Munguva dzisati dzave dzeHispanic, kunyanya mudunhu repakati peMexico yanhasi, kwaive neimwe yetsika dzakanyanya uye dzakasimba dzenharaunda yese yeMesoamerican, iyi yaive Aztec Civilization. Kuburikidza nechinyorwa ichi, tichatsanangura nhoroondo yayo, kusimukira kwayo munzvimbo dzakasiyana, maitiro ayo nezvimwe.
The Aztec Civilization
The Aztec kana Mexica civilization raive dzinza reMesoamerican iro madzitateguru ane hukama nevaNahuas, ava mushure menguva refu yekufamba vakakwanisa kuwana nzvimbo yakavimbiswa nevamwari, uye ndipo pavakateya nheyo dzevakakurumbira uye vane mbiri. Guta reTenochtitlán (nzvimbo inova Mexico City nhasi) zvakanyanya kana zvishoma mugore ra1325, mushure mekuzvisimbisa ivo vakaumba humambo hwavo hwakasimba uye hune simba hwakachengetwa kusvika pakuuya kwevapambi veSpain munyika idzi.
Chimwe chinhu chakanyanya hunhu hweMesoamerican budiriro dzakadai seAztec, Olmec, Toltec neTeotihuacan ndiko kufambira mberi kwavakaita panguva yavo. Vese, uye kunyanya vaAztec vane makore anosvika mazana maviri (200 - 1325 AD), vakasiya mucherechedzo wavo maererano nebudiriro, shanduko uye kuwedzera kwenzvimbo. Kukosha kwetsika iyi kwaive kwakakura zvekuti nanhasi chikamu chayo chiripo uye chinochengetwa mutsika nemitauro mune mamwe madzinza eMexico.
Budiriro iyi yakaisa hutongi hwayo mudunhu rose reMesoamerican kwemakore mazhinji, kusvika pakatanga kurwa nevakundi veSpain. Uye zvisinei nekuti guta iri rakaremerwa uye rakatoparadzwa nevaSpanish, vachibvisa zvinenge zvese kubva mariri, kuzoita basa ravo; Kufarira kwebudiriro yeAztec hakuna kurasika, ichiri kurarama, uye izvi zvinogona kuonekwa nezvidzidzo zvakasiyana-siyana zvichiri kuitwa patsika iyi yepamusoro uye mipiro yayo maererano nenyeredzi, zvivakwa, kubata zvinhu nezvimwe.
Zvinoreva izwi rokuti Aztec
VaAztec vakabudirira vakazviti vaMexicas. Nekudaro, mushure mekupera kwesangano guru iri, izwi rekuti Azteca rakanzi kwairi, rinova izwi reNahuatl mavambo ayo anoratidza "vanhu vakasvika kubva kuAztlán", iyi ndiyo nzvimbo yakatangira budiriro iyi yaive chitsuwa chisinganzwisisike. kuti nanhasi nzvimbo yayo haisati yazivikanwa, kunyange zvazvo vamwe vatsvakurudzi nenyanzvi vachiti nzvimbo iyi ndiyo Tenochtitlán imwe chete..
Kutanga
VaAztec vakasiya guta reAztlán vakatama kwemakore akawanda kuti vagare muCoatepec (Nyoka muNahuatl) pedyo neTula. Ikoko vaAztec vakavaka guta ndokugara kwamakore mashomanene. Zvisinei, apo vaAztec vakanga vari munzvimbo iyi, kurukurirano yakatanga nezvikonzero zvorudzidziso apo vakakurukura kuti ndoupi wavamwari wavo wokuyemura, naizvozvo vakatendeka kuna Huitzilopochtli vaida kuenda kune dzimwe nyika uye vamwe vakatevera Coyolxuahqui vaida kugara muCoatepec.
Munguva yemhosva, boka rakabhadhara kuzvipira kuna Huitzilopochtli rakawana kuzivikanwa kwevateveri vakawanda; Ndiko kwaanofunga kushandura zita rake kuti Mexica uye atange rwendo rwake. Nekudaro, iyo Mexica inozvibvisa kubva kune vamwe vakagara muCoatepec.
Zvino, maMexica akatungamirirwa naHuitzilopochtli vakaenda kunzvimbo yakavimbiswa namwari yakanga yakananga kunharaunda yekumaodzanyemba, munzvimbo idzodzo ndipo pavakateya nheyo dzeguta reTenochtitlan (nzvimbo yecactus inovava). Guta rakavakwa pakati peLake Texcoco kana Mupata weMexico.
Nharaunda
Nharaunda yakafukidzwa nebudiriro yeAztec inoenderana nazvino kunharaunda yese yepakati nekumaodzanyemba kweMexico, kunyanya mune iyo inoenderana neBasin yeMexico, iri pakati pemakomo, ine inodziya, inotonhora uye inodziya mamiriro ekunze. .kunyorova. Nzvimbo dzazvino dzaive dzakatongwa nebudiriro iyi ndeidzi:
- Mupata weMexico - Mexico City
- Veracruz
- Puebla
- Oaxaca
- Guerrero
- chikamu cheguatemala
Sangano rezvematongerwo enyika
Budiriro yeAztec yakakwanisa kuvaka humambo hune simba kuburikidza nemasangano ezvematongerwo enyika uye ehondo ayo akakunda mamwe magariro akavakidzana. Nzira yekutonga yaive yakavakirwa pahumambo hwehumambo uye hwakasarudzika, saka pakanga pasina muripo waitamiswa nenhaka.
Naizvozvo, pakafa mambo, Supreme Council yainzi Tlatocan yakadanwa, uko mumiriri akasarudzwa, kazhinji vanhu vakapinda mukanzuru iyi vaive vevakuru veAztec, saka zvaive zvakajairika kuti dzimwe nhengo dzedare iroro dzichamhanya. chigaro choumambo.
Mushure mekusarudzwa kwamambo ainzi Tlatoani, akava nemafungiro ekuti mavambo ake akanga ari mwari uye, naizvozvo, aifanira kuva nemasimba asingagumi uye maitiro munzanga yeAztec; pasi pekuraira kwake, akatungamira iyo yese bureaucratic network inoumbwa ne:
- Cihuacóatl – Mupristi Mukuru
- Tlacochcálcatl - Mukuru wevarwi
- Huitzncahuatlailotlac naTizociahuácarl – Vatongi
- Tecutli – Vateresi
- vatongi venzvimbo
- Calpullec - Mukuru wecalpulli
Kunyange zvazvo vaAztec vakavamba umambo hwoudzvinyiriri, ihwohwuwo hwakarongwa nenyika dzeguta dzine vatongi vomunzvimbomo, avo vakanga vasarudzwawo nedare guru rimwe chetero rakanga richitarisira kusarudza mambo mukuru, ane basa rakanga riri rokuchengeta udzori hwaaya maguta maduku. .maguta kuitira kuti ubudirire kuve nechokwadi chekubata kwehumambo.
Social sangano
Sangano reAztec rakarongedzerwa uye rakakamurwa kuva mapoka akasiyana emagariro nenzira yakarongeka, pasi apa anotsanangurwa:
- Vakuru, avo vakaumba mhuri imwe chete yehumambo, madzishe evarwi nemadzishe emaguta akasiyana-siyana.
- Tlatoque nevapristi.
- Vatengesi nevatengesi.
- Artisans nevarimi.
- Rudzi rwakaderera rwenzanga rwakaumbwa netlacotin, avo vakanga vari varanda, nhapwa, nhapwa uye vasungwa.
dzidzo
VaAztec vaive nemuenzaniso wedzidzo waishandiswa kuburikidza nemafomu maviri, yekutanga yaive yakavakirwa padzidzo yekumanikidza kune vese uye yechipiri yakashanda sechikoro chine nzira mbiri dzekudzidzisa dzakarongwa, idzo dzinotsanangurwa pazasi:
- Kutanga: Vabereki vaitofanira kudzidzisa vana vaduku kusvika kumakore 14 okukura chirevo chevakuru Huëhuetlátolli, icho zvikurukuru chaiva nedzidziso nechitendero cheAztec; muchiitiko ichi vakuru veCalpulli vaivepo kuti vaone kutevedza kwayo.
- Chechipiri: Paiva nemhando mbiri dzekudzidza kuburikidza nekupinda muzvikoro zvakadzidzisa zvidzidzo zvakasiyana-siyana uye zvakasiyana, pakati pavo: Telpochcalli, uko zvidzidzo zvinoshanda uye zvehondo zvakadzidziswa; uye Quietecác yekuraira mukunyora, chitendero, nyeredzi, uye hutungamiriri.
Economy
Upfumi hwebudiriro yeAztec hwakanga hwakaumbwa nemabasa akasiyana akatsigira humambo hukuru uhwu, achikurudzirwa nekuti mabviro ahwo uye zvigadzirwa zvekupedzisira hazvina kungoshanda sezvekudya chete asi zvakare zvaitengeswa nenyika dzakavakidzana. Pakati pezviitwa zvinonyanya kukosha ndezvinotevera:
- Zvekurima, iyi ndiyo yaive mbiru huru yeupfumi hwayo hwose. VaAztec vakakura mubasa iri vakanyanya kurima chibage, chili nebhinzi.
- Kuvhima uye kubata hove.
- Migodhi yekuwana akakosha uye semi-akakosha matombo, basalt uye mamwe mamineral.
- Kuunganidzwa kwemitero, kuvaranda, varimi vebasa renyika uye kumataundi evavengi ane simba.
chitenderoion
Kunamata vanamwari vakawanda kwakanga kwakakurumbira muchitendero chavo, saka kutenda kwavo uye kunamata vamwari vakasiyana-siyana kwakanga kwakakurumbira. Nenzira yakafanana, ivo vaiwanzotendeukira kumiitiro yezvibayiro zvemhuka navanhu nemhaka yokuti vakanga vane pfungwa yokuti ropa rakanga riri chinhu chinokosha nokuda kwavamwari nemhaka yokuti rakanga riri zvokudya zvavo; saka pavaidyisa vamwari, vamwari vaizomutsiva nokuvabatsira kuti vararame. Pakati pezvibayiro zvinoonekwa:
- Cordectomy - manducation: iyo inosanganisira kuisa mupiro padombo, uchibvisa moyo wayo nebanga kuti uidye gare gare.
Kuti vaite zvibayiro izvi, zvinonzi hondo dzemaruva dzakaitwa, umo vasungwa vaibudiswa uye zvibayiro zvaiitwa navo.
Vazhinji vevamwari vakaumba vamwari veAztec vaibatanidzwa nemitumbi yedenga yechadenga uyezve nechimwe chinhu chechisikigo. Pakati pevamwari vanonyanya kukosha vanoratidzwa:
- Mwari wezuva nehondo, mwari wake mukuru Huitzilopochtli
- Mwari wemvura, Tlaloc
- Nyoka ine minhenga, Quetzalcoatl
- Amai mwarikadzi, Coatlicue
Kuongorora nyeredzi
VaAztec vaiyemura zvikuru nzvimbo yedenga nemitumbi yomudenga inowanikwa munzvimbo iyi, kunyanya Zuva, Mwedzi uye Venus; Pamusoro pezvo, izvi zvinoenderana nengano dzavo. Nekuda kwekugara vachiona denga, vakakwanisa kuziva nekusiyanisa mapoka enyeredzi akasiyana-siyana akadai sePleiades neGreat Bear, uye vakashandisa aya kumisa maverengero enguva yavo. Zvichienderana nenyeredzi, dzakakamurwa kuita mapoka maviri anopikisana, aya ndeaya:
- Idzo 400 makore nyoka dzekuchamhembe, Centzon Mimixcoa.
- Iwo 400 akakomberedzwa neminzwa kumaodzanyemba, Centzon Huitznáhuac.
Mutauro
Nahuatl ndeyemhuri yeUto-Aztecan, rimwe remapazi makuru emutauro weNative America. Uyu ndiwo waivawo mutauro waishandiswa nevanhu vomuAztec Empire. Kunyange zvazvo matauriro uye manyorerwo omutauro wacho achinja zvikuru kubvira pakare pakare pasati pava neSpanishi, chiNahuatl chakagara hafu yemireniyamu uye chichiripo pakati pemamwe marudzi ekuMexico.
Architecture
Mavakirwo akanga ari chikamu chekutanga cheAztec erudition, sezvo kuburikidza nayo vairatidza zvose zvavanotenda uye tsika dzavo. Saka budiriro iyi kuburikidza nenheyo yezvivakwa yakatsvaga kuratidza hukuru hwavo, simba uye kubatana nevamwari vavo; saka zvivakwa zvavo zvainyatsoenderana uye zvairatidza kurongeka.
Pamusoro pazvo, mukuvaka kwavo vakagadzira chiitiko ichi vachishandisa zvishandiso zvitsva uye masitayera; mavakirwo avo airatidzwa nehungwaru uye kuchinjika, kwavakange vaine hunyanzvi hwakakwana, nzvimbo dzakanaka uye dzakapamhama dzaivewo nerevo yakakosha kutsika nechitendero chavo.
Tsika
Kufanana netsika dzese, maAztec akakwanisa kuva mukati mehupenyu hwavo hwega uye hweboka hupenyu hwezuva nezuva muunganidzwa wetsika netsika zvakakosha kwavari. Dzimwe tsika dzavo ndedzinotevera:
- Kuchikoro, sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, kwaisungirwa kuti vana vawane dzidzo kubva pazera duku zvikuru.
- Kuita zvechiuto, kuva vanhu vanorwa, zvakanga zvakajairika kuti budiriro yose igamuchire rovedzo yehondo kubva kuvana.
- Vakadzi nedzimba, nzanga iyi yaive yamadzibaba, saka vakadzi vaifanira kugara pamba vachiita mabasa epamba, ukuwo varume vachiona nezvebasa rekunze nerekutengesa.
- Ukoshi hworudzidziso: vaAztec vaiva nebatano huru norudzidziso rwavo, naizvozvo pakati petsika dzavo muitiro wetsika dzakasiana-siana neminyengetero yokuva pedyo navamwari vavo wakajairika; zvokuti, mudzimba vakatsaurira nzvimbo inokosha yakatsaurirwa kuchitendero chavo.
- Kutsanya, kutsanya kwaikosha kunzanga iyi saka kwaiitwa nebudiriro yese, kusanganisira nemadzishe.
- Zvibayiro, maAztec aiita zvibayiro kwaisanganisira vanhu vaipirwa kuvamwari.
Kana iwe wakawana chinyorwa ichi nezve Hunhu hweAztec Civilization chinonakidza, tinokukoka iwe kuti unakirwe neaya mamwe malink anozonyatso kufadza iwe: