzive mavambo ayo nenhoroondo, gara nesu kuti tizviwane.

Chii chinonzi amphitheatre?

Arles amphitheatre nhasi, kuchengetedza kwakanaka kunoonekwa

Izwi rekuti "amphitheatre" rine mabviro aro etymological muizwi rechiGiriki "amphithéatron" kupi "amphi" zvinoreva "mativi ose" uye "theater", "nzvimbo yekuona". Inzvimbo yakachengeterwa kuona "kumativi ese" kana "kumativi ese", zviitiko zvakaitirwa ipapo nekuda kwedenderedzwa, ovha kana zvakafanana chimiro.

Iyo amphitheatre yakazvarwa zvakadaro mubudiriro yeRoma yekare se nzvimbo yekushandiswa neruzhinji inoitirwa kupemberera mashoo nezviitiko, inonyanya kufarirwa kurwa kwegladiator, asi zvakare yakabata kurwa pakati pemhuka, kuurayiwa kwevanhu kana zviitiko zvemitambo, pakati pezvimwe.

Dzimba dzemitambo dzakavakwa nehurumende yeRoma uye nemasangano akazvimirira achitungamirirwa nevakuru vemaguta.

Maererano nenhoroondo dzekare, maamphitheatre ekutanga anodzokera kumagumo e XNUMXnd yezana BC, kunyangwe zuva chairo uye nzvimbo yekutanga yechokwadi amphitheatre yakavakwa munhoroondo isingazivikanwe. Yekutanga yakachengeteka date amphitheatre ndeyePompeii, yakavakwa makore akapoteredza 75 BC.

MaRoma akavaka maamphitheatre anodarika mazana maviri ehukuru hwese muhumambo hwavo panguva yekuwedzera uye nekusingaperi., zvikurukuru kumadokero, sezvo nharaunda dzokumabvazuva dzakanga dzichigarwa nedzimba dzemitambo dzechiGiriki nenhandare dzaiwanzoshandiswa nokuda kwemhemberero dzavose. Panguva yekuwedzera kwehumambo, misasa yemauto eRoma yaiwanzova nenhandare yavo - kazhinji yaigadzirwa nematanda-yavaishandisa kudzidzisa uye kuita zvevaraidzo.

Izvi zvekuvaka uye zvetsika kuparidzirwa hakuna chimwe chinhu kunze kwekuratidzwa kweidiosyncrasies yetsika dzeRoma: kana paine chimwe chinhu chaifarirwa nevanhu veRoma, yaive kuratidzwa uye mukana wekuenda kumitambo inoshamisa inokwanisa kukonzera manzwiro akanyanya.

Iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa amphitheatre ndeye Roma Coliseum iyo inotevera nhandare yeVerona. Asi kune mamwe maamphitheatre akachengetedzwa zvakanaka nhasi akadai seArles, Burnum, Capua, El Djem, Frejus, Nimes, Leptis Magna, Pergamum, Pompeii, Pula, Salona, ​​Tarragona naUthina nevamwe vazhinji. Around 75 zvisaririra zveamphitheatre zvakawanikwa pasirese zvakagovaniswa mune izvo munguva dzekare zvaive chikamu cheHumambo hweRoma, zvekuti tinowana bhuku remitambo yemitambo yeRoma munyika dzakawanda dzinosanganisira: Spain, France, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, Croatia. , Austria, United Kingdom, Libya, Algeria, Tunisia neMorocco.

Architectural features of the amphitheatre

Chirongwa cheColosseum muRoma chinomiririra zvikamu zvayo zvese zvekuvaka

Kuvakwa kweamphitheatre kwakapindura raison d'être yayo maererano nekushandiswa uye kirasi yemagariro iyo yayakagadzirirwa.

Su denderedzwa kana kuti oval shape zvaibvumira kuti chitarisiko chacho chionekwe kubva chero kupi zvako. Nyika yakafukidzwa nejecha nechepakati pacho paive pakarongeka chaipo pekumiririra rudzi rwechiitiko chaiitwa ipapo. Uye zvigadziko, zvinozivikanwa se graderío kana cavea, dzakakamurwa kuva nharaunda ina maererano neboka renzanga ravaigara: nzvimbo yakaderera—uye yaiva pedyo zvikuru nenhandare yacho—yaigarwa nevakuru vakuru, maseneta nevakuru vakuru vehurumende yeRoma; nzvimbo yepakati yaiitirwa vanhuwo zvavo neyokumusoro - uye nekuonekwa kwakanyanya - kuvakadzi nevagari vasina kodzero.

Matanda ekutanga akavakwa ne ibwe rakavezwa uye gare gare kongiri yakashandiswa ndokubatanidzwa arcades uye vaults. Chimwe chimiro cheamphitheatre ndeyavo abudise hurongwa, iyo yakanakidzwa nehukuru hukuru muamphitheatre hombe.

Kurongeka kwedenderedzwa kwakavharwa kwenzvimbo yaive nzira yekuvaka yaifarirwa yevaRoma pakuita kwavo uye yakashanduka kubva mumativi maviri emitambo yeGreece uye semicircular theatre dzeGreece yekare.

Izvo zvakakosha kuti usapesanisa amphitheatre nemitambo yemitambo kana masekisi, izvo zvese zvaive zvemazuva ano panguva iyoyo. Nepo amphitheatre iri denderedzwa kana kuti ovhari muchimiro, dzechinyakare dzemitambo dzeRoma dzakaita semicircular uye masekisi aive elliptical muchimiro uye aishandiswa kuita nhanho yemitambo yemijaho.

Arena yeRoman Colosseum, chimiro chayo che elliptical chinogona kuonekwa

Sevamiriri vepamusoro veakajairwa maitiro eiyo amphitheatre yeRoma isu tine Colosseum yeRome uye Arena yeVerona.. The Roman Coliseum - ane zita rekutanga Flavian Amphitheatre- ndiyo inonyanya kufarirwa uye yakakura muenzaniso, ine nhandare inoyera 87,5 x 54,8 m. Iine matikiti makumi masere uye ine mukana wevanokwana 80 vaoni. Iyo ine zvakare yakakura drainage system, hunhu hwatinogona kuona muVerona amphitheatre, iyo ichiri kushanda uye yakabatsira mukuchengetedza kwakanakisa kwechiyeuchidzo. Verona Arena inoyera 50.000 x 152 m uye yaive yechitatu pakukura mushure meColosseum neCapua. Iwo akadzika maarch anotungamira kune 123 m yakafara yemukati corridor inotenderedza Arena.

Zviitiko zvinoitirwa muamphitheatre

Kuravira kwevanhu veRoma kwechiratidziro kwakagadzira chose varaidzo industry yezviitwa zvepamoyo izvo zvakazova chitubu chikuru chebasa: kubva kumateru emabhiza kuenda kuvavhimi vemhuka, kune vaimbi nejecha rakers.

Kusimudzirwa kwezviratidzwa izvi kwaive inotungamirwa nevesocial elite venguva yacho: mamejasitiriti aisimudzira zviitiko zveveruzhinji, vagari vakapfuma uye madzimambo aizopedzisira adzora kutonga kwezviratidziro.

Zvichida matikiti aive emahara sevakuru vekusimudzira vainyanya kufarira kuratidza hupfumi hwavo uye rupo pane kushandisa zviitiko izvi senzira yekuwana mari.

Pakati pezviitiko zvinopembererwa munhandare dzeRoma tinowana izvo zvinotsanangurwa pazasi.

Gladiator kurwa

VeRoman gladiators vanorwa mumwe pane mumwe munhandare yeamphitheatre

Yaiva iyo Chiratidziro chakakurumbira uye chakapararira muhushe hweRoma hwekare. Itsika inotorwa kubva kuEtruscan neOscosamnite tsika, kwakabva tsika iyi. Kuburikidza nemakwikwi ekurwa, varwi vakaratidza simba ravo uye kukosha kwavo.

Hondo yemunhu mumwe chete ye gladiator yaive imwe yemitambo yakateura ropa zvakanyanya yakaitwa munhandare. Nemhemberero idzi zvakaitirwa kurumbidza hunhu hwakadai sehushingi, hunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi uye mukurumbira wevatori vechikamu. Kuratidzwa kwehupenyu hwemunhu kune mukana wekurasikirwa nahwo - ndiko kuti, rufu - chinhu chakanyanya kuomarara kune veruzhinji vaivepo uye izvo pasina mubvunzo zvakaita kuti izvi zviratidziro zvinofarirwa nevanhu veRoma.

Mamejasitiriti eguta muRoma yekare aidikanirwa kuita mutambo wokurwa (munera) senzira yekuwana chigaro, uye maguta muhumambo hwose akazvipira kuronga makwikwi emunharaunda kuratidza kubatana kwavo netsika dzeRoma uye kupemberera zviitiko zvepamusoro, zvakadai sekushanya kwamambo kana zuva rekuzvarwa kwamambo.

Kurwa kweGladiator kwakaratidza chiitiko chakakosha panguva iyoyo, kuchiwana mukurumbira mukuru, kusvika apo vakundi vehondo vakave ngano dzechokwadi dzakatenderedza makirabhu avo efani.

Mhuka dzemusango dzinoratidza

kurwisana pakati pe gladiators nemhuka dzesango muRoman arna

Pamusoro pemakwikwi e gladiator, mashoo akaitwa munhandare dzeamphitheatre ne exotic mhuka vachibva kunzvimbo dziri kure nehumambo, kwavakatorwa kuti vazoburitswa pachena pazviitiko. Vanogona kunge vari shumba, dindingwe, zvipembere, zvipembere, twiza, nezvimwewo, chinhu chaifadza veruzhinji icho chaive chisina kujaira kuona zvimiro izvi, pamusoro pekufarirwa kwaimutswa ne kurwa kweropa pakati pavo.

Panguva yezviitiko izvi, nzira dzepasi pevhu dzakashandiswa kuita kuti mhuka dzionekwe zvisingatarisirwi munhandare. Kuti chiitiko chacho chive chechokwadi, nhandare yacho yaiwanzove yakashongedzwa nemiti nematombo akafanana nenzvimbo dzinoshamisa.

hondo dzemugungwa dzinoseka

Kuitwa kwehondo dzemugungwa munhandare dzemitambo

Semhemberero yekukunda kwehondo yeRoma, chiitiko chekukunda chakagadzirwazve kuburikidza nekudzokorora kwehondo chaidzo, iyo yaizoitwa yechokwadi kune chokwadi sezvinobvira, kunyange kana yaireva kufa.

kuurayiwa kwevanhu

Kuurayiwa kwevaRoma kwevakatukwa munhandare yeamphitheatre

Munzanga inozvitonga seyakabudirira yeRoma, macode etsika aionekwa nekusavapo kwawo kana kuti, mune zvakanakisa, aive asina kujeka. Saka, kuurayiwa kwevanhu vose kwaiitwa pasina chero rudzi rwekusavhiringidza apo vaifamba nenzira dzinotyisa zvikuru.. Matsotsi aiwanzourayirwa munhandare nokusangana nemhuka dzomusango dzaidzidya kana kuti kurwisana kusina kuenzana nevapambepfumi vane zvombo uye vane ruzivo rwokuzviwanira. Vakatongerwa mhosva vakaitwawo kuti vatarisane kusvika vakuvara zvakaipisisa kana kuti vashaya.

Kuderera kweamphitheatre uye kushandiswa kwavo nhasi

Mutambo weOpera kuVerona Arena nhasi

Hushe hweRoma hwakatambura kudzikira kusvikira hwasvika pakupera kwemazuva ahwo. Nekupararira kwechiKristu, makwikwi e gladiator akange asingachakodzeri mafungiro matsva uye nekuderera kwemadzimambo ekupedzisira eRoma, Hondo ye gladiator yakasvika kumagumo mugore re404 AD uye pamwe nayo, kupera kwekuita kweamphitheatre.

Nhoroondo yeColosseum pasina mubvunzo ndeimwe yevamiriri vakawanda: yakashandurwa kuita nhare muzana remakore rechiXNUMX, yakazununguswa nekudengenyeka kwepasi muzana remakore rechiXNUMX uye yakashandiswa senzvimbo yeruzhinji naPope Alexander VI. Kunyange zvakadaro, nhandare yeColosseum nedzimwe nhandare dzemitambo dzichiripo nanhasi inhaka yakaisvonaka yetsika uye yokuvaka kubvira panguva yairatidzwa nechiedza nemimvuri zvenyika yeRoma.

Zvakawanda zvakachengetedzwa zvakanaka uye zvakadzorerwa kuti zvivakoshese uye kuvapa hupenyu hwechipiri, uko zviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana zvetsika zvinoitwa. Muenzaniso weizvi unowanikwa mu zhizha opera muVerona, the anoseka gladiator anorwa muTarragona and the rock concerts muArles inozivikanwa pasi rose.


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