Unoziva here chinonzi Sacred Book of Buddhism?Zvakanaka, kana usingarizivi, pano tichakuudza zvose pamusoro peBuddhavacana kana kuti Pali Canon, bhuku rinoera kupfuura mamwe maBuddha ose uye rine midzi yakadzika midzi. kukosha kwemakore mazhinji.
Bhuku Dzvene reBuddhism
Bhuku rinoera revaBuddha kana kuti Buddhavacana rakatanga kupfuudzwa nemuromo kuburikidza nevapristi vaive vateveri vaBuddha, gare gare dzidziso dzavo dzakatanga kuumbwa nekududzirwa mumitauro yakasiyana-siyana yeIndia, dzakashandurirwa mune mimwe mitauro nenzira imwe cheteyo. kuti chiBuddha chakanga chichikura.
Nzira yavaida kuti bhuku racho rionekwe yakatangwa kubva panguva chaiyo yakatangwa manyoro avo, kusanganisira Dharma yaidavirwa kuti yaitaurwa naBuddha bedzi. Mukati mezvinyorwa izvi unogona kuwana mamwe mabhuku akabatanidzwa mairi, akadai saMahāsāṃghika neMūlasarvāstivāda akanga ari rutivi rwehurukuro dzakapiwa naBuddha navazhinji vavadzidzi vake.
Kune zvakare ma sutras ari chikamu chehurukuro idzi dzinosiyaniswa neVinaya uye dzinofanirwa kuvonekwa nenzira yakakosha maererano neDharma, ese anoumba Buddhavacana, anozivikanwa sedzidziso dzese dzakapihwa naBuddha. kuna Samgha kana vateveri vake.
Iye zvino, mune iyo inonzi Theravada Buddhism, kuunganidzwa kweBuddhavacana kunoitwa, iyo inonzi Pali Canon, iyo inotendwa kuti zvimwe zvezvikamu zvayo uye maAgamas angave ane mune zvinyorwa zvayo zvidzidzo zvechokwadi zvinogona kusimbiswa, izvo ndezvaBuddha pachake. KuBuddhism inowanikwa kuEast Asia, Buddhavacana inounganidzwa muChinese Buddhism iyo inonyanya kufarirwa shanduro inonzi Taishō Tripiṭaka.
KumaChina kune zvisikwa zvishanu zvinokwanisa kutaura nezvechiBuddha sutras: Buddha, muteveri akatendeka waBuddha, muDeva, muRsi kana kuparadzirwa kwechimwe chazvo. Asi vese vanopfupikisa kuti Dharma yechokwadi inobva kuna Buddha. Kune Buddhism yeTibet, iyo Buddhavacana inogona kuunganidzwa muzvinyorwa zveKangyur, izvo, kunze kwekunge ine Vajrayana, sutras uye vinaya, inosanganisirawo tantras.
Gautama Buddha uye Buddhism
Buddhism inzira yekutenda yemhando yehuzivi uye yemweya, uko pasina Mwari, ndiko kuti inoramba kuvapo kweMusiki wepasi rose, uye inoita hukama hwemhuri yedharmic kubva kuBrahmanism neVedism. Muvambi waro aive Siddharta Gautama, muIndia wechidiki kubva kuvakuru aigara munenge muna 600 BC, uye mushure mekurarama hupenyu hwakazara neumbozha, anosarudza kusiya nekusiya zvese kuti ave nehukama nenyika yekunze.
Akanga ari murume ane hunhu hwakapfava, akava munhu anozvinyima kuti awane kukwana mutsika nomudzimu. Akatsvaga kuvhenekerwa kuburikidza nekuomesera, uye kuburikidza nehupenyu hwake akawana zvizaruro zvemweya Jesu weNazareta asati azvarwa.
Akanga atoshandurwa kuva Gautama Buddha, haana kumboda kuonekwa somunhu woumwari kana kuti somuporofita, asi somunhu akaita mabasa makuru kuti achinje unhu hwake uye kupfurikidza nawo akakwanisa kudzora ganhuriro dzake somunhu kuti ave munhu. munhu mutsva, mukuvhenekerwa.
Buddha haana kusiya chero chinyorwa chipi nechipi chezvaaidzidzisa, sezvo chinhu chiri chose chaiitwa nomuromo sezvaiitwa gamuchidzanwa muIndia, naizvozvo hapana chimwe chazvo chakanyorwa naye, asi manyoro ose akatanga kurangarirwa sematsvene umo inoitwa kudzidzisa magamuchidzanwa mazhinji. uye dzidziso dzaBuddha. Zvinyorwa zvekutanga zveBuddhism zvinodzokera kuzana ramakore rekutanga BC.
Nenzira yakafanana, hapana nomumwe waava vanyori vamanyoro echiBuddha anozivikanwa, sezvo vose vasingazivikanwi, vakasiana neizvo zvinogona kuwanwa mumabhuku matsvene okuMadokero. Mhepo yekunamata uye yechitendero inotekeshera mavari umo kusazivikanwa kwainyanya kukurudzirwa. Uyewo ongororo dzokutsoropodza kana dzenhoroondo hadzigoni kuwanwa mazviri apo kunobvira kuziva kuti ndiani akazvinyora kana kuti mugore ripi.
Bhudha paakafa, dzidziso dzose dzaakasiya dzaive dziya dzakanyorwa mundangariro dzevateveri vake veSangha, uye kutapurirana kwadzo kubva kune chimwe chizvarwa kuenda kune chimwe kwaiitwa nomuromo nokudzokorora uye nokudzokorora kwaiitwa mumamongi akasiyana-siyana eIndia, ndosaka vakaiswa mumapoka kuburikidza neCanon.
Zviri pachena ndezvokuti iyi Canon kana kuti bhuku rinoyera harina chete dzidziso dzakaunganidzwa kubva kuna Buddha, asi kuburikidza nemazana emakore nyaya itsva kana ngano dzakawedzerwa kwairi, dzidziso dzakashanduka uye dzakamisa tsika yehupenyu nemitemo yehupenyu hutsva hwemamongi. .
Nokudaro, wedzero yokukurumidza zvikuru yakaitwa kumaodzanyemba kweIndia uye kuCeylon, uko yakasvika makore 200 pamberi pokuberekwa kwaKristu, ichipa iyi nharaunda muunganidzwa mukurusa uye wakakwana zvikurusa wedzidziso dzose dzaBuddha. Pane zvese izvi zvakakura uye zvakazara zvakaunganidzwa tinogona kunakidzwa nePali Canon uye Sanskrit Canon. Ehe, nekufamba kwemakore mabhuku aya akapararira pasirese uye shanduro dzakatoitwa mumitauro yeChirungu, Spanish, French neGerman.
Chii chinonzi The Holy Book of Buddhism nezve?
Bhuku rinoyera ravaBuddha kana kuti Buddhavacana zvinyorwa zvorudzidziso zvinoverengeka mumitauro yakasiyana-siyana nezviri mukati, zvine dzidziso idzo Buddha akapa kuvateveri vake vose.
tsika dzechinyorwa
Zvinoenderana netsika, zvinyorwa zvekutanga zveBuddhism zvakafambiswa nemuromo, izvo zvaive muIndo-Aryan dialects inozivikanwa sePrakrits, pakati payo pakanga paine Gāndhārī, Magadhan ekutanga uye maPali dialects, ekupedzisira akashandisa kudzokorora kana kudzokorora iwo pachena kuburikidza nevabatsiri vendangariro. Uye payakapararira munharaunda yese, mimwe mitauro kana mataurirwo akadai seChinese neTibetan akabuda.
Sri Lanka ndiyo yaive yekutanga kutsigira Pali canon uye yekutanga Theravadan Pali yakadhindwa. Mugungano rePali rekuSri Lanka ndinogadzira zvinyorwa zvekudhinda, mukuwedzera kune mamwe magwaro akadai saAbhidhamma, ayo anogona kuwanikwa akanyorwa mumitauro yakaita seTibetan, Chinese, Korean dialects nezvimwe zvakawanda. matunhu eEast Asia.
Kubva pane iyi Pali Canon avo vasina mvumo neBuddhaghosa's Visuddhimagga umo mune muchidimbu zvidzidzo zveTheravada neMahavamsa. Makopi anozivikanwa sepadyo nemaBhudha akawanikwa muGandhara, iri kuchamhembe kwePakistan, padyo neIslamabad, akanyorwa kubva muzana ramakore rekutanga uye vanosimbisa kuti tsika dzeGandharan Buddhism dzaive sei. shanduro yeIndia neEast Asia Buddhism.
Apo vaKushan pavakatanga kutonga muIndia, kunyora kweSanskrit kwakatanga kushandiswa kunyora zvinyorwa zveBuddhism. Kunyora uku ndiko kwaiva kunonyanya kukosha uye kwainyanya kudzorwa muIndia, kutozosvikira chiBuddha chaderera munyika iyoyo. Nechekare munguva yechiKristu vanotanga kunyora nedzimwe nzira pamusoro pezvinhu zvose zvaiva nechokuita nemafungiro eBodhisattva yaizivikanwa seMahayana Sutras.
Izvi zvakatanga kunyorwa muchiSanskrit uye kubva ipapo kwakauya zvisungo zveTibetan neChinese Buddhism yaizivikanwa nemazita aKangyur uye Taisho Tripitaka, ayo anonzi nhasi semabhuku ezvinyorwa. Kune veMahayanists, sutras iratidziro yepakutanga yaBuddha, iyo kutapurirana kwaive kwakavanzika kuburikidza nezvisikwa zvedenga, izvo zvavanodaidza kuti Nagas. Mamwe acho aiparadzirwa nemabhudha akasiyana kana bodhisattvas. Zvinopfuura makumi matanhatu eMahayana sutras anowanikwa muSanskrit, Chinese kana Tibetan.
Tsika dzeMahayana mabasa anodaidzwa kunzi Shastras ari rudzi rwechinyorwa chekuverenga masutras, achengete akadzivirirwa uye zvakare aakudziridze, izvi zvakatsanangurwa nemaBhudha ane njere eNagarjuna, Vasubandhu uye Dharmakirti, asi aya akanyorwawo muchiSanskrits.
Pakupera kwezana ramakore rechinomwe, rumwe rudzi rwemashoko echiBhudha anonzi Tantras akaonekwa, apo mhemberero dzakasiyana-siyana uye nzira dzeYoga, kushandiswa kwe mandalas, mudras uye mapenezi eMoto zvakavambwa. MaTantras imhando yemeseji yekukwanisa kupinda muVajrayana Buddhism, inova ndiyo inowanikwa muTibet.
Iyo Garbhavakranti Sutra inobatana neVinaya Pitaka, mune chimwe chezvikoro zvekutanga zveBuddhism seRatnakuta. Zvizhinji zvezvinyorwa zveMahayana zvine chimiro cheTantra, kunyanya iyo inowanikwa muKukwana kweUchenjeri.
Zvimwe zvezvinyorwa zvechiBhudha zvakakwanisa kusvika pakukura kuti vaumbe boka idzva mavari uye vanozivikanwa sevaipulya kana kuti wide sutras, pakati pavo pane Ruva Garland Sutra, inova Sutra iri yega ine sutras dzakawanda mukati maro. ndiye Gandavyuha Sutra.
MuchiTibetan Buddhism mune imwe mhando yemabhuku akasiyana anonzi gter-mama kana terma ayo anoumba zvinyorwa zvinogamuchirwa sezvakaitwa nenyanzvi muTantra uye zviri muchimiro chekodhi, iyo yakaiswa kuburikidza nemhando dzakasiyana nemadzishe connoisseurs e tantras.
Mabhavhu aya aiwanikwa neve gTer-stons kana tertöns, vanova nyanzvi dzekuwana zvinyorwa izvi, izvo zvinowanzowanikwa mumapako, pakati pawo pakawanikwa pakanzi vaviri vanogezeswa pfungwa dziri mu psyche terton. . Muchikoro cheNyingma neBön Convention pane zvakawanda zvezvinyorwa izvi zviri
inotendwa kuve yakagadzirwa naPadmasambhava, rimwe reaya anonyanya kuzivikanwa matemu mabhuku iTibetan Book reVakafa kana Bardo Thodol.
Zvinyorwa zveZvikoro Zvekutanga zveBuddha
Zvikoro zvekutanga zveBuddhism zvine zvinyorwa zvakawanda, zvakaunzwa pamwechete kuitira kuti mutauro weMiddle Indo-Aryan unozivikanwa seTripitaka, wakashandurwa sebhokisi retatu rechikoro cheTheravadin, ugone kuchengetedzwa. Mhando dzinoverengeka dzemaTripitakas dzakagadzirwa muzvikoro zvekutanga kwavanokwanisa kubatanidza iyo Agamas, iyo izere nemeseji inoenderana neSarvastivada neDharmaguptaka.
Mukuwirirana nemimwe mitemo yechiBuddha yechiChinese tinogona kuwana nhamba huru yemasutra okutanga ayo ari anokosha zvikuru seayo echiPali pacharo, akafanana zvikuru muudzame hwawo asi kwete mudzidziso iyo mumwe nomumwe anayo. Mamwe echiyero chatinowana muDharmaguptaka anowanikwawo muzvinyorwa zveGandharan Buddhist uye tinogonawo kuwana mamwe ezvinyorwa zveVinaya Pitaka muChinese kana Mahayana canon.
vinaya
Icho chinyorwa chekare chinobata nezvikamu zveascetic order, inoenda pamwe chete nedharma (Dhamma-Vinaya) zvinoreva chirevo uye kutonga.
Rugwaro urwu rune zvinyorwa zvakawanda zvinobata netsika dzechitendero, kuti vaigona sei kusangana pamagariro akanaka, masikirwo avakaitwa uye kuti akabatanidzwa sei kune mumwe nemumwe. Rinewo magwaro edzidziso akasiyana-siyana mukunyora kwepamutemo uye kwetsika, nyaya dzakawanda dzengano, uye chikamu chinonzi maJatakas kana nyaya dzekuzvarwa.
Iyo Pratimoksha ndiyo yemukati yakanyatso hukama neVinaya uye ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa, matanhatu ekupedzisa vinayas anogona kuwanikwa:
- Theravada, iyo yakanyorwa muchiPali
- Mula-Sarvastivada iyo iri muSanskrit uye inoramba yakasimba mukududzirwa kweTibetan.
- Iwo Mahasanghika, Sarvastivada, Mahishasika, uye Dharmagupta, ayo aimbova mumitauro yeIndia, asi kududzira kweChinese chete kunozivikanwa.
Nenzira imwechete zvikamu zvinogona kuwanikwa sezvo vinayas inowanikwa mumitauro yakasiyana.
sutras
Iwo sutras, anonzi Pali Sutta muchiSanskrit, muunganidzwa wakakwana wehurukuro dzakawanda kana kurukurirano inonzi yakaitwa naBuddha, kune vamwe vevadzidzi vake vepedyo.
Chinofadza pamusoro pavo ndechokuti ose asina kubva kuna Buddha anowanwa muBuddhavacana, kana kuti kunonzi kutaura kwaBuddha, hurukuro dzake pakuvamba dzakapedzwa mukuwirirana nechimiro chadzakapfuudzwa nadzo, pakutanga vaiva 9 asi gare gare vakasvika ku12. Aya maSanskrit mafomu:
- Sutra: ihurukuro kana tsananguro dzeBuddha.
- Geya: Kutsanangurwa kwakasanganiswa kunonzi hurukuro yechikamu, ine hukama neSagathavagga inoenderana neSamyutta Nikaya.
- Vyakarana: Iyi itsanangudzo kana bvunzo uye inoreva hurukuro dzinouya nemibvunzo yakarongeka nemhinduro.
- Gatha: ndidzo zvikamu.
- Udana: ndidzo hurukuro dzinomutsa.
- Ityukta: nevanotanga mutsara wavo na "Saka anodaro Bhagavan."
- Jataka: ndivo vanotaura nezvehupenyu hwekare.
- Bhutadharma: inobata nekufungidzira uye zvinhu zvisina tsananguro.
- Vaipulya: idzo hurukuro dzakakura uye dzimwe dzinobata nyaya dzinopa mufaro.
- Nidana: Zvidzidzo zvine chekuita nemamiriro enzvimbo yekuzvarwa zvinosanganisirwa.
- Avadana: Inyaya dzenyaya dzekunakidzwa.
- Upadesha: inobata nemazano.
Mapfumbamwe ekutanga akanyorwa muAgamas anotsungirira, matatu ekupedzisira akawedzerwa gare gare. KuTheravada aya manyoro akarongwa mumagwaro matsvene.
Abhidharma
Mumutauro wePali Abhidharma zvinoreva dharma yakawanda, uye izvi zvinobva pakuferefetwa kwezvishamiso. Zvinotendwa kuti pakutanga zvakaitwa kuburikidza nehurongwa muzvidzidzo zvakasiyana, uye zvinoenderana nekutora bvunzo dzezvishamiso uye kuti zvakabatana sei kune mumwe nemumwe. MuTheravada Abhidhamma inowanikwa muPali Canon, asi kune dzimwe nharaunda dzechitendero cheTheravada zvinyorwa izvi hazvisi pachena.
Kunyange zvazvo Abhidhamma Theravadin iri imwe yeanonyanya kuchengetwa uye anozivikanwa zvikuru, zvimwe chetezvo mune zvimwe zvezvikoro gumi nezvisere zveBuddhism zvema18 vaive neunganidzo yavo isingaenzaniswi yeAbhidharma ine zvinyorwa zvakawanda zvingave zvekugovana. Kunyange zvazvo zvisiri zvikoro zvose zvinozviona sezvakabvumirwa, vazhinji vanotenda kuti Sautrannika yakasvika pakumira neboka reVinaya uye sutras.
zvimwe zvinyorwa
Pakati pezvimwe zvinyorwa pane Milinda pañha inoshandura seMilinda Mibvunzo, zvinoonekwa kuti pane kuchinjana pakati peNagasena naIndo-Greek King Menander, basa iri rine pfupiso yedzidziso nemimwe mimwe misoro yakawanda yakazobatanidzwa mugwaro. Canon.
Anowanikwawo semamwe magwaro ane chiremera echiBhudha ndeaya Nettipakarana nePetakopadesa. Nenzira imwecheteyo Dhyana sutras ayo ari maBhudha manyoro ekufungidzira uko kufungisisa kwechikoro cheSarvastivada kunoonekwa nekuratidzwa kweproto-mahayana, zvinyorwa izvi zvakagadzirwa nemaoko nevanyori vechiBhudha veyoga muKashmir uye vanotendwa kuti chikamu cheChinese Buddhism. .
Zvinyorwa zveTheravada Tradition
Zvinyorwa zvinowanikwa muPali zvine zvinyorwa zvezvinyorwa zvakawanda, asi izvo zvisina kukwanisa kududzirwa zvakanyanya, izvi zvinonzi zvakaitwa nevatsvakurudzi vanobva kuSri Lanka, uye pakati pavo pane zvinyorwa zve:
- Buddhaghosa anobva muzana ramakore rechishanu mushure meKristu, uyu aive musiki weVisuddhimagga anozivikanwa zviri nani se "Nzira Yekucheneswa", bhuku regungano nebasa uko tsika dzeMahavihara dzeSri Lanka, Vimuttimagga uye Abhidhammattha-sangana zvinoratidzwa izvo kubva kuXNUMXth kana XNUMXth century uye inoisa pfupiso yeAbhidhamma.
- dhammapala
Buddhaghosa akaita basa rake pahwaro hwezvinyorwa zvechiBuddha mumutauro weSinhalese, izvo zvisipo nhasi. Mumutauro weSri Lankan zvinyorwa zvinowanika nemabasa akawanda eBuddhism akadai saMuvadevavata inotaura nezvenyaya yeBodhisattva saMambo Mukhadeva muzana remakore rechiXNUMX uye Sasadavata inotaura nezvenyaya yekuzvarwa kwaBodhisattva muchimiro chetsuro mu Muzana remakore rechiXNUMX. XII remakore.
Kune zvakare basa rekuratidzira Dhampiyatuva gätapadaya kana Commentary pamusoro peDzidziso Yakaropafadzwa iyo inobata nemashoko uye matauriro.
Iyo Pali Literary Convention yakasvika kuBiormania neThailand uko Pali inoramba ichibudirira, iyi yekunyora misi kubva panguva yeavant-garde. Kune zvakare zvinyorwa zveTantric Theravada yakashandiswa muSoutheast Asia, gungano rakabudirirawo muCambodia pamberi pekuvandudzwa kweRama IV muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX.
Manyoro echiBuddha muBurma akabudisa zvivako zvakawanda zvakaisvonaka kuvamba muma1450, kubatanidza dudziro refu uye dzakashongedzwa dzemabhuku echiPali echiBuddha anozivikanwa seJatakas, kubatanidza ndima yaPyui′o Kui khan pyui′. Hurukuro dzeBurmese dzinozivikanwa senissayas dzakatanga kushandiswa pakuraira kwePali.
Ndicho chikonzero nei zana ramakore rechi 1345 rakaona kubudirira kukuru kwouku kunyora uko kwakatungamirira kundangariro dzorudzidziso, kunyorwa kwapamutemo uye kunyora kwokufungisisa. Uye muThailand kune kunyorwa kweNyika nhatu maererano naMambo Ruang, yakanyorwa muna XNUMX, iyo inonzi yaPya Lithai kwaunogona kuona yakakura cosmological uye yekufungidzira chiono chepasi rose cheBuddhism muThailand.
Mahayana zvinyorwa
Ivo vanozivikanwa se prajña kana zvibvumirano zvemanomano nekunzwisisa. Manomano inzira iyo chokwadi chinorangarirwa sechinonyatsooneka.
Iyo haina huzivi hunoratidza asi inonongedza iyo yekutanga pfungwa yenyika, inogadza nzira mune zvese, inoramba pachayo dichotomously pakuona zvinhu, ndiko kuti, ivo vanoti hazvipo, asi zvakare izvo. havapo, asi kuti vari mukushaikwa kwechisiko chisingaperi.
Saddharma-Pundarika
Iyo Lotus Sutra, White Lotus Sutra kana White Lotus Sutra yeSublime Dharma, chinyorwa chinozivikanwa nenzira nhatu asi kuti zvese zvine chinangwa chimwe kana chinangwa. Zvidzidzo zvake zvinosanganisira kuwana nzira dzokukwanisa kugovera rubatsiro kuzvisikwa zvine miganhu yakaganhurirwa. Inomira pachena nekuti Buddha Prabhutaratna anooneka, anga atove nerufu rwakati wandei, kureva hupenyu hwekare.
Inosimbisa kuti Buddha haana kubviswa pamiganhu mushure meparinirvana yake, kuti tariro yekurarama hainzwisiswi mukuona kwezvaanazvo kana kuwana muhupenyu hwekare, nokudaro achigadzira chirevo chechero chinotevera dzidziso yeTyaka, ndiyo yandinorondedzera makore gare gare Tien tai muChina, chikoro cheJapan Tendai uye zvikoro zveNichiren zvekuJapan.
Sutra zvinyorwa
Pakati pezvinyorwa zvesutra zvitatu zvinogona kuwanikwa zvinozivikanwa muchikamu chavo:
- Iyo Sutra yeHupenyu Husingaperi kana Sutra yeGreat Pure Land
- Iyo Amitabha Sutra kana Diki Yakachena Nyika Sutra
- The Contemplation Sutra kana Visualization Sutra
Mavari munotangwa kuti zvinhu zvese zvinotanga sei uye sechimiro cheWestern Pure Land kunogara Buddha Amitabha, ipapo kuverengerwa kwe48 zvipikirwa zveAmitabha se bodhisattva kunoitwa, uye kubva uko fekitori yenyika yakachena yezvisikwa zvese uye izvo. mavari vaigona kuita essays paDharma kuva nematambudziko kana zvinovhiringa.
VaSutra pachavo vanotaura kuti zvisikwa zvinogona kumutswa nemutungamiri usina kusvibiswa uye nemiitiro, zvinyorwa zvinoitwa kuna Amithaba semunhu mukuru, apo vanosimbisa kunaka kwake uye vanogara vachitaura zita rake. Aya Pure Land sutras akave zvirevo zveBuddhism nekutarisa pane kuponesa simba rekuvimba nevimbiso yaAmithaba.
Iyo Pali Canon
Inozivikanwa seTipitaka kana kuti Tripitaka, zvinoreva kuti muPali Ti, mabhasikiti matatu nepitaka kana tswanda, iboka remabhuku ekare kana zvinyorwa zvechiBuddha mumutauro wePali, uko boka redzidziso nehwaro hweTheravada Buddhism zvinowanikwa. Iyi Pali canon inozivikanwa seTripitaka kana "Mabhasikiti Matatu" sezvo yakanyorwa pamashizha akaoma emichindwe uye yakachengetwa mumabhasikiti matatu akasiyana.
Runyoro rwayo rwakanga rwuri mugore raIni pamberi paKristu, pashure pokunge yave gamuchidzanwa rinotaurwa kwaanopfuura makore 400. Iyi Pali canon inoumbwa nekusarudzwa kwese kwese Theravada Buddhist dzidziso:
vinaya pitaka: inonzi basket of Monastic Discipline, ndiyo kupatsanurwa kwekutanga kwePali canon uko kutsigirwa kwehupenyu kunosimbiswa mumamongi eSangha, mukati mavo mune mitemo inodzora hupenyu hwemamongi kana Bhikkhus nemasisita kana Bhikkunis, sezvavanofanira. kugarisana mumusha wemamongi uye ndeipi mitemo yetsika kana dzidzo yavanofanira kufanira kuwirirana kwete chete pakati penhengo dzavo mukati meimba yemamongi, asiwo muhupenyu nevatendi.
Vinaya-pitakano ingori mitemo chete asi inosanganisirawo nyaya dzakapa imwe neimwe yadzo, uye inopa udzame hwekuti Buddha akatsvaga sei mhinduro yezvinetso zvakaonekwa muSangha kuchengetedza kuwirirana mairi, achiziva kuti yakanga ichikura. uye zvakasiyana-siyana. Basa iri rine mavhoriyamu matanhatu.
Sutta-pitaka: kana kuti inonzi Basket of Hurukuro, mune iyi muunganidzwa wehurukuro nemharidzo, dzinodavirwa kuti dzinobva kuna Buddha pachake kana kuti kubva kuvadzidzi vake vepedyo zvikuru, nemamwe mazwi mairi ndidzo dzidziso dzose dzaBuddha, refu kwazvo ndidzo suttas. ine mavhoriyamu mashanu kana Nikayas.
Mushure meawa maviri, ayo ari makuru, huyai zvinotevera:
- Digha Nikaya: ine makumi matatu nemana ekutaura kwakareba kweBuddha ane mavhoriyamu matatu.
- Majjhima Nikaya: Ine hurukuro dzepakati zana nemakumi mashanu.
- Samyutta Nikaya: Uyu muunganidzwa we7762 hurukuro dzine hukama, dzakaiswa muzvidzidzo zvinoumbwa nezvikamu makumi mashanu nematanhatu kana sanyuttas.
- Anguttara Nikaya: Une 9950 Imwechete Topic Hurukuro mune Inokwira Order.
Iyo Khuddaka Nikaya: ine gumi neshanu Zvinyorwa zvakaiswa muzvikamu makumi maviri zvine zvidzidzo zvakasiyana-siyana, zvakanyorwa mundima uye zvine zvinyorwa zvekare uye zvitsva zvePali. Izvi zvinoumbwa ne:
- Khuddaka-patha: Pfupi "Dzidziso Pfupi" dzinofanirwa kudzokororwa.
- Dhammapada: "Mavhesi ari paDhamma", anoumbwa ne423 mavhesi etsika, anozivikanwa zvikuru sezvo ari iwo anoshandurirwa mumitauro yekuMadokero.
- Udana: kune makumi masere mapfupi suttas anobva paMavhesi ekufemerwa.
- Itivuttaka: iwo mapfupi suttas anotanga ne "uye sezvakataurwa.
- Sutta-nipata: inonzi "Set of Hurukuro", uko kune 71 suttas mundima fomu.
- Vimana-vatthu: kana kuti "Nhau pamusoro peMamansions" inobata nekuzvarwa kwaMwari.
- Peta-vatthu: "Nhau Dzevakafa" kana chirevo pamusoro pekuzvarwa patsva kwemweya.
- Thera-gatta: kana kuti "Verse of the Ancients" mairi inoenderana kuti mamongi ekutanga akakwanisa sei kuwana kujekerwa.
- Theri-gatta: ibhuku rakapfuura asi izvi zvinoreva kuti masisita ekutanga akakwanisa sei kuwana kujekeswa.
- Jataka: ine 247 nyaya dzekuzvarwa, kana hupenyu hwekare hwaBuddha, kuita zvinyorwa pamusoro petsika. Ichi chikamu chave kunonoka muPali Canon uko ngano zhinji kubva kuIndia dzinotendwa kuti dzakabatanidzwa, uye dzinoshandiswa mumharidzo nhasi.
- Nidessa: makomendi kune chimwe chezvikamu zveSutta-nipata.
- Patisambhida-magga: kana Abhidhamma ongororo yedzidziso.
- Apadana: Nhoroondo dzekare dzehupenyu hwemamongi nemasisita anowanikwa muThera-gatta uye Theri-gatta mabhuku.
- Buddhavamsa: inonziwo Chronicle of the Buddhas, uko nyaya ye24 yapfuura maBuddha inotaurwa.
- Cariya-pitaka: inonzi "Basket of Conduct" apo maitiro aGotama muhupenyu hwake hwekare anokurukurwa uye kwaanokwanisa kuunganidza kukwana kuti ave Boghisatta.
Abhidhamma-pitaka: o Tswanda yeDzidziso dzekuwedzera” uko zvinyorwa zvinobata nemisimboti yedzidziso dziri mumabhasikiti maviri ekutanga anowanikwa, pano anogona kuwanikwa akarongwa patsva uye muchimiro chiri nani kuburikidza nehurongwa hunoita ongororo yehunhu hwepfungwa. uye matter, ine zvinyorwa zvinomwe zvekare zvakaiswa muchikamu chine mavhoriyamu manomwe.
Maererano nengano dzechiIndia, Gautama Buddha akaparidza nezvechimiro chouzivi, uhwo akadana Dhamma Mukuru kana kuti Abhidhamma, pamusoro pavamwari vokutanga nomudzidzi wake nomuteveri wokutanga Sariputra, mumwe wavateveri gumi vaSakyamuni Buddha kana kuti Buddha. Sari Putra zvinoreva mwanakomana waSari, uyu ndiye akaudza vanhu venyama kuti Dharma chii, achivaunzira zvinyorwa zvebhaibheri uye zvehuzivi kuitira kuti vawane pekutangira pakunzwisisa kwavo.
Iri basa rine huzivi hwakawanda, psychology uye tsika. Psychology haisi iyo yatinoziva kuMadokero, asi iyo ine chekuita nemweya, inoonekwa sehuwandu hwezvinhu uye pfungwa dzepfungwa dzinogara dzichichinja.
Sanskrit Canon
Iri ndiro zita rakapiwa kumubatanidzwa wechiBuddha wakanyorwa mumutauro iwoyo, uye uyo wakatangira kuchamhembe kweIndia.Pakutanga wakanga une ganhuro rakafanana neTrpitaka, asi gare gare rakakamurwa kuva zvikamu zvipfumbamwe kana kuti Dharmas dzinozivikanwa seBhuku ra Mitemo, muiri mabhuku anogamuchirwa neasiri eBhaibheri anowanwa, somumagwaro matsvene echiPali, asi ane chiremera chikuru murudzidziso.
Pakati pavo tinogona kuwana Kukwana kweUchenjeri, Hupenyu Hunoshamisa hwaBuddha, Lotus yeMutemo Wakanaka, Kusanzwisisika kwenyika kune avo vasiri Buddha, Ishe weNyika Gumi, Kubata paMystic Concentration, Kuparidza kwe Lanka , Kudzidza pamusoro peBuddha Nature uye Inosimudzira Ngano.
Pakati peasina-canonical mabasa pane Commentaries pamusoro peNirvana, iyo Hapana Yehupenyu, Kuumbwa kweChisiko kana wekutanga Buddha akaberekwa kubva kwaari, Ongororo yeIndividual Categories, Shanduko yembavha Anguli, The Lotus of Tsitsi, chinyorwa. yeTsika uye metaphysics, Masimba Anoshamisa evaBuddha, Shanduko naBodhisattva Manjushri, Nhanganyaya yeruzivo rwemaBuddha, Iyo Guru Drum uye Masimba epamusoro ekuwana kufungisisa.
Iwo asiri echokwadi ndeaya anotevera: Shoko reRubatsiro, Rakazara Nengano, Nyaya kubva kuHupenyu hwaBuddha, Pali Canon, uye Udana yePali Canon.
Chinese uye Tibetan Collections
Aya maruramiro ane tsinhiro dzapakuvamba uye anokosha zvikuru sezvo ari mumutauro wePali kana kuti Sanskrit akachengetwa nokufamba kwenguva muChinese neTibetan, shanduro yezvino magwaro eBhaibheri echiChinese yakatanga kubva mugore ra 1924 na 1929, apo yakadhindwa pasi payo. zita raTaisho Issaikyo uye fungidziro yake yekutanga kubva mugore re972 renguva yedu. Kanoni yeTibetan ine zvikamu zveKanjur neTanjur.
Mamwe malink atinogona kupa kuti uzive kana kuverenga ndeaya anotevera: