Gungwa reCaribbean rakafara rinoshamba nemvura dzaro nyika dzinogarwa nemarudzi emarudzi Caribbean tsika, izvo zvakamupa zita rake. Iri nhangemutange yakashinga yevarwi yakadyara kutya pakati pevakundi nekuda kwemukurumbira wayo wehutsinye uye hunhu hwayo husingakundiki husina kumbokanda mapfumo pasi.
Caribbean tsika
Tsika dzeCaribbean dzinoenderana neboka revanhu vaigara muzana ramakore rechigumi nematanhatu, panguva yekusvika kwevaEurope, chikamu chekuchamhembe kweColombia, kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweVenezuela uye mamwe maAntilles madiki. Nhasi vazukuru vavo, vanaCariña, vanowanwa muVenezuela, Brazil, Guyana, Suriname neFrench Guiana uye pamwero muduku muHonduras. MuAntilles Maduku vakanyangarika nekuda kwekupinda kweEurope, pachitsuwa cheSan Vicente vakavhengana nevaAfrica, vachipa vaGarífuna.
Kutanga
Mabviro etsika dzeCaribbean haana kunyatsotsanangurwa nevanochera matongo nenyanzvi dzeanthropologists.Vamwe vanoisa musimboti wekutanga mumasango eGuanas (angave ari muVenezuela, Guyana, French Guiana neSuriname) kana kumaodzanyemba nekuchamhembe, nechepakati. nharaunda yeAmazon River muBrazil.
Muna 1985, weVenezuelan anthropologist Kay Tarble akanyora akati wandei dzidziso nezvekwakabva tsika yeCaribbean: Muna 1970, muongorori wezvekuchera matongo wekuUnited States Lahtrap akakurudzira kuti nzvimbo yekupararira yakatanga kubva kuGuyana kumahombekombe ekuchamhembe kweRwizi rweAmazon uye senzvimbo yekuenda kuAmazon yeColombia. , mhenderekedzo yegungwa yeGuyana neAntilles.
Dr. Tarble vanoenderera mberi nenyanzvi yebotanist yekuAmerica Karl H. Schwerin (1972) avo vanoti makomo ekumabvazuva kweColombia ndiko kunobvira kwakabva uye Orinoco River, Guayana neAmazon senzvimbo dzekuenda uye mune imwe nhanho kubva kuMiddle Orinoco kusvika kuzasi. Orinoco uye Antilles; weNorth America archaeologist Betty Jane Meggers (1975) anoronga Maodzanyemba eAmazon akananga kuchamhembe kwebheseni rerwizi rukuru urwu uye Kuchamhembe kweAmazon kwakananga kunharaunda yeSavanna uye neAmazon yese.
Pakupedzisira, anthropologist Marshall Durbin (1977) anoratidza nzvimbo yekubva kweVenezuelan Guayana, Surinam kana French Guiana munzira yekuenda kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweColombia, kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweColombia uye kumaodzanyemba kweAmazon, zvichiteerana. Nekuda kwake, anthropologist Kay Tarble anoronga mhando nyowani yekuwedzera tsika yeCaribbean, yaanoisa Proto-Caribbean, munzvimbo dzeGuianas kubva mugore re3000 BC maererano nehumbowo hwekuchera matongo uye ruzivo rwemitauro.
Mhuri yemitauro yetsika dzeCaribbean ndeimwe yedzakanyanya kupararira muAmerica uye yakaumbwa nenhamba huru yemadzinza akapararira munzvimbo yakakura yeAmerican continent. Kufara uku kwakagadzira kuti mitauro yeCarib yaitaurwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana yakaratidza mutsauko nekuda kwekuchinjirwa kunharaunda uye kusangana nemamwe madzinza.
Kuwedzera kwetsika dzeCaribbean pamusoro penzvimbo yakakura kune kururamiswa kwayo mune akati wandei anthropological maficha, pakati pezvimwe hunyanzvi hwayo mukufamba kwemugungwa nerwizi pamwe netsika yevarume vetsika iyi yekutsvaga vakadzi vemamwe mapoka (exogamy). ) zvakapesvedzerawo kukura kwaro mukuva taundi rakanyatsogadzirirwa hondo.
Zvinoenderana neanthropological zvidzidzo uye zvenhoroondo maficha, tsika dzeCaribbean dzakapararira munharaunda yekondinendi kuchamhembe kweAmazon nemadzinza eCarijona nePanar; kusvika mujinga memakomo eAndes, uko kwakamira marudzi eYukpas, Mocoas, Chaparros, Caratos, Parisis, Kiri Kiris nevamwe; kubva kuBrazilian plateau kusvika kumatsime erwizi Xingú: yuma, palmella, bacairi, murwizi rweNegro; Yauperis uye Crichanas. MuFrench Guiana Galibis, accavois uye calinas. Zvimiro zvetsika dzeCaribbean zvakawanikwa mudhipatimendi reLoreto muPeru.
Kuwedzera kwetsika dzeCaribbean kwakaitika zvakanyanya mugore ra1200 AD, zvichivatungamira kuti vatore huwandu hukuru hweMadiki uye Makuru Antilles akadai seCuba neHispaniola, pamwe nekutora zvachose Granada, Trinidad neTobago, Dominica neSaint Vincent neGrenadines. , vachidzinga vaTaínos uyewo vachivhozhokera Puerto Rico pamwe chete nechokuchamhembe kweColombia neVenezuela yazvino uno.
Social sangano
MaCarib akarongwa kuita mapoka emhuri anonzi cacicazgos, anodzorwa nemuti unogara nhaka yechiremera chake kubva kumwanakomana kana muzukuru. Mune dzimwe nzanga dzechiCarib, muti wacho wakasarudzwa kubva pakati pevakuru vechitendero.
Iyo cacique ndiyo yakasarudza uye yakatonga hupenyu hwese hwemagariro, hwechitendero uye hwezvematongerwo enyika hwenharaunda. Kunyange zvazvo vakaumba nzanga yamadzibaba mune dzimwe nzanga, yakanga ichipa nzira ku<em>matriarchy, zvikurukuru munharaunda dzezvitsuwa, muenzaniso weichi chinjo unogona kuoneka mucacica guru Gaitana muColombia.
Sangano rekugarisana mutsika dzeCaribbean raitongwa nemakachi, vatungamiriri vemauto nemashaman vaive vapirisita vechitendero. Pakati penzanga paiva nevarimi, mhizha, vatengesi, uye vasungwa vehondo. Mhuri yakaita basa rakakura, kuve mhuri yecacique ndiyo yainyanya kukosha. Wanano yaiitwa nevemamwe madzinza uye barika raiitwa.
Mutsika dzeCaribbean, vakadzi vaiva munharaunda yakaderera kupfuura varume, basa ravo rekutarisira nekurerwa kwevana, basa remumba, kugadzirwa nekugadzirwa kwezvokudya, kugadzirira zvipfeko nekudyara uye kukohwa. Varume vakazvipira kuhondo uye kudzidzisa vana mutsika dzavo netsika. Madzimai nevana vaigara mumatumba akasiyana nevarume.
Basa rehupfumi
Zvinoenderana neuchapupu hwevanyori venhoroondo dzekuEurope, maCaribs aive akazvipira kuvhima, kubata hove, kuunganidza uye kutengesa nemamwe madzinza. Kurima kwakanga kusiri pakati pemibato yavo inokosha zvikurusa, asi ivo vairima mufarinya, bhinzi, mbambaira, koko, uye mimwe michero yomunzvimbo dzinopisa. Rimwe remabasa ekuwana chikafu chevaCarib kwaiva kuredza.
Kutengeserana kwaive kwakakoshawo muhupfumi hwetsika dzeCaribbean uye kwaive kwakakosha kupihwa kuenderera mberi kwekufamba kubva kune imwe nzvimbo kuenda kune imwe. Uchapupu hwakawanwa hunoratidza kuti vaCarib vakatengeserana neEastern Tainos vaigara muzvitsuwa zveCaribbean zvakasiyana. Sehumbowo hweizvi, zvakaratidzwa kuti vaCarib vakatora sirivha iyo mukundi wekuSpain Ponce de León akawana mune yava kunzi nharaunda yePuerto Rico.
Mitezo yetsika dzeCaribbean idzo dzaigara munzvimbo dzaitonhora zvikuru dzinonzi dzakagadzira machira edonje ayo aishongedza nedhayi dzemuriwo, ayo anofungidzirwa kuti aishandiswa kuchinjaniswa nedzimwe nzanga.
Chitendero
VaCarib vainamata vanamwari vakawanda. Chitendero chaiitwa neCaribbean chaiva nezvinhu zvine chokuita nechitendero chemadzitateguru avo. VaCarib vezvitsuwa vaidavira muna mwari akaipa anonzi Maybouya uyo vaifanira kufadza kuti vamunyaradze uye nokudaro kudzivisa kuvadziko yaaigona kuparira. Rimwe basa guru ren’anga raive rekuti Mabouya adzikame, pamwe nekuporesa vanorwara nemishonga nezvitsinga. Mashameni aive nemukurumbira mukuru wekuve ivo chete vaigona kunzvenga zvakaipa.
Miitiro yaitungamirirwa nevashaman yaisanganisira zvibayiro. Kufanana nevaArawak nevamwe zvizvarwa zvokuAmerica, vaCarib vaisvuta fodya mutsika dzechitendero chavo. ChiRungu chakanyora tsika dzekudya vanhu pakati pemaCaribs ezvitsuwa. Kutaura zvazviri, izwi rokuti cannibal rinobva pashoko rokuti Caribbean. Kunyange zvazvo vaCarib vaingozviita mutsika dzavo dzechitendero dzine chokuita nehondo umo vaifungidzirwa kuti vaidya nhengo dzemiviri yevavengi, vamwe vokuEurope vaidavira kuti vaCarib vaidya nyama yevanhu zuva nezuva.
Mutsika yeCaribbean yakanga iri tsika yakajairika kuchengeta mapfupa emadzitateguru mudzimba, izvo zvakatsanangurwa nevapristi vekune dzimwe nyika sechiratidzo chekutenda kweCarib kuti madzitateguru ndivo vachengeti nevachengeti vevana vavo. Mugore ra1502, Mambokadzi Elizabeth akabatanidza vanodya nyama pakati pavanhu vaigona kuitwa varanda, izvi zvakapa vanhu vokuSpain kurudziro yapamutemo nechikonzero chokuzivisa mapoka akasiyana-siyana evaAmerica sevanodya nyama kuti vaaite varanda uye kuvatorera nyika yavo.
Maererano nemunyori Basil A. Reid, mubasa rake "Nhema uye Chokwadi cheNhoroondo yeCaribs" kune uchapupu hwakakwana hwezvokuchera matongo uye nekucherechedza zvakananga kwakaitwa nevaEurope vakasiyana-siyana vanonyatsoona kuti maCaribs haana kumbodya nyama yevanhu.
Tsika dzeCaribbean muColombia
Tsika dzeCaribbean dzakapararira nekuchamhembe kweColombia, kazhinji dzichigara kumahombekombe egungwa nemapani ari pedyo nenzizi. Kune madzinza akati wandei etsika dzeCaribbean akatanhamara munharaunda yava kunzi Colombia.
The Muzos
VaMuzos vakatora dunhu rava kunzi dhorobha reMuzo nemamwe madhumeni akavakidzana mumadhipatimendi eBoyaca, Cundinamarca neSantander. Kufanana nemazhinji emadzinza etsika dzeCaribbean, vaMuzo vaive vanhu vanoda hondo, uko hondo yaive yakakosha. Vaive nekatsika kekutsveyamisa dehenya ravo kuburikidza nekudzvanyirirwa nekuaita kuti mbembe vachienda kune anteroposterior direction.
Mukati mesocial organisation yemuzoo maive musina matinji asi ishe wedzinza rega rega. Simba raishandiswa nevakuru uye nevarwi vakanga vakunda zvikuru muhondo. Kwakanga kusina mitemo kana kuti mitemo yaidzora mabasa avo. Vakanga vakapatsanurwa munzanga pakati pevarwi, vanhu vanokosha uye machinga avo vakanga vari vakadzingwa uko kwaisanganisirwa varanda vaiwanzova vasungwa vehondo vaibva kune mamwe marudzi.
Hupfumi hwemuzos hwaitenderera nezvekurima, kugadzira makabati, kudhirowa nekuveza emameradhi, uye basa receramic. Munharaunda yaigara muzos maive nemadhipoziti esirivha, mhangura, goridhe, simbi, emerald uye alum migodhi. Vakagadzirawo zvipfeko zvemachira semasaga, zvidimbu zvedonje uye pita, vakagadzirawo zvimedu zveceramic. Muzos ainamata vanamwari vakawanda, vaive nenhamba shoma yevamwari: Ndivo musiki wevanhu, Maquipa wavaitenda kuti anorapa zvirwere, Zuva neMwedzi.
The Pijaos
VaPijaos iboka revanhu veAmerindian vanobva kuTolima nedzimwe nzvimbo dzakapoteredza muColombia. Vasati vasvika veSpain, vakatora Central Cordillera yeAndes, nzvimbo dziri pakati pemakomo echando-akafukidzwa neHuila, Quindío neTolima, mupata wepamusoro weMagdalena River nepamusoro peValle del Cauca.
Sekureva kwevamwe vanyori, mapijao anosanganisirwa pakati pemarudzi etsika dzeCaribbean nekuda kwekupenga kwavo. Asi pane zviratidzo zvekuti maPijaos akafurirwa nevanhu veCarib vakapinda nemuMagdalena River uye Orinoco River. Kuburikidza naMagdalena kwakauya avo vedzinza risinganzwisisike, muize, colimas, panches, quimbayas, putimanes uye paniquitaes. Kweanopfuura mazana maviri emakore maPijaos neAndaquíes akapa kuramba kwakasimba kune vakakunda, chokwadi maPijaos akaparadzwa asina kumbokanda mapfumo pasi.
Iyo pijaos, semuzos, yakanga isina cacique uye chiremera chaitorwa nemukuru. Dzimba dzavo dzakanga dzakavakwa nebhahareke uye dzakaparadzana kubva kune mumwe. Munzvimbo dzinotonhora dzemakomo, kurima kwavo kwaisanganisira mbatatisi, arracachas, nyemba, cape gooseberries. Munzvimbo dzinodziya: chibage, cassava, coca, fodya, donje, cocoa, mhiripiri, achiras, avocados, manhanga, magwavha, mameyes.
Vaisiyaniswa nehunyanzvi hwavo hwekupfuya mhuka. Mhungu dzakadzidziswa kuunganidza michero nemazai eshiri mumiti mirefu kwazvo. Vaishandisa makava kuronda nekufudza nondo dzinovhima, capybara nedzimwe mhuka dzemusango.
Vakagadzirisa chimiro chematehenya evacheche vachangozvarwa nekuisa matsimba emapfupa munzvimbo yeoccipital uye yekumberi kuti vape kutaridzika kunotyisa kana vakura. Vakashandurawo maumbirwo emakumbo ake epamusoro uye ezasi uye vakashandura chitarisiko chechiso chake nekutsemura nasal septum.
Kusiyana nemamwe madzinza etsika dzeCaribbean, ivo vaiita monotheism, vakawana zvinhu zvakawanda zvechisikigo zvitsvene uye zvemashiripiti: nyeredzi, zviitiko zvemamiriro ekunze, zvitubu zvemvura, zvipenyu, miriwo, zvicherwa uye hupenyu hwavo pachavo, vaiita chimiro cheanimism uko zvese zviri. chikamu chehumwe humwari humwe.
Panches
MaPanches, anozivikanwawo seTolimas, aigara kumahombekombe maviri eRwizi rweMagdalena nebheseni rarwo kubva kuRwizi rweGualí kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero uye Rwizi rweNegro kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva, kurwizi rweCoello kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero uye Fusagasugá kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva. Kunyangwe ivo vachionekwa sevanhu veCaribbean tsika, mumitauro havana hukama. Panguva yekusvika kwevaEurope, mapani aive kumabvazuva kwedhipatimendi razvino reTolima uye kumadokero kwedhipatimendi razvino reCundinamarca.
Nzvimbo dzavo dzakaganhurwa kumadokero nenzvimbo dzepijaos, macoyaimas nenatagaima; kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero nenharaunda dzepantágoras; kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva nyika dzinogarwa nemuzos kana maColima; kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva nharaunda yeSutagaos uye kumabvazuva ivhu rinogarwa neMuiscas kana Chibchas.
Vakanga vakarongeka mune zvematongerwo enyika nenzira yedzinza pasina ishe kana mutungamiri aitonga nzvimbo huru, kunyangwe zvakadaro maSpaniards vakakwanisa kuona kuti kune vatungamiriri avo, nekuda kwehukuru hwavo senyanzvi dzehondo dzehondo, mirairo yavo ichiteverwa nemamwe madzinza. madzishe. Nyika yePanche yaiumbwa neveTocaremas, Anapuimas, Suitamas, Lachimíes, Anolaimas, Siquimas, Chapaimas, Calandaima, Calandoimas, Bituimas, Tocaremas, Sasaimas, Guatiquíes, nevamwe.
Mapache akanga asina kusimira asi vakazvishongedza nemhete panzeve dzavo nemumhino, tambo dzemavara muhuro nemuchiuno, neminhenga ine ruvara pamisoro yavo, uye vakashandisa zvishongo zvegoridhe pamaoko avo nemumakumbo. Vakagadzirisa chimiro chematehenya evacheche vachangozvarwa nekuisa matsimba emapfupa munzvimbo ye occipital uye yekumberi.
Kuti varatidze magariro avo vakashongedza dzimba dzavo nemadehenya evavengi vavo. Maererano nevaSpanish vaidya nyama yevanhu, vachifungidzira kushandiswa kwayo, zvinonziwo vainwa ropa munhandare yehondo.
Basa guru remapani, iro hupenyu hwavo hwose hwaitenderera, yaiva hondo, zvisinei, zvinozivikanwa kuti vaishanda makeramiki ekugadzira mapoto nemidziyo yemumba. Vaiziva hunyanzvi hwekuruka nekuruka, kunyangwe nenzira yechinyakare. Mapani aiva eexogamous: havana kuroora nhengo dzerudzi rwavo sezvo vaionana sehama, naizvozvo vakadzi nevarume vaitsvaka wokuroorana naye mune mamwe mapoka kana kunyange kubva kune mamwe mataundi.
The Baris
VaBarís kana kuti Motilones Barí vanhu vekuAmerica vanogara mumasango eRwizi rweCatatumbo, kumativi ose emuganhu uri pakati peColombia neVenezuela, uye vanotaura Barí, mutauro wemhuri yemutauro weChibcha. Nzvimbo dzekutanga dzebarís dzakatora mabheseni enzizi dzeCatatumbo, Zulia neSanta Ana, asi nzvimbo idzi dzave dzichidzikira kutanga nekuda kwekukunda kweSpain uye kukoloni uye nguva pfupi yadarika nenzira yakatonyanya, nekuda kwekushandiswa kwemafuta uye. yemarasha munharaunda kubva muzana remakore rechiXNUMX.
Sangano remagariro evanhu rebarís rinoumbwa nevanhu vanosvika makumi mashanu vanogara kusvika kuma bohíos kana "malokas" idzo dzimba dzemunharaunda dzinogarwa nemhuri dzakawanda dzenyukireya. Pakati pemaloka pane zvitofu panoitwa upenyu hwevanhu vose uye kumativi edzimba dzokurara dzemhuri imwe neimwe. Maloka iri pedyo nenzizi dzakawanda mukuredza munzvimbo dzisina mvura uye makore gumi gare gare inoshandura nzvimbo.
MaBarís anorima yucca, mbatatisi, mabhanana, manhanga, chibage, mayam, mapineapple, nzimbe, koko, donje, achiote uye mhiripiri. Ivowo vavhimi vakanaka nevabati vehove, zvose pakuvhima nokuredza vanoshandisa uta nomuseve. Vanovhima shiri, tsoko, peccaries, tapirs nemakonzo. Kuredza hove vanovaka madhamu enguva pfupi uye vanoshandisa barbasco.