El Voluspa (Old Norse: Vǫluspá) inhetembo yepakati kubva munhetembo dzeEdda, inotsanangura kuti nyika ingadai yakaumbwa sei uye yakaparadzwa, maererano nengano dzeNorse. Nyaya, yezvikamu makumi matanhatu, inotaurwa nemuoni kana völva (Old Norse: vharafu, inonziwo spakona, 'mukadzi muoni'), akadanwa namwari Odin, tenzi wemashiripiti uye ruzivo. Maererano nemashoko aya ezvinyorwa, pakutanga kwenyika kwakanga kusina chinhu, kusvikira vamwari vasika humambo hupfumbamwe hweNorse cosmology, yakabatanidzwa neimwe nzira nemuti wenyika, Yggdrasil.
Panguva imwecheteyo, kuguma kweiyo yakaoma yakavezwa mumatombo neboka revaoni. Pakutanga, mhuri mbiri dzavamwari dzakabatanidzwa muhondo, iyo yakaguma nerunyararo norusvingo rwakakomberedza nhare yavo youmwari yeAsgard. Zvisinei, vaisazogara murugare nokusingaperi, sezvo chisiko chapose pose chakaparara kubvira pakusikwa kwacho. Mwari mumwe nomumwe ane muvengi wake, yaacharwa nayo, uye vazhinji vavo vachakundwa, kusanganisira Odin, mwari mukuru.
Context
Nhetembo yekutanga, muunganidzwa wenhetembo dzeEdda
Inozivikanwa seVöluspá, zvinoreva kuti: "Chiporofita chaVölva". Vanhu vokuChamhembe vomuzana remakore rechiXNUMX kana kuti rechiXNUMX, vatinowanzodana kuti maViking, vakanga vasina mashoko akanyorwa echitendero chavo. Vaiveza mimwe mifananidzo pamatombo, vakagadzira zvidhori zvematanda, uye vaitaura nhetembo dzavaifunga kuti nyika yakaita. Mazana emakore mashoma mushure menguva yeizvi vafambisi vezvikepe vakashinga, vatengesi uye vaongorori, vamwe vanhu vokuIceland vakanyora nhetembo idzi, dzaiyeukwa nemadzitateguru avo. Muunganidzwa wenhetembo uyu unonzi edda, manyuko edu anokosha zvikuru ezivo pamusoro peiyi ngano dzokuNorthmen dzakanga dziri.
Yakanyorwa muOld Norse, mutauro unotaurwa muIceland, Norway, Sweden, uye Denmark kusvikira muzana remakore rechiXNUMX. Nhetembo idzi dzinowanikwa muzvinyorwa zviviri: Codex Regius (the "Bhuku raMambo") nerimwe bhuku rakanzi hauksbok; asi kurongeka kwezvidavado - mapoka emitsara mina inoumba nhetembo - zvinoita sezvine musoro mubhuku rekutanga. Detembo rekutanga mumuunganidzwa nderokuti Voluspa, zvinoreva kuti "chiporofita chevölva". Snorri Sturluson, nyanzvi yeIcelandic yomuzana ramakore rechi XNUMX, akanyorawo shanduro yengano idzi, achitaura zvakawanda zvenhetembo idzodzo mubhuku rake. Shanduro yandaiziva, zvisinei, inoita seyakasiyana, zvichiratidza kuti nhetembo dze edda Vainyanya kufarirwa nemaVikings.
kuti nyika yakazvarwa sei
Maererano ne Voluspa, Odin, mutungamiriri wavamwari veÆsir, sokudanwa kwaiitwa mhuri youmwari yokutanga neine simba zvikuru, aigara achidisa kuziva. Akakumbira völva, muoni wekare, kuti amuke kubva muguva uye amuudze nyaya dzekare, baba vevakawa (Valfǫþr), sezvo ari iye anounza varwi kuimba yake yakakurumbira yeValhalla. Anopindura nokutaura nezvenyika pfumbamwe dzinoumba chisiko chapose pose nemuti weYggdrasil, uye anomuudzawo pamusoro paYmir, hofori kubva pamakumbo ayo denga rakasikwa.
Mukutanga kwenguva, pakanga paine "mukaha mukuru" (Hildebrand, stanza 3). Kusikwa kwezvinhu zvose kunoratidzika kunge kwaiva basa revana vaBorr: Odin nevanin'ina vake Vili naVé, vane mazita atinoziva kubva kune imwe nhetembo. Hama nhatu dzakaumba nyika, dzakagara zvigaro zvadzo muGungano, uye ipapo Vakatumidza nyeredzi dzokudenga mazita;nokudaro achipa kurongeka kuchisiko chose. Vanamwari vaisangana kuIthavoll, nzvimbo isinganzwisisike yaingotaurwa kaviri chete munhetembo yacho, kwavakagadzira mafori, kugadzira maturusi, uye kuvaka temberi.
Mugumisiro wehondo pakati pemhuri dzavamwari dzeÆsir naVanir wakanga uri wokuti vamwari vose vakawana maruramiro mamwe chetewo okunamata.
Paaigara, varandakadzi vatatu vahofori vakasvika, ingangove ichinongedzerwa kuvorumwe, avo vakanga vari zvisikwa zvine simba zvikuru kupfuura vamwari, sezvavakaita. vakasarudza magumo emunhu wese. Kanzuru yakaitwa pakagoverwa bhuku rorudzi rwemaduku; vashomanene vavo vanodudzwa kumwewo. Mumwe wavo, Gandalf, yakashandurwa kuita wizard naTolkien mu " Ishe wezvindori ".
Rimwe zita rinokosha ndere dvalin, uyo anoita seakapa dwarves mashiripiti runes akaita kuti vave nehunyanzvi, sezvakataurwa munhetembo yechipiri ye edda, the Tubevamál. Zvadaro tawana Andvari uyo, mudetembo rinonzi Reginsmal, inotaura kuti Loki, mwari anonyengera, akaba pfuma yake, zvichiita kuti atuke pfuma iyo yakatungamirira kurufu rwaSigurd. Iyo yekupedzisira igamba rinoshungurudza gamba, akauraya dhiragoni nepfuma yakatukwa uye akafuridzira vanyori vazhinji, kusanganisira, zvakare, Tolkien. Mushure mechikamu ichi, nevazhinji dwarves, vamwari vatatu -Odin, Hönir naLothur- vakaenderera mberi nebasa ravo uye vakasika vanhu kubva pamiti miviri, madota uye elm (Bvunza uye Embla). Mamiriro acho anoonekwa zvakare muchikamu chechi20, kwavanoveza runes mumatanda uye kuita mitemo.
Hondo yekutanga munyika
Muporofitakadzi anozorondedzera zvaanorangarira kuti hondo yekutanga munyika, pakati pemhuri dzeumwari dzeÆsir neVanir. Iyi mhuri yekupedzisira inobatanidzwa nekubereka uye kubudirira, kunyange zvazvo zvichifanira kutaurwa kuti vamwari veNordic, kazhinji, havagoni kugumira kune zvakanyatsotsanangurwa maitiro. Chero zvazvingava, nhoroondo ye Voluspa anotaura nezvamwarikadzi Gollveig ('Simba Rendarama') sechikonzero chehondo, sezvo akapomerwa kuti akanga anyengedza vamwari. Muuyo weiyi hondo wakanga uri wokuti vamwari vose vakagamuchira kunamatwa kwakaenzana, zvichida nongedzero kukugamuchira kwavo vamwe vamwari vomunharaunda mutsika yavo yokutenda.
Nekukurumidza kuchinja kwechidzidzo, tinowana maonero ezvimwe zviitiko zvikuru zvengano, zvakadai sekuvakwazve kweAsgard, nhare yaOdin nemhuri yake, uye zvichida imwe yenyika mapfumbamwe iyo muporofitakadzi akataura nezvayo. Apo hofori, inotarisira basa iri, inobvunza Freyja, mwarikadzi werudo, semubairo, Loki anokokwa kuti atambe nhanho paari, kudzivirira izvi kuti zvirege kuitika. Nenzira isingashamisi, hofori yacho inoguma yaurawa naThor, ane simba zvikurusa wavamwari, achishatirisa hofori dzinorwa nokudisa Æsir. Hofori dzaivewo imwe mhuri yevamwari - zita ravo haritauri kuhukuru hwavo - uye mazhinji aya aive akabatana nerudo kune vamwari vemhuri yeÆsir.
Kuguma Kwenyika
"Munoda kuziva zvakawanda here?" (Hildebrand, zvikamu 27, 29, 34, 35, 39, 41, 48, 62). Uyu mubvunzo unouya nguva nenguva, uchitiyeuchidza kuti Odin ndiye mwari anogara achitsvaka kuwana ruzivo. Nyanga yaHeimdall, iyo ichazivisa hondo yekupedzisira, yakavanzwa pasi pemuti unoyera, kwatinowana chimwe chinhu chinoshamisa, Ziso raOdin. Akabayira ziso rake kumudzimu Mímir, kuti awane humwe uchenjeri. Zvinoita sokuti ziso racho rakazoshandiswa semudziyo wokunwira. Mushure mekupihwa mubairo namwari nezvindori uye mitsipa, iyo völva inoenderera mberi nehuporofita hwechokwadi hwedetembo. Ona maValkyries akaungana, achibatana nemapoka evamwari kuhondo yekupedzisira. MaValkyries varwi, vakatumwa naOdin kuunganidza varwi vakashinga vakafira muhondo uye vauye navo kwaari.
Pamberi peichi chiitiko chikuru, chine mafambiro ava kuda kuzadzikiswa, tinoyeuchidzwa nezvenjodzi yaive kufa kwaBaldr, mwanakomana anodiwa, akarurama uye asina mhosva waOdin naFrigg. Mamwe mashoko echiitiko ichi anowanikwa mune imwe nhetembo, Baldrs Draumar. Frigg akakumbira zvisikwa zvose kuti zvipike kuti zvisakuvadza Baldr, izvo zvavakaita vose, kunze kwehama yaBaldr bofu, iyo yakakanda mistletoe kwaari, pasi pekutungamirirwa kwaLoki. Mushure mekunge Baldr aurayiwa nemuseve wemistletoe, loki akarangwa, uye tine mufananidzo uzere wechirango chake muzvinyorwa zve hauksbok: uyu akanga akasungirirwa padombo nematumbu emwanakomana wake Narfi, akachekwa nomumwe mwanakomana wake Vali, aine nyoka inodonhedza chepfu paari nomudzimai wake akatendeka, anoedza kuiunganidza mundiro.
tsvimbo yechitunha
Mushure mekutsanangura dzimba dzevavengi vamwari vanotyisa, kusanganisira kwete hofori chete uye madiki, asiwo vakaipa vakafa veNastrond ('tsvimbo yechitunha') yeHel, the völva Anonyevera nezvechimwe chiratidzo chekuparadzwa: kuba mwedzi. Hazvingavi zvakaipa kududzira izvi sokuora. Hondo yekupedzisira ichaziviswa neapocalyptic roosters: Fjalar naGollinkambi. Zvichida, chimwe chezviratidzo zvekupedzisira zverufu rwava pedyo kuchava kupukunyuka kwaFenrir mhumhi, uyo akasungwa nechibairo chamwari weTire, uyo akarega chikara ichocho chichiruma ruoko rwake. Nguva dzerima dzichauya: "Nguva yemhepo, nguva yemhumhi / nokukurumidza nyika ichawa / kwete kunyange varume / vachakanganwira" (Hildebrand, stanza 45). Odin, pasinei nokuti akaunganidza uchenjeri hwakawanda sei, Fenrir achamuuraya. Yggdrasil iri kudedera.
Izita «ragna rok» Ragnarok, inoshandiswa kutsanangura chiitiko ichi chikuru, inogona kushandurwa se "kuguma kwevamwari" uye inowanikwa muchikamu 50. Zvimwe zvinhu zvemhirizhonga zvinosanganisira: Hrym, mutungamiri wehofori; Midgardsorm, nyoka yemugungwa inotenderedza nyika; uye Naglfar, ngarava yaityisa yakagadzirwa nezvipikiri zvevarume vakafa. Iyo giant Surt inounza moto kubva kumaodzanyemba uye inorwisa mwari webudiriro Freyr, nepo Odin anozadzisa magumo ake pamberi pemukadzi wake anosuruvarisa Frigg. Kunyangwe Thor, mwanakomana waOdin nenyika, akatemerwa kuwira muhondo iyi huru yekurwisa nyoka yegungwa, iyo ichamuuraya nemweya wayo une chepfu. Apocalypse inowedzera simba mushure mechiitiko chinosanganisira vanonyanya kufarirwa nevamwari, mushure mekuti: "Zuva rinoshanduka dema / pasi rinonyura pasi pegungwa / nyeredzi dzinodziya dzinodonha kubva kudenga"
CONCLUSIONS
Uyu ndiwo magumo chaiwo here, vanhu vakarasika uye vamwari vakundwa? Kwete; maererano nenhetembo, nyika ichamuka, nokuti kuchine vamwe vanamwari vanosangana uye vanotaura pamusoro pezviitiko zvitsva uye kuwa kwaOdin, tenzi we runes. Mwanakomana wake Baldr achadzoka, minda ichazara zvakare nemichero yakaibva, uye vazukuru vaOdin vachagara kudenga. PaGimle Mountain, horo huru yegoridhe inogona kuonekwa, mukati mayo mune mutongi ane simba asina zita.
Inonzwika senyaya ine hudzamu asi, sezvimwe zvakawanda zvenganonyorwa dzeNorse, zvidimbu zvakawanda zvepuzzle hazvipo uye zvave zvataurwa kakawanda kuti chiKristu chinogona kunge chakapesvedzera chikamu chekupedzisira chedetembo. Kunyange zvazvo zvakaoma kujekesa, sezvingabvira nyanduri wacho akanga ari muhedheni, sezvinotaurwa nenzwi, mufananidzo, chimiro chemutauro wekare, uye manyorerwo enhetembo. Zvinofanira zvakare kutaurwa kuti yakawanda yengano yeNorse yekusika uye kuparadzwa, iyo inopfuurira kunyange mutsika yakakurumbira yanhasi, inobva mukududzirwa kwaSnorri, iyo inoshandura iyo yose mazano enhetembo kuita nyaya inowirirana zvikuru.