Nyaya iyi yanga isiri itsva munhoroondo yeunyanzvi, asi vavezi vakanga vasati vamboibata. With Bernini's Apollo naDaphne, mugadziri wacho akazvishingisa kuita zvakanga zvaita sezvisingabviri kusvikira panguva iyoyo: kumiririra mumatombo machena muviri womunhu unochinjwa kuva chirimwa.
Bernini's Apollo naDaphne
Apollo anotandanisa Daphne nekuti ari murudo naye. Iyo nymph, kune rumwe rutivi, haienderane nechishuwo chamwari. Saka anotizira kurwizi uye baba vake Peneus vanomushandura kuita chirimwa chelaurel. Apollo asvika kuna Daphne uye ave kuda kubata nyini. Mwari haana kupfeka uye akafukidzwa nejira rinosunga pabendekete rake rekurudyi nemuhudyu. Bvudzi rake rakareba uye rinokwenya zvinoyevedza mumhepo.
Apollo anobata Daphne neruoko rwake rwerudyi. Noruoko rwake rworuboshwe, panzvimbo pezvo, mwari anochengeta dzikamo yake achimhanya. Apollo akapfeka shangu patsoka dzake. Mwari anomira negumbo rake rekurudyi uku kuruboshwe achizendamira kumashure. Miromo yavo yakatsemuka uye kufemereka kubva mukumhanya uye ruchiva. Miviri miviri inokwesha asi haibati.
Daphne anomhanya kutiza Apollo. Iyo nymph inovhara muviri wake kuti iwane mukana pane mwari. Dafne haana kupfeka uye muviri wake uri kuchinja. Chokwadi, tsoka dzake dzinova midzi. Nhumbu inoedza kusimudza tsoka yake yekurudyi yatobatanidzwa pasi. Makwati anoputira muviri wake uye maoko ake anokwira kudenga achishanduka kuita mashizha. Chiso chenjiva chinoratidza kutya uye muromo wakashama nekutya nekumhanya. Nguo yake, iyo iri kudonha, inovhuvhuta nemhepo. Ari kuvhiringika uye achifemereka.
Nenguva pfupi kushandurwa kuchave kwapera, goko rakaoma richavhara zvachose muviri wemukadzi akanaka, maoko nebvudzi, zvatove zvashandurwa zvishoma, zvichava mashizha. Vapendi nevavezi vakawanda vomuzana remakore rechiXNUMX vakaedza kushamisa muoni, asi hapana akabudirira sezvakaita Bernini, uyo akatozova tenzi asingarambiki, chirevo chinosungirwa kuzvizvarwa zvevanyori.
Iro basa, iro nhamba dzaro dziri pachiyero chaicho, rinofungidzirwa kuti ripe akawanda akasiyana maonero. Bernini aida kuimisa kuitira kuti kana achipinda mukamuri munhu aigona kuona Apollo chete kubva kumashure uye kufungidzira pane crescendo yeDaphne's metamorphosis. Nechemukona iwoyo waitoona gwati ratovhara muviri wenyifu asiwo ruoko rwamwari uyo sekutaura kwendima dzaOvid aitonzwa hana ichirova pasi pehuni. Kungofamba-famba kwechivezwa chete ndipo paizowanikwa ruzivo rweshanduko yacho.
Dudziro yeApollo naDaphne naBernini
Cartouche, yakaiswa pachigadziko, inoratidza mutsara muchiLatin naMaffeo Barberini, wenguva yemberi Papa Paul V: "Ani nani anoda kutevera mafaro munzira yekupotera, anotenderedza ruoko rwake kumatavi kuti akohwe michero, pachinzvimbo chake anokohwa kuvava". Nokudaro, kunyora uku kunoratidza kuti nyaya yengano inoshandiswa sei kuratidza pfungwa yetsika: Daphne, akachinjwa kuva gwenzi kutiza kutambudzwa kwaApollo, anova chiratidzo chekunaka; panguva imwecheteyo, boka rezvivezwa rinoda kunyevera kuti rirege kumira chete parunako rwepanyika.
Tinorava mu<em>Metamorphoses, kuti: “Achiri kunyengetera, kuti chiveve chikuru chinopinda mumakumbo ake, chipfuva chake chakapfava chakaputirwa neshinda dzakaisvonaka, bvudzi rake rinopararira mumashizha, maoko ake mumapazu; tsoka, dzakambokurumidza kwazvo, dzinonamira mumidzi ine usimbe, chiso chinonyangarika mubvudzi: inongochengetedza kubwinya kwayo”.
Maitiro echifananidzo
Bernini's Apollo naDaphne ndeimwe yemigumisiro inomiririra yezvose zveBaroque sculpture: maitiro ane simba; kushungurudzwa kwemiviri; gestural uye physiognomic kutaura; marble surface gloss; denderedzwa uye akawanda maonero ebasa; manzwiro uye nzvimbo zvinoreva basa.
Zviumbwa zvakavezwa naGian Lorenzo Bernini zvinoratidza kufamba kwekutenda nekuda kwemaitiro avo ane simba. Apollo naDaphne vanomhanya kumberi uye kutaura kwavo kwakanyanya. Tsandanyama dzaApollo dzinomira pachena kuti dzinomiririra kushanda nesimba kwekumhanya. Pane kudaro, muviri waDaphne wakatsetseka uye unoyevedza. Kumusoro kwemarble kunovezwa nenzira dzakasiyana. Tosco kumirira bark. Kunyatsotsetseka kuita ganda revaviri protagonists.
NaBernini's Apollo naDaphne (uye zvimwe zvivezwa naScipione Borghese) akasvika pakukwirira uye kuzere kuratidzwa kwekumiririra kufamba. Akangokwanisa kugadzirisa imwe nguva yechiito, iyo yakakosha. Kutaura idi, zviverengero zvake hazvisati zvichamirira chokwadi asi kuitika kweidi iroro, hakusati kuchisiri chinhu chaichoicho asi kushandurwa kwechokwadi ichocho. Apollo naDaphne vanobatwa munhangemutange, panguva chaiyo apo mukadzi wechidiki anoshanduka kuita muti: nguva isati yave mukadzi, chinguva chidiki gare gare aisazove.
Majaya maviri aya ari muchiyero chisingachinji, vanoita sevasina kudzikama, vanoita sevanoda kudonha chero nguva. Apollo ane gumbo rake reruboshwe rakatambanudzwa kumashure (iyo chete poindi yekutsigira pasi ichiri gumbo rake rerudyi). Dafne, kune rumwe rutivi, anosimudzwa chaizvo nemidzi inomera kubva mutsoka dzake. Muchokwadi, iyo inomiririra yekufamba iri mune maviri arcs anotsanangurwa nenhamba inopindirana neiyo yakanaka spiral inoumbwa ne trunk, mantle uye maoko.
Bernini anokwikwidzana naOvid, uye vese vari vakundi, nekuti kana chiri chokwadi kuti nhetembo ndiye tenzi wenguva nepo hunyanzvi hwekufananidzira huri ishe wenzvimbo, ichokwadi zvakare kuti muvezi weNeapolitan anopidigura mamiriro ezvinhu aya, achitora mukana wesimba. of movement.
MuBernini's Apollo naDaphne, kubatwa zvine hungwaru kwemarble, kubva pakumiririrwa kwakadzama kwemashizha uye mitsara yakasimudzwa nemhepo kusvika kugwati rehunde, kubva kubvudzi rakasununguka revanopikisa kuenda kune yakakatyamadzwa uye kushamisika kutaridzika kwaDaphne, inobatsira. kubata zvakakwana chiito chinoitika pamberi peziso rakatarisa remuoni.
Pakazere, Bernini's Apollo naDaphne zvirokwazvo inomiririra imwe yenguva dzakanyanya kubudirira muBaroque chivezwa nekuda kwehunyanzvi hwayo uye kupfakanyika kushushikana kwepfungwa. Bernini's dexterity, kutaura zvazviri, inopa chivezwa chisina rombo rakanaka rekuona, asi inopa muoni mukana wekutora mune zvese zvakadzama runako rwekare, runako rwechiHellenistic art, uye panguva imwe chete iyo sensuality uye hupfumi hweiyo. tsanangudzo, yakajairika ye baroque nhetembo.
compositional structure
Chifananidzo chaBernini chaApollo naDaphne chakanyanya kuenzana. Muchokwadi, zvimwe zvikamu zvinokura mudenga asi zvimwe zvinobatana. Zvakare, mitsetse yesimba inogadzira macurves maviri. Imwe inomhanya kureba kwemuviri waApollo. Yechipiri inopindirana nearc yakadhonzwa nemuviri waDafne. Bernini akagadzira seti yenzira idzo nzvimbo inogadzira voids inoita kuti chivezwa chive chiedza. Zviumbwa zviviri izvi zvinotariswa kumusoro sekunge zviri kuyangarara.
Bernini aiziva kugadzirisa dambudziko rakaoma rehukama pakati pekukanda uye kupokana kuburikidza nemutambo wakanatswa wakanatswa: miviri, makumbo nemaoko ezviumbwa zviviri izvi zvinoenda mudenga, zvichizvidza mitemo yesimba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi, asi nguva dzose neimwe nzira. zvimwe zvikamu zvinoenda kune rumwe rutivi.
Bernini aizivawo kutora mubvunzo wemarble kune yakanyanyisa mikana yekutaura. Iyo muimbi yaive kuzvipira kunoenderera kune yakamira miganho yezvinhu, dambudziko raiita sekunge risingatarise kusimba kwemarble uye izvo zvakamusundidzira kukutsvaga kwekutsvaga zvinzvimbo uye kutendeukira kune kugumira kwavo, kwemazano, zvishandiso, maficha. , zvakaita kuti zvibvire kupikisa simba regiravhiti.
Mhedzisiro yakadaro inogona kuwanikwa chete kuvonga kune inoshamisa tekinoroji control. Uye hazvina kuitika kuti Bernini aive tekinoroji akanakisa, akapembererwa nekuda kwehunyanzvi hwake hunoshamisa. Bernini's Apollo naDaphne, kunyanya, inoita sechishamiso chechokwadi chehunyanzvi.
Iwo manhamba maviri anowanikwa kubva mubhuroko hombe uye mapepa anosvika pakukora zvishoma, zvekuti anogona kutyoka nekumanikidza kuri nyore kweminwe. Nyanzvi iyi yaive shasha pakuratidza kupenya kweganda raDaphne rakashama richisiyana nekushata kwegwati rake idzva. Zvose izvi zvinounza kushamisika uye kuyemura.
Franco Borsi, mumwe wevanonyanya kukosha nyanzvi dzeItaly Baroque, akanyora:
"Nheyo dzeaesthetics yekushamisika hadzina kujeka kune nyika yaBernini mune chero pfungwa yakatenderedzwa […] asi dzakapararira munyika yetsika umo Bernini anofamba, akateerera uye akatsunga kuita zvekubata manzwi ekuti aimbe." tsvaga kubvumirana”
Ngano yeApollo naDaphne mune metamorphoses
Ngano yeApollo uye nymph Daphne inotaura kuti mwari Apollo, mwanakomana waZeus, achizvikudza nekuziva kushandisa uta nemiseve sezvisina mumwe, anokonzera kutsamwa kweCupid. Iyo yekupedzisira, kuranga kuzvikudza kwamwari wechidiki, inomurova nemuseve unowira murudo nenymph yakaisvonaka Daphne (zita rake rinoreva "laurel" muchiGiriki), mukunda wemwari werwizi Peneus naGaia, Nyika.
Nekudaro, Daphne akatsaurira hupenyu hwake kune hanzvadzi yaApollo, mwarikadzi Artemis, akazvitsaurira kuhutsvene uye kuchengetedza umhandara, hunhu hwaanotsigira zvekuti anomanikidza nymphs dzevaaifamba navo kuti vatevedze muenzaniso wake, pasi pechirango che chirango chomuenzaniso.
Apollo, murudo, anoedza zvikuru kusvika mudiwa wake Daphne, uyo anokumbira baba vake kuti vamubatsire kuchengetedza kusava nemhosva. Peneus naizvozvo, kuti adzivise majaya maviri kubatana, anova nechokwadi chokuti chimiro chomunhu chomwanasikana chinonyunguduka pakubata kwamwari. Apollo, chaizvoizvo, anoteedzera Daphne kusvikira, achitambanudza ruoko uye achimubata, anomuona achichinja kuva murairi (mushonga we laurel chimwe chezviratidzo zvemwari Apollo).
Zvimwe zvinhu
Bernini chivezwa chaApollo naDaphne chakapihwa basa kubva kuBernini naCardinal Scipione Caffarelli Borghese. Chakanga chiriwo chikumbiro chekupedzisira icho muunganidzi ane mukurumbira akaita kumuimbi. Muvezi akatanga basa ari mudiki kwazvo, asina makore makumi maviri nemaviri, muna 1622. Akabva amanikidzwa kumisa basa muzhizha ra1623.
Kutanga aifanira kupedzisa El David akatumwa naCardinal Alessandro Pedretti. Nokudaro Bernini akatangazve kuurayiwa kwaApollo naDaphne muna 1624 nerubatsiro rwemuvezi Giuliano Finelli, uyo akatarisira midzi nemashizha. Muna 1625 chivezwa chakapedzwa uye pakarepo chakasangana nebudiriro huru.
Artist
Kutenda kune yakanyanyisa hunyanzvi hwaGian Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680, anoonekwa pasi rese semugadziri akakosha weEuropean XNUMXth century: muvezi, mugadziri wezvivakwa, muvezi, mugadziri wedanho, murongi wemaguta, aigara achisvika, uye muminda yese, nhanho. zvekunaka chose.
Muna 1615, paakanga achingova nemakore gumi nemanomwe ekuberekwa, akanga atova nyanzvi yakangwara yakashanda, pamwe chete nababa vake Pietro, muvezi akafanana naye, mubasa raPope aitonga, Paul V, weCardinal Maffeo Barberini, weramangwana Pope Urban. VIII, uye pamusoro pezvose zveScipione Borghese (1576-1633). Scipione, muzukuru wapapa, aiva mumwe wevarume vane simba zvikuru muRoma. Mutsigiri mukuru uye aimbove mutsigiri weCaravaggio, akazvisiyanisa netsika yake inoshamisa uye chishuwo chisingachinjiki chekuunganidza.
Kadhinari Borghese pachake akapa mudiki Bernini mukana mukuru wekutanga webasa rake: mapoka mana ezvivezwa aizomuita mukurumbira semuimbi. Aya mabasa, akatumwa naScipione muna 1618 kuVilla Borghese yake, uye inozivikanwa seBorghese Gallery, akapfumisa muunganidzwa weCardinal wagara une mukurumbira (waizvikudza Caravaggio) uye achiri muRoma nhasi muBorghese Gallery. Ndivo Aeneas, Anchises naAscanius, kupambwa kwaProserpina, Apollo naDaphne naDavid.
Gian Lorenzo Bernini akaberekerwa muNaples muna 1598, amai vake vaiva Neapolitan, baba vake Pietro Bernini muvezi, anoshanda muNaples, Florence neRoma. Pietro akatamira kuRoma nemhuri yake muna 1605, uye Gian Lorenzo akapedza nguva yakawanda youpenyu hwake ari muRoma, kunze kwokugara kwenguva refu muParis muna 1665, yaishevedzwa naMambo Louis XIV. MuRoma, basa rake rakaitwa munhevedzano refu yebudiriro. , uye Bernini aitarisira makambani anokosha zvikuru semuvezi, mugadziri wegadziriro uye muvaki, zvikurukuru kuna vanapapa vakatevera mumwe nomumwe mumakore makumi mashanu ebasa rake.
Nzvimbo yemifananidzo yeRoma munguva ino inotungamirirwa naGian Lorenzo, pamberi pake chete Michelangelo airemekedzwa zvakadai nemapapa, nyanzvi uye maartist. Kune zvakawanda zvakafanana naMichelangelo: kunyange Bernini anofunga chivezwa chido chake chikuru, kubva achiri mwana ari mumhuri umo marble inoshandiswa uye inova chinhu chake chaanofarira. Kufanana naMichelangelo, inyanzvi yakakwana: muvezi, muvezi, muvaki, mudetembi, mugadziri wegadziriro uye pamberi pebasa rimwe nerimwe anoziva nzira yokuzvitsaurira nayo nekufungisisa kukuru uye kubatanidzwa kwakadzama kubasa.
Kudhirowa kunomumiririra nzira yakakosha yezvese basa rake rekugadzira, kuburikidza naayo anonyora pasi pese fungidziro, zano uye mhinduro kubva kupfupi zvikeche kuenda kumapurojekiti akanyanya uye anosekesa caricatures. Tarenda rinoshamisa uye hunyanzvi hwaanoita nahwo chero basa hazvirambike zvakare. Misiyano naMichelangelo ine chekuita nevanhu uye nharaunda: Bernini murume ane ushamwari, ane njere uye akangwara, akazvipira kumhuri uye murongi ane hunyanzvi.
Muna 1611 Gian Lorenzo akazviwana ari mubatsiri kuna baba vake Pietro Bernini, akanga achishanda pamifananidzo yeChapel yaPaul V muSanta Maria Maggiore muRoma. Chiitiko ichi chinoratidza kutanga kwebasa rake uye hupfumi hwake, sezvo panguva yebasa akanyeverwa naPapa naCardinal Scipione Borghese, avo vakamuronzesa kushongedza imba yake. Bernini ane makore gumi nemapfumbamwe anogadzira akateedzana mapoka engano uye zviumbwa zvakaurayiwa pakati pa1619 na1624, izvo zvichiri muVilla Borghese muRome. Akaramba ari mubasa rekadhinari kusvikira muna 1624.
Nekusarudzwa kwaPope Urban VIII Barberini, Bernini, achiri mudiki kwazvo, akava mutungamiri muhupenyu hwehunyanzvi hweRoma uye akabata chinzvimbo ichi muhupenyu hwake hwese, akazvipira pamusoro pezvose kumabasa echitendero. Mushure mekufa kwaCarlo Maderno, muna 1629 Gian Lorenzo akagadzwa "muvaki weSan Pietro".
Muhuduku hwake, mukutanga kwemaXNUMX, basa rake rakanga richidiwa zvikuru semuvezi wemifananidzo, asi nekuwedzera kwemakomisheni makuru, Bernini akanga asisina nguva yekuzvipira kumufananidzo. Nechekare pakupera kwemakumi maviri uye mumakore gumi aitevera kuti azadzise zvisungo zvese zvaaifanira kuhaya vabatsiri uye mapikicha akaitwa muzera rakakura zvishoma pane mabasa ekuzvipira kukuru sezvidhori, makuva, chapel, zvitubu, masikweya. , machechi, akavakwa panguva yePontificates yeUrban VIII, Innocent X naAlexander VII.
Kunyangwe kupenda kunonyanya kutariswa mumakore makumi maviri, gare gare akasarudza kuzvipira kuita chivezwa, nepo mazhinji emabasa ekuvaka ari pamusoro pezvose kusvika padanho rekupedzisira rebasa rake, rinoenderana nenguva yaAlexander VII. Bernini akafira muRoma muna 1680.
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