Tsika yeChavín inoonekwa nenyanzvi kuve yekutanga yakagadziridzwa tsika muPre-Hispanic Peru, pesvedzero yaro yakapararira nekukurumidza munzvimbo yese yava kuchamhembe kwenyika. Unyanzvi hwese hweiyi tsika yekare inoshamisika nemhando yayo, yakakodzera kutaurwa kwakakosha kweiyo Chavin ceramics.
Chavin ceramics
Chavín pottery inoratidza shanduko yehunyanzvi iyo tsika iyi yakasangana nayo mumakore ese aya, ichishanda sesimba kune dzimwe tsika.
Chavín tsika
Tsika yeChavín yakabudirira pakati nekuchamhembe kweAndes, makore akapoteredza 900 kusvika 200 BC, iri imwe yekutanga uye huru pre-Inca tsika. Nzvimbo yechinamato yeChavín de Huántar yaive nzvimbo yakakosha yekufamba munharaunda yese yeAndean uye yaive nesimba mumagariro echizvino uye akazotevera kusanganisira kubva kuParacas kuenda kumaIncas.
Nzvimbo iyi inonyanya kuwanikwa panzvimbo yekusangana yenzizi mbiri dzinova dzechinyakare cheAndean, Huachesca neMosna nzizi, mugomba rekumusoro kwerwizi Marañón, mudhipatimendi riripo reÁncash uye raishandiswa kweanopfuura mazana mashanu emakore. .
Iyi nharaunda ine XNUMX metres pamusoro pegungwa uye inotenderedza Quechua, Suni, uye Puna hupenyu nzvimbo. Mune periodization ye pre-Columbian Peru, iyo Chavín ndiyo tsika huru yeEarly Horizon nguva munzvimbo dzakakwirira dzePeru, inoratidzwa nekuwedzerwa kwekunamata kwechitendero, kutaridzika kwemakeramiki ane hukama zvakanyanya nenzvimbo dzemhemberero, kuvandudzwa kwehunyanzvi hwekurima uye. kuvandudzwa kwesimbi nemachira.
Chavin Art
Inyanzvi yetsika yeChavín inomiririra yekutanga kupararira muAndes yose uye ine maitiro anozivikanwa emhando yepakutanga. MuChavín art, nhanho mbiri dzakanyatsotsanangurwa dzinogona kuzivikanwa. Danho rekutanga rinoenderana nekuvakwa kwe "Old Temple" muChavín de Huántar inenge pakati pegore 900 uye gore ra500 BC; Danho rechipiri rinoenderana nekuvakwa kwe "Temberi Itsva" munzvimbo imwechete, chiitiko chakaitika pakati pe500 ne200 BC.
MuChavín art, kushongedzwa kwemadziro kunoratidzwa nenzira yekuveza, zvivezwa, zvidhori. Vanyori vaifarira kuratidza zvinomera nemhuka zvisiri zveko, zvakaita sejaguar nemakondo. Imwe yeanonyanya kukosha motifs muChavín art imufananidzo wemhuka, iyo yaive yakakosha mune zvechitendero uye inodzokororwa mumifananidzo yakawanda.
Mienzaniso yakajairika yehunyanzvi hweChavín zvinhu zvitatu zvinozivikanwa: Obelisk yeTello, "misoro yeminzwa" uye Lanson. The Obelisk of Tello ihofori sculptural tsvimbo ine mifananidzo yemiti nemhuka, kusanganisira makarwe, shiri, zviyo, uye vanhu. Zvichida, mufananidzo uri paobelisk unobudisa nyaya yekusikwa kwenyika. Misoro yespike, inowanikwa muChavín de Huántar yese, mifananidzo mikuru yejaguar inodongorera kubva pamusoro pemadziro emukati.
Zvichida chinhu chinonyanya kufadza ndeyeLanson, inova mbiru yegranite yakareba mamita gumi neshanu inofamba nepamusoro pedenga retemberi. Iine chifananidzo chemwari ane fanged (hafu yejaguar, hafu yenyoka, hafu yevanhu), chisikwa chikuru chechitendero chevanhu veChavín. Pakudzidza maChavín ceramics, marudzi maviri emidziyo akawanikwa, rudzi rwemarudzi akawanda ane mufananidzo wakavezwa uye rumwe rudzi rwakapendwa neruvara rwakatenderedzwa.
Chavin ceramics
Chavín pottery inonyanya kuzivikanwa nekushongedzwa kunowanikwa mumagalari eChavín temple. Midziyo yakanga yakasimba uye inorema kunyanya munguva yekutanga.
Mafomu makuru imbiya dzakavhurika dzine mativi akatwasuka kana kuti ari kuwedzera zvishoma uye mabhesi akatsetseka kana akatenderedzwa zvinyoro nyoro, zvirongo nemabhodhoro ane stirrups. Iyo yepamusoro inogona kuve yakashongedzwa kana kushongedzwa ne incising, embossing, brushing, roulette kana serrated rocker stamping, zvese izvi zvinogona kuiswa kune dzimwe nzvimbo mukupesana neakatsetseka. Mamwe mabhodhoro ane zvakadzika magadzirirwo pazviso zvemukati nekunze.
Nekufamba kwenguva, Chavín ceramics yakaunza shanduko dzakawanda, semuenzaniso, pombi dzekutanga dzekumhanyisa dzaive diki, dzakakora kwazvo uye dzairema, dzichiratidza kugobvu flange. Nokufamba kwenguva, ma<em>stitrups akareruka uye maspikes akareba; matomu akadambuka uye pakupedzisira akanyangarika. Mitsipa yeflasks yakaita shanduko dzakafanana.
Iko kushongedzwa kwemamwe emakeramiki aya kunoshamisa zvakanyanya; mamwe akaveza maruva magadzirirwo, uye imwe ine rough surface mune nhevedzano yeconcave circular depressions ine polish yakakwira zvinoshamisa. Cupisnique stirrup spout midziyo, mimwe yacho yaifananidzwa neanthropomorphic manhamba, mhuka, kana muchero, yaive mavambo echinyakare chekuenzanisira zvakasikwa paNorth Coast, iyo yakaramba iripo munhoroondo yayo. midziyo yehari yakatanga kushandiswa.
Kune nzvimbo yakakura pamhenderekedzo yekumaodzanyemba kwePeruvia ine pakati payo muIca Valley, uko kwakasimba pesvedzero kubva kuChavín tsika yakawanikwa muParacas maitiro ehari uye machira maviri akapendwa mune yakachena Chavín maitiro akapukunyuka kubva mumupata mumwe chete. Paracas potters yakanga yakasiyana zvikuru neiyo yaChavín, asi zvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana zvakabvumira kuti vaviri vacho vave neukama hwepedyo.
Paracas yakatanga panguva ingangoita seChavín, ingangoita chiuru BC, uye yakagara mukati menguva yayo yese uye nekupfuura, pamwe kusvika kunosvika mazana maviri BC. Chimiro chikurusa chehari yehari yeParacas yakanga yakavharika ine chigadziko chakati sandarara, icho chaiva netupapi tuviri twakatetepa twakabatanidzwa nezambuko rakati sandarara, kana kuti kazhinji kazhinji, nemuromo mumwe wakatsiviwa nomusoro womunhu kana kuti weshiri.
Mabhodhoro eraundi akapfava aive akajairika. Ware yacho yaiwanzo dema kana kusviba zvakanyanya, uye yakawanda yepasi yaive yakafukidzwa nekushongedzwa kwakatsanangurwa nekuchekwa uye pendi yepolychromely muakaoma, anopenya, ane resinous mavara mushure mekupfura. Panera rine huso hwehadzi kune rumwe rutivi rwechikepe-uye-bhiriji yaive imwe yenzira dzakajairika dzekushongedza.
Paracas art inosiyaniswawo nemachira ayo akanaka akarukwa, ayo anowanzo kuwanikwa mumucheka wevakakosha vakafa. Embroidery yaive nemukurumbira panguva ino iyo yakazorasika, asi zvinoshamisa zvakasiyana-siyana zvehunyanzvi hwekuruka zvakashandiswawo munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzemahombekombe.
Chavín pottery yainyanya kuve monochrome, yakaumbwa, yakakwenenzverwa uye yakachekwa, maapplication uye mitsetse yakaitwa semhando yekushongedza. Chimiro chainyanya kushandiswa imudziyo une globular body ine mubato wakaita sestitrup uye cylindrical neck. Vanhu veChavín vaiziva uye vaishandisa goridhe, sirivha, mhangura uye zvinogoneka kuti vaizivawo mamwe maalloys. Kunyungudisa simbi idzi zvinotendwa kuti vaishandisa mavira akagadzirwa nevhu, aine marasha sehuni.
Nzira yaishandiswa nesimbi yakarasika wakisi, kuveza, embossing nekucheka. Zvinhu zvesimbi zvakawanikwa parizvino ndezvi: zvishandiso, zvishongo zvemuviri, zvinhu zvetsika uye zvombo.
Chavín chehari chaikwenenzverwa nhema, shava, grey, kana shava zvine machekwa, maappliqués, uye kuveza. Iyo yakajairika mafomu emakeramiki mabhodhoro ane mitsipa mirefu, mahwendefa nembiya. Ceramic ine yakakwira yekuyamura kushongedzwa kwezvinangwa zvemhemberero. Kugadzirwa kweChavín ceramics kunopa nguva nhatu:
Urabarrio nguva
Nguva yeUrabarrie inotangira pagore remazana mapfumbamwe Kristu asati asvika kusvika mazana maviri Kristu asati auya. Munguva iyi, tembere yeChavín de Huántar yaive munzvimbo yakakomberedzwa nenzvimbo diki dzekugara kwaigara mazana mashoma vanhu. Vagari venzvimbo iyi vaive vakazvipira kuvhima uye panguva iyi ndipo pakatanga kurima chibage nembatatisi.
Iyo yehari yeUrabarriu nhanho yakapesvedzerwa zvakanyanya nedzimwe tsika. Humbowo hwekuchera matongo hwakawanikwa hunoratidza kuti panguva iyi nzvimbo dzekugadzira zviumbwa zveChavín dzakanga dzakapararira, zvichida nekuda kwekushomeka kwehuwandu hwevanhu vakapararira.
Chakinani period
Nguva yeChakinani yaive pakati pegore remazana mashanu BC uye gore remazana mana BC. Munguva iyi nzvimbo dzekugara dzakatenderedza tembere yeChavín de Huántar dzakakura zvakanyanya nekuda kwekugara kutama kwevanhu. Pakanga pari panguva iyi apo tsika yeChavín yakatanga kuchengetwa uye kuberekesa llama, kuderedza kuvhima kwemhembwe. Mukati meichi nhanho pakanga pane kurukurirano nekutengeserana kwakawanda namamwe magariro ari kure.
Rocks kana Janabarriu Period
Nguva yeRocas kana kuti Janbarriu inotangira pagore remazana mana Kristu asati asvika kusvika pagore remazana maviri nemakumi mashanu Kristu asati auya. Munguva iyi pakanga pane kuwedzera kukuru kwevanhu. Nzvimbo dzekugara dzakava nzvimbo huru dzemudhorobha, mumipata ine vanhu vakawanda uye dzimwe nharaunda munzvimbo dzakakwirira. Munguva iyi, kusiyanisa kwevanhu uye hunyanzvi mubasa kunotanga kuitika.
Muono wekutanga wakatsiviwa neinonzi nguva yekutanga yepakati. Kutanga kweYekutanga Yepakati kwakaratidza kudzikira kweChavín tsika pesvedzero uye kubudirira kwehunyanzvi uye tekinoroji peaks munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana, kumahombekombe uye munzvimbo dzakakwirira.
Heano mamwe malink aunofarira: