Simba renyukireya. Mukupera kwa1942 vakaenda Goodyear vatengi vaida rudzi rwemhepo inopisa, yakafanana neiyo kambani yeAmerica yakanga yatanga kugadzira makumi emakore mashoma apfuura uye iyo yaishandiswawo kune zvikepe zvendege. Ivo vaisangoda kuti denderedzwa kana kutenderedzwa chero zvakadaro, asi cubic.
Zvinotaridza kunge maGoodyear techs aive akagumburwa. Vangangodaro vaishamisika "Ko bharumu yecube ingabhururuka sei?", Pamwe vachiedza kunyengerera vatengi kuti vachinje pfungwa dzavo. Chaizvoizvo, vatengi ivavo vakanga vasina basa nendege. Muchokwadi, ivo vakabva kuYunivhesiti yeChicago uye vakashanda pamusoro-chakavanzika purojekiti inotungamirwa naEnrico Fermi yekuvandudza yekutanga ketani yenyukireya fission reaction, inozivikanwa se. Chicago Pile-1.
Vaisada kubhururuka...
Zvinonzwisisika, naizvozvo, kuti vaisakwanisa kupa ruzivo rwakawanda pamusoro pezvikonzero zvekutenga kwavo, kuti kwete chete vangadai vasina kumbobhururuka mumatenga, asi vangadai vakaramba vari munzvimbo yepasi pevhu kuti vashande sebhokisi. ine 45.000 graphite blocks uye matani makumi mashanu pakati peuranium oxide uye metallic uranium yakagadzira murwi.
Bhatiri rakatanga kushanda makore 80 apfuura. Na15:25 p.m. musi waDecember 2, 1942, 23:25 p.m. muItaly, murabhoritari iri pasi penzvimbo dzenhandare yenhabvu yeAmerica.kana Stagg Munda kubva kuYunivhesiti yeChicago - isina kushandiswa panguva iyoyo - nyika yakanga ichidzidza kugona simba re Nyukliya fision nekuda kwekubatsira kwakakosha kwenyanzvi yefizikisi yekuItaly. Pasati papera makore matatu gare gare, simba iroro raizoshandiswa zvinosiririsa mumabhomba eatomu eHiroshima neNagasaki. uye, mushure mehondo, nokuda kwezvinangwa zvorugare mune fission reactors iyo nhasi inobudisa inenge 10% yemagetsi enyika.
Enrico Fermi uye pfungwa yeAmerica
Pakutanga kuona zvinoita sekunge Enrico Fermi afunga kugara muUnited States of America chete mubvunzo wemari yakapihwa kumayunivhesiti uye masangano ekutsvagisa. Zvamazvirokwazvo, mukuvamba kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, nyika yesayenzi yakanga ine ruzha. Yakabatanidzwa, mumakumi maviri emakore ekutanga, iyo inonzi yekare Quantum Theory, pfungwa dze quantum mechanics dzakanga dzichitora chimiro kubva muhafu yechipiri ye 1920. Zviwanikwa zveSainzi imwe pashure peimwe uye pfungwa dzevanhu dzakarongwa mukuferefeta kusina tsitsi kwezviduku zvisingaperi.
The Institute on Via Panisperna, mumoyo weRome, inotungamirwa naEnrico Fermi uye nevabatsiri vakaita saSegrè, Amaldi, Pontecorvo, Majorana, Rasetti, D'Agostino, yaida michina inodhura zvakanyanya kuti irambe ichikwikwidza padanho repamusoro rekutsvagisa.. Kuongorora radioactivity yezvinhu neiyo chaiyo intuition yekubhomba nuclei nemanyutroni kwaida kudiwa kwechidimbu chinomhanyisa chinokwanisa kuzvigadzira mumatanda esimba rakakwana uye kusimba kwepamusoro.
Zvese zvakatanga neartificial radioactivity
Muitiro wesayenzi wakatungamirira kumuuyo waDecember 2 wakavamba makore gumi namashanu pamberi pezvi, muna 1926, nekokesheni yaFermi neYunivhesiti yeRome kuna sachigaro wokutanga weItaly wetioretical physics. Ikoko Fermi akaberekera boka revakomana veVia Panisperna uye akatungamirira tsvakurudzo yavo pamusoro pefizikisi yenyukireya, iyo yakanga ichibuda ipapo nekuda kwebasa renyanzvi dzakawanda dzeEurope. Achikurudzirwa nekuwanikwa kweartificial radioactivity naIrène Curie naFréderéric Joliot, Fermi akaita ongororo dzakatevedzana pakati pemakore ekuma1930 izvo zvakamuwanisa Mubairo weNobel muFizikisi muna 1938. Gore rakapera nezviitiko zviviri zvingadai zvakabatsira zvikuru. mune zvakaitika kuChicago makore 80 apfuura.
Nhoroondo yezvakaitika
Kunyangwe mari yakakosha yakapihwa neHurumende kuInstitute, izvi hazvina kuvabvumira kuwana particle accelerators inoenderana nezvinangwa zvevakomana kubva kuVia Panisperna.. Nyika, chokwadi. Nekuti kuregeredza iyo Italian sociopolitical tsoka yemakore ekuma30 ingave yakashata ine musoro kukanganisa. Kuparadzana kukuru kwakapedzwa nesangano rekuita rinotungamirwa naBenito Mussolini mumakore gumi apfuura muItaly yakaparadzwa neHondo Yenyika Yekutanga.
Kutonga kusingapikiswe kweBato reNational Fascist uye hukama hwepfungwa neBato raAdolf Hitler reNational Socialist German Workers' Party paakatora masimba muGermany yakashatirwa muna 1933. Tarisiro yehurukuro dzevamiriri venyika yakaparara nenzira inonzwisisika nokukukurwa kwemhirizhonga yenyika yakanga yakavanzwa yekurwisana uye remangwana. zvirongwa zvevadzvanyiriri vatsva. Iyi ndiyo nzvimbo yakadzika midzi yeEurope apo sainzi yakamira secathedral iri mugwenga. Mashanga akatyora musana wengamera akanga ari, nokuda kwaEnrico Fermi, kuziviswa kwemitemo yemarudzi muna 1938, uko kwakaona Laura Capon, mudzimai wake wechiJudha, ari pakati peavo vakatapurwa zvakananga..
Zuva reKisimusi, zuva rakakosha rekufamba
Manheru eKisimusi, Fermi nemhuri yake vakatanga rwendo rweFranconia kuUnited States, vachimanikidzwa kubva muItaly nemitemo yerudzi rwefascism. Ngarava iyo, nenzira iyo, yakafamba kakawanda mumvura yakanga ine mhirizhonga yeHondo Yenyika II: kuunza kuUnited States nyanzvi yefizikisi angadai ari mumwe wevaratidziri veManhattan Project, kutakura mauto eBritish kuenda kunzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana dzehondo uye achitambira Churchill nenhumwa yeBritish muna 1945 panguva yehurukuro dzeYalta. Uye nguva dzose mukati menguva yeKrisimisi Lise Meitner, nyanzvi yefizikisi yeAustria uyo, ari muJudha, aifanira kutiza kubva kuGermany achienda kuSweden.
Enrico Fermi, Laura naNiels Bohr vakasvika muNew York pana Ndira 2, 1939. Nokudaro kwakavamba batira pamwe neColumbia University uko Fermi aizoshanda sorutivi rweboka rokunzvera kwenyukireya. Kuseri kwe kuwanikwa kwemaGermans O. Hahn naF. Strassmann pamusoro pekutsemuka uye/kana kutsemuka kwezvinhu zvinorema, Fermi akatanga zvizere mukudzidza kwehupfumi hwenyuturoni mune fission reactions ye isotopes dzakasiyana dzeuranium.
murwi weatomu
Fermi akasimbisa fungidziro yakasimudzwa naL.Szilard muna 1933, nezve mukana wekuve nenhevedzano yemaketani enyukireya. Kutsemuka kweisotope U 235 Inogadzira avhareji ye2,8 fast neutrons, yesimba pakati pe10 k eV ne10 MeV. Kunyatsopisa (kunonoka) kuburikidza nekupisa kupisa pakudhumhana nemoderator cores, kunowedzera mukana wekukonzera mamwe maU cores kuita fission. 235. Kumisikidza chidzidzo chemasimba ekuita kwenyukireya fission kunyaya yeramangwana, zvichakwana pano kutaura kuti vaongorori vaive nemukana wekuvaka bhatiri raizoisa maketani akadaro ekuzvitsigira.
Mhedzisiro yenyukireya iyo, ichienzaniswa neyakajairwa kupiswa kwekemikari, yakaburitsa simba rakakura zvakapetwa 10 miriyoni uye iro simba rehondo rakakurumidza kunzwika muUnited States nemuNazi Germany. Kutenda zvakare kune mafungiro aFermi, chirongwa cheAmerica chakafambira mberi nekukurumidza uye nhanho yakakosha yaive chaiyo kugadzirwa kwebhatiri reatomu.
Muchokwadi, zvinotora nzvimbo rnuclear fission chain reaction. Kutsemuka kwemboro yeuranium kunokonzerwa nekudhumhana kweneutron nayo. Kuora kweuranium kunoburitsa nuclei yakareruka uye mamwe manyutroni, paavhareji pakati pembiri nenhatu. Kana chitsama chakakwana cheuranium chakanangidzirwa munzvimbo yakaganhurirwa, migariro yakaoma inogona kusvikwa, apo nokuda kwokusawirirana kuri kwose, paavhareji, inenge imwe yemanyuturoni anogadzirwa inokonzera kumwe kutsemuka. Zvichienderana nehuwandu hwekutsoropodza, maitiro anogona kuzvitsigira uye kugadzira simba nenzira inodzorwa -sezvinoitika mumagetsi emagetsi- kana kukura zvakanyanya uye nekukurumidza kuburitsa simba rakakura, sezvinoitika mumidziyo yenyukireya.
Chicago-Stack 1, Nuclear Power
Murwi uyu waisanganisira matani 5,6 euranium simbi uye matani makumi matatu nematanhatu euranium oxide pellets. Izvi zvakatsinhaniswa ne36 matani emagraphite blocks ane moderating uye maitiro ekuita. Nzira chete yekudzora maitiro uye kuwana hunhu hwakakomba, hunoratidza kutanga kwekuzvimiririra, ndeye kugadzirisa mafambiro ekudzora tsvimbo mune stack.
Murwi unotanga kushanda musi waDecember 2, 1942. Mumangwanani-ngwanani unosvika panzvimbo yakaoma uye unovhara maminetsi mashomanana gare gare nokudzorera tsvimbo dzose dzokudzora.. Pazuva iroro rinotonhora remakore anosuruvarisa eHondo Yenyika II, mufambisi wengarava weItaly akasvika munyika itsva. Asi Pazasi pe epidermis yeAmerican nyukireya sainzi tsvakiridzo yakahwanda iyo Manhattan Project.. Saka, kuenderana nekushandiswa kwetsika kwesimba renyukireya pakugadzira magetsi, tiri kuona kusafambiswa kweplutonium muhondo dzenyukireya dzehondo. Vaviri vavo, Mukomana mudiki y Mafuta Mafuta, vakatanga kuita kuti Hiroshima uye ipapo Nagasaki ive huruva.
Mufaro wekuwana kuti gare gare zvishoma yakava nhamo
Pa 15:25 musi waDecember 2, Chicago Pile-1 yakasvika pakutsoropodza nenzira yakanyatsogadziriswa, ichiratidza kukwanisa kwekuita. Eugene Wigner, mumwe wenyanzvi dzefizikisi aivepo, akafukura bhodhoro reChianti kupemberera chiitiko ichi, achiremekedza mavambo aFermi kuItaly. Masayendisiti makumi mana nepfumbamwe aivepo akasaina jira remashanga rebhodhoro, iro richiri kuchengetwa paUniversity yeChicago. Asi - saLeona Woods, nyanzvi yefizikisi yakatora chikamu muchirongwa ichi uyezve mudzidzi wemakore makumi maviri nematatu, anoyeuka - yaive toast yakanyarara, nekuti, sekutaura kwaWigner pachake, "Takaziva kuti takanga tava kuda kusunungura hofori«. Hofori iyo mune inopfuura makore mashoma ingadai yapedza Hondo Yenyika Yechipiri nemutengo unosiririsa wekuparadzwa kweHiroshima neNagasaki.
Sayenzi haisi mhosva, asi munhu
Chiitiko chegore negore, icho chaDecember 2, 1942, naizvozvo chakazara nerevo: kuedza kukuru kwesayenzi, uko kwakava netapuro huru panhau yazvino uno. Nhoroondo haigoni kuitwa ne "kana," asi zvingangoita kuti dai United States yakanga isina kuvaka murwi muChicago, pane imwe nguva Nazi Germany ingadai yakabudirira, nemigumisiro inofungidzira nyore nyore kune nyika.
Kuburitsa zvakavanzika zvemukati zvenyaya kwave kumwe kwekubudirira kukuru kwehungwaru hwevanhu uye protagonist, ne Relativity uye quantum mechanics, yekuchinja kukuru mukunzwisisa kwedu nyika kwakaunzwa nefizikisi muzana remakore rechiXNUMX. Nhasi, nemhaka yefizikisi yenyukireya, zvirwere zvinorapwa, muviri womunhu unonzverwa, uye magetsi anobudiswa nokutsemuka mumagetsi emagetsi asingabudisi ma<em>greenhouse gasi. Izvo hazvisi zvesainzi, iyo yakaita uye icharamba ichipa mipiro yakakura kune kugara zvakanaka kwevanhu uye iyo yagara iri mudziyo werunyararo, asi kushandiswa kwakaitwa mhedzisiro yayo uye iyo pfungwa yekutarisira uye yekunzwisisa iyo havafanire kunge vari vanhu vakakundikana.