Nhoroondo yeTeotihuacan tsika uye maitiro ayo

Muchinyorwa chino ndinokukoka iwe kuti uzive zvese nezve zvinoshamisa Teotihuacan tsika, imwe yetsika dzeMexico iyo yakavambwa muguta rakakura rakava nzvimbo huru yekutariswa, asi guta rakawira mukusiiwa nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakasiyana izvo zvichiri kutsvaga tsananguro ramba uchiverenga uye uone zvese zvakaitika.

TSIKA YETEOTIHUACAN

Teotihuacan tsika

Kuti titaure nezvetsika yeTeotihuacan, simbiso inofanira kuiswa paguta rekare reTeotihuacán, guta risati rave reSpain riri muMesoamerica, rinozivikanwa se. “nzvimbo iyo vanhu vanova vanamwari” mumutauro wechiNahuatl, yaizivikanwawo se "guta rezuva", maererano nezvinyorwa zvatinazvo, guta rakavakwa pane imwe nguva muzana remakore rechipiri, rechitatu kana rechina Kristu asati auya.

Zita rakapiwa guta racho rinobva mumutauro weNahuatl, mutauro unotaurwa kuMexico uye unoshandiswa nevaMexico vaiva vanhu vaiva netsika dzechiAztec. Asi vanhu ava pavakasvika kuguta rekare reTeotihuacán, rakanga ratovakwa uye rakasiiwa nebudiriro yapfuura, apo Mexica yakazviona kekutanga yakanga yatosiiwa kwemakore ane chiuru. Parizvino, hazvizivikanwe kuti ndevapi vakatanga kugara muguta rekare reTeotihuacán.

Zvakasara zveguta rekare reTeotihuacán zvinogona kuwanikwa kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweMupata weMexico, pakati peMataundi eSan Martín de las Pirámides neguta reTeotihuacán (Nyika yeMexico). Pachinhambwe chemakiromita 78 kubva kuguta guru reMexico City. Nharaunda inogarwa neguta rekare reTeotihuacán ingangoita makiromita makumi maviri nerimwe uye ine zvakakosha zvikuru zviyeuchidzo zvekuchera matongo uye nechikonzero ichi, muna 21, yakanzi World Heritage Site neUNESCO.

Sezvambotaurwa pamusoro apa, mavambo eguta reTeotihuacán haana chokwadi uye iye zvino kwaakabva uye vavambi vachiri kuongororwa nenyanzvi dzakasiyana-siyana mumunda, asi zvinozivikanwa kuti pakutanga kwechiKristu, guta reTeotihuacán Rakanga riri musha unokosha zvikuru, sezvo wakanga uri nzvimbo yainamatwa vamwari, wakanga uri pedyo nebheseni reAnahuac. Izvo zvakasimba uye zvakasimba zvivakwa zvinokwezva kutarisa zvakaitwa panguva yekutanga nheyo.

Sezvakaita bvunzo dzakaitwa pakuchera kwakaitwa kuPiramidhi reMwedzi. Guta raive nekubudirira kukuru munguva yechinyakare pakati pezana ramakore rechitatu Kristu asati auya uye nezana ramakore rechinomwe mushure maKristu. Munguva iyoyo guta rekare reTeotihuacán raive nekufambira mberi kwakawanda mune zvekutengeserana, zvematongerwo enyika uye zvemagariro. Kuwedzera kune yakakura tsika yeTeotihuacan munzvimbo inosvika 21 square kilometers kwayakauya kuzogara kubva kune zana rezviuru kusvika mazana maviri ezviuru vagari.

TSIKA YETEOTIHUACAN

Kufuridzirwa kwetsika yeTeotihuacán kwakanzwika munzvimbo yose yeMesoamerican, sezvakaratidzwa mune mamwe maguta emunharaunda, akadai seTikal neMonte Alba, uko zvakawanikwa zvakakura zvekuchera matongo zvakawanikwa uye zvakabatana zvikuru neTeotihuacán tsika. Zvakakosha kuratidza kuti muguta rekare reTeotihuacán raive nezvinetso zvaro kubva muzana remakore rechinomwe shure kwaKristu, nekuda kwematambudziko akawanda ezvematongerwo enyika.

Kumukira kwemukati kwanga kuchiitwawo nemamwe mapoka echivanhu uye shanduko yemamiriro ekunze yaigara uye ine njodzi kune vanhu, izvo zvakakonzera kuparara kweguta uye vanhu vakatanga kutama kubva kuguta rekare kuenda kunzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeMexico. .

Parizvino, hazvizivikanwe kuti ndevapi vekutanga vagari veguta rekare reTeotihuacán vaive, uye vakaumba tsika yeTeotihuacan, asi nyanzvi nevatsvaguri munzvimbo iyi vasvika pamhedziso yekuti vaigona kunge vaive maNahuas kana maTotonacs, sezvo vese vari vaviri. zvizvarwa zvemo. Kune zvakare vanhu veko vanonzi vaOtomi vaigara nechepakati peMexico.

Kunyangwe iyo yakanyanya kugamuchirwa fungidziro nevanyori venhoroondo ndeyekuti guta rekare reTeotihuacán raive guta reCosmopolitan, zvinoreva kuti tsika dzakasiyana dzakasanganiswa muguta uye ndosaka tsika yeTeotihuacan yakazvarwa, mune imwe ongororo yakaitwa munharaunda yeZapotec, ivo. vakawana zvinhu zvakabva kuguta rekare reTeotihuacán, nenzira imwecheteyo zvinhu zvakawanikwa kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeMesoamerica dzakadai seGulf of Mexico uye munharaunda yeMayan.

Zvakakosha kuratidza kuti guta uye tsika yeTeotihuacan yave ichifarira zvikuru kune gare gare uye nzanga dzemazuva ano kusvikira yadzikira, inyaya yekuferefeta, sezvo matongo acho akanyatsoongororwa kubva pre-Hispanic nguva neMexico neToltec. civilizations. , sezvo kuwanikwa kwezvinhu kubva kutsika yeTeotihuacan zvakaitwa, pamwe nenzvimbo dzekuchera matongo muguta reTula uye muTemberi huru yeMexico iri muTenochtitlan.

Mune ngano dzeNahua dzepashure-classical era muguta rekare, tsika yeTeotihuacan yaive nengano dzakanyanya senge ngano yeZuva, iyo yaive mukuti kusikwa kwepasirese, nyika uye vanhu kwakaitika mumashanu. zvakasiyana-siyana kubva pakusikwa. Ngano iyi yakatsigirwa nehuwandu hwevanhu vekuMexico.

TSIKA YETEOTIHUACAN

Mumazuva ano, guta rekare reTeotihuacán rinongoramba riripo asi rinodzivirirwa nokuti rine zviyeuchidzo zvekuchera matongo uye nekuda kwezvinomiririra vanhu, kunze kwekukwezva vashanyi vakawanda pagore. Pamusoro peYucatan peninsula uko Chichen Itza iripo. El Tajín neMonte Alba dzimwe nzvimbo dzekuchera matongo, dzinoshanyirwa zvakanyanya nevashanyi. Neizvi, tsika yeTeotihuacan iri kuwedzera pasirese.

Guta reTeotihuacan

Guta iri rinonzi Teotihuacán uye nderechiNahuatl, asi zita racho rakapiwa mushure memazana emakore akawanda ekupera kwaro, seguta guru reCosmopolitan kwaiva nevanhu veNahuatl. Maererano nenhoroondo asi hazvina kusimbiswa. Uye apo vaMexico vakasvika muguta, vakaritumidza zita rekare reguta reTeotihuacán, kunyange zvazvo rakanga ratosiiwa makore ane chiuru apfuura.

Munguva yekoloni yeMexico, veMexicas vakatanga kushanyira nhoroondo dzenhoroondo dzeTeotihuacan tsika muchiSpanish. Kunyangwe paine kusanzwisisana kwakawanda mutsika yeguta rekare reTeotihuacan. Sezvo veMexico vaiziva guta payakanga yatosiiwa. KuMexicas, guta rekare reTeotihuacán raive guta rekare uko kwaive nezvakawanda zvetsika, zvemagariro uye zvematongerwo enyika, kunyangwe tekinoroji nekuda kwezvinhu zvakawanikwa.

Kune vatsvakurudzi vakawanda, vanosimbisa kuti guta reTula rakabudirira ikoko, uye zvaifungidzirwa kuti vagari vemo vaiva veToltec. Nekuda kwezvinoreva zita rakapihwa kuguta rekare, kune akawanda mafungidziro, nekuti mumutauro weNahuatl ndeye agglutinative mavambo, ayo akawanda mazano anogona kuratidzwa pamusoro pezvingashandurwa izwi rekuti Teotihuacán.

Imwe yedudziro inogamuchirwa zvakanyanya nenharaunda uye vaongorori ndiyo yainoturikirwa “nzvimbo iyo vamwari vakazvarirwa” kana nenzira imwe cheteyo yaungataura “Nzvimbo yakaitirwa vanamwari” uye dudziro iyi inosanganiswa nengano pamusoro pe Ngano yeMazuva. Iri ngano inozivikanwa zvikuru muMesoamerica inotsvaka kupindura kuti zvinhu zvose zvakasikwa sei.

MuMexico, guta reTeotihuacán rinoremekedzwa zvikuru nenharaunda yeNahua, iyo inozivisa kuti guta rakasikwa kuburikidza nekusikwa kwezuva rechishanu, sezvo vamwari vose venguva yapfuura vakazvibayira. MuNahuatl Mutauro Duramazwi, rakanyorwa muchiSpanish, shoko racho teotl zvinoreva Mwari, ti iri euphonic ligature, uye hua is a possessive article, finally the anogona iyo inoita chiito. Nenzira iyi zvinhu zvose zvinoturikira mukati "Nzvimbo yeavo vanamwari."

TSIKA YETEOTIHUACAN

Chiri chokwadi ndechekuti hazvisati zvazivikanwa kuti zita chairo rakagamuchirwa guta iri rakanga richiri mubishi nevagari varo chaivo. Kune mamwe magwaro akawanikwa ekwaMayan kwakabva, uko izwi iri glyph nevanhu vanobva kuTeotihuacan tsika.

Vanhu ava vakamiririrwa sevakakosha zvikuru mumaguta eMayan eTikal, Uaxactún neBonampak. Simbiso inoiswawo pashoko pooh kuti mumutauro weMayan ane zvarinoreva zvakafanana neshoko Tollan. Izvo zvinoratidzira guta rakanaka muTeotihuacan tsika. Neshoko tolan Simbiso yakaiswa pabudiriro iri muMesoamerica uye yaive nekwakabva kumatunhu akatanhamara emaguta mazhinji anopihwa mazita muzvinyorwa zveMayan.

Izvo zvataurwa zvinosimbiswa nekuwanikwa kwezvakasiyana zvinomiririra glyphs mumifananidzo yakaitwa pamadziro enzvimbo yekugara yeguta rekare reTeotihuacán. Kunyangwe iyi Tollan ichizivikanwa seguta rinonzi Tollan-Xicocotitlan, seguta guru reToltecs.

Asi zvinonakidza kuziva kuti vatsvakurudzi vakawanda vakaparadzanisa ngano kubva munhoroondo yeguta sezvo kune mamwe maguta muMesoamerica anokosha zvikuru uye vakadanwa nenzira imwecheteyo. Kunyange zvazvo rakanga risina kushandiswa kuguta rekare reTeotihuacán nokuti rinomiririra guta rine ngano kupfuura nhoroondo, nokuti kuita ongororo yenhoroondo yaro, yakawanikwa apo yakanga yatova nemakore ane chiuru.

Izvo zvakawanikwa zvekuchera matongo zvakawanikwa muguta reMayan uye nechepakati peMexico, uko vaongorori vakawanda vakaita hukama neaya matongo akawanikwa uye ngano yeguta reTeotihuacán, vanopomera kuti kubatana pakati peguta Tollan neTeotihuacán kunonzi kuTula. ngano apo vanhu vanova vamwari.

Nyanzvi yezvinocherwa mumatongo Laurette Séjourné, akaberekerwa muPerugia, guta riri muItaly, uye akafa muna 2003, ane maonero akafanana neaya paCongress of Archaeologists, yakaitika nguva yapfuura. Pakavambwa Tollan wengano ndiTollan-Xicocotitlan, uye dzidziso iyi yakagovaniswa nevamwe vanochera matongo vakaita saStuart, Uriarte, Duverger naRené Millon uye vese vaongorori ava vanozivikanwa nyanzvi mutsika yeTeotihuacan.

Vese vambotaurwa vanochera matongo vanobvuma kuti guta rekare reTeotihuacán ndiro rine mukurumbira guta reTollan uye hazvigamuchirwe kuti iri ndiro zita raro chairo. Sezvo guta rekare reTeotihuacán rinoshandiswa kuratidza guta renhoroondo uye zvese zvakawanikwa zvekuchera matongo izvo zvakawanikwa zviri mumeso akazara neruzhinji, inozivikanwawo seTeotihuacan tsika.

Geographic nharaunda yeguta reTeotihuacana

Muguta rekare reTeotihuacán iro rakavambwa munzvimbo isina kujairika yenzvimbo, panguva yekugara kwayo padyo nebheseni reMexico, panguva yeMiddle Preclassic. Panguva iyoyo, nzvimbo zhinji dzakakura dzakavakwa dzaiva munharaunda iri pedyo nemhenderekedzo yegungwa reAnahuac kana kuti pedyo zvikuru naro. Mapoinzi ayo makuru aive Cuicuilco neCopilco kumaodzanyemba; neTicomán, neEl Arbolillo, neZacatenco, neTlatilco kumusoro; uye Tlapacoya kumabvazuva.

Ipo guta rekare reTeotihuacán, rakavambwa mumupata weTeotihuacán uye chiri chikamu chebheseni reMexico. Yakanga iri makiromita gumi nemashanu kubva kumahombekombe eLake Texcoco pedyo neRwizi rweSan Juan mumupata wakatumidzwa zita reguta.

Mucheri wezvokuchera matongo Duverger mukutsvaga kwake akataura kuti nzvimbo yeguta rekare reTeotihuacán haienderane nemuganhu mumwechete wezvakatipoteredza, asi kumuganhu pakati pebudiriro yekurima yeMesoamerica nenyika yetsika dzevanhu vanotama-tama veAridoamerican.

Mupata weTeotihuacán wakabatana nebheseni reMexico, uye uri kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kwebheseni reMexico, iro rine nzvimbo inopfuura zviuru gumi nezviuru zvemakiromita emakiromita. Uye iri mukati memiganhu yenyika yazvino yeMexico, kureba kwaive neguta reTeotihuacán kunenge 14 metres pamusoro pegungwa kusvika pakakwirira peCerro Gordo inosvika 2240 metres pamusoro pegungwa uye nzvimbo iyo yakawanda yegungwa. Zvakawanikwa zvekuchera matongo zvinowanikwa pakureba kwemamita 3200 pamusoro pegungwa.

Mupata weTeotihuacana unogumira kuchamhembe neCerros del Gordo, Malinalco neColorado. Kumaodzanyemba kwemupata, kunoganhurana nemakomo ePatlachique, inova chimiro cheorographic uye ine kukwirira kunopfuura 2600 metres pamusoro pegungwa. Kumabvazuva kunoganhurwa nekanzuru yeOtumba nezvimwe zvikomo. Kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kune mupata uye chikomo cheChiconautla. Uripi muromo wekare weRwizi rweSan Juan.

TSIKA YETEOTIHUACAN

Cerro Tonala iri kumadokero uye inoratidza kupatsanurwa pakati peTeotihuacán mupata uye alluvial bani uko Tecámac neZumpango vanosangana. Mvura yemupata weTeotihuacán yakananga kuLake Texcoco girazi panopfuura nerwizi rweSan Juan, nenzira imwecheteyo nzizi dzeSan Lorenzo neHuipulco, asi nzizi dzose dziri mbiri dzemwaka sezvo dziri nzizi dzinoonekwa munguva yekunaya kwemvura. mhepo yakasimba yemvura uye zvino munguva yekusanaya kwemvura mvura yayo inonyangarika kubva pamusoro kuti ibude zvakare mumwaka wekunaya kwemvura.

Ivhu rinowanikwa mumupata weTeotihuacán ndewemhando ina huru dzinoti feozem ine 40 muzana, kozoti vertisol ine 16 muzana uye cambisol neleptosol ine 13 muzana imwe neimwe, uye inoumba ivhu kubva mumupata. Ongororo dzakati wandei dzakaitwawo pasi pemupata weTeotihuacán kuitira kuona mabatiro anoita vanhu panzvimbo iyoyo.

Imwe yemakambani akaita ongororo yemazita iwayo. Rivera-Uria et al. Izvo zvakataurwa kuti mune dzimwe nzvimbo, dzakadai seCerro San Lucas, ivhu rakashandura kuumbwa kwaro zvakanyanya, sezvo uchapupu hwakawanikwa kuti isati yagarwa munguva yePreclassic, ivhu guru renzvimbo yacho raiva Luvisol. Asi iye zvino yakanyangarika zvachose.

Zvimwe zvikamu zvemupata weTeotihuacán zvakakanganiswa kubva pakuvakwa kwakaitwa, munyaya yezvinhu zvakashandiswa pakuzadza iyo yakashandiswa muPiramidhi yeMwedzi, inobva kunyika iri pedyo nenzvimbo yavakanga vari. zvivako, sezvo nzvimbo dzakadzika dzakawanikwa dzasvika mamiriyoni maviri cubic metres.

Nezve zvinomera zvakawanikwa mumupata weTeotihuacán, zvakachinja zvakanyanya kubva panguva isati yasvika kuSpain, apo guta rekare rakagara uye rakagadzira tsika yeTeotihuacan, asi nzvimbo yemazuva ano yemupata ndiyo mhedzisiro yemubatanidzwa wezvakatevedzana zvechisikigo uye. anthropogenic factor, uye mutsauko mukuru uripo ndeyekuwedzerwa kwezvinomera zvipenyu.

Zvakanaka, kurima mumupata weTeotihuacán kwakakura pamutengo wevanhu veko vakatanga kudyara uye vachiri kuramba vachidaro, uye nzvimbo yemupata yakanyangarika, iyo yaive nemhando yemiti inonzi. Pinuses.

Panguva ino, mupata weTeotihuacán unonyanya kuratidza marudzi matanhatu ezvinomera uye ane masango maduku emhando yeoki, ayo ari paCerro Gordo; asi zvichida urwu rwakanga rwuri rudzi rwezvinomera rwakanga rwuripo panguva yeguta rekare reTeotihuacán. Ndechipi chinomera chechipiri chiriko zvakanyanya uye zvinomera zvakanyanya kunyanya ndeye xerophytic scrub uye inosanganisira marudzi mazhinji, akajairika Opuntia streptacantha, Zaluzania augusta neMimosa biuncifera.

TSIKA YETEOTIHUACAN

Kozotiwo mafuro anove zvinomera zvinodyidzana nenguva yekunaya kwemvura. Mamiriro epasi aifarira kuwanda kwehuwandu hwevanhu sezvo iri nzvimbo yakanyarara uye yakanaka kwazvo pakurima. Zuva rekugara kwevanhu panguva yepreclassic nguva iri pakati pe2500 BC ne200 AD.

Misha yokutanga yakatangwa muguta rekare reTeotihuacán yakanga iri pamateru ezvikomo, sezvo nechokumusoro kwezvikomo kwaiva nevhu rakakodzera kurima, asi mumakore 200 pashure paKristu kusvikira mugore ra700 pashure paKristu. Huwandu hwevanhu hwakawedzera zvakanyanya muzasi memupata, sekureva kwevaongorori nekuti yaive nzvimbo yekuchinja uye yaive nharaunda ine lacustrine yeAnahuac uye iyo yakaoma kwazvo yeTulancingo neMezquital mipata, yakaratidzirwa kune kumwe kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze.

Vatsvakurudzi vanosimbisawo kuti chiedza, iyo nzira yekuunganidza ivhu, iyo yakawanikwa muvhu reCroro San Lucas, ine kuderera kwehunyoro hunopindirana nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwevanhu, asi panguva yeheyday yeguta rekare reTeotihuacán. nharaunda maererano nezvidzidzo zvakaitwa yaive yakanyanyisa kunyorova uye yakadzikama kupfuura mamiriro ekunze aripo nhasi.

Ethnic uye mitauro tsika yeTeotihuacanos

Maererano nekuferefeta kwakaitwa nenyanzvi munyaya iyi, vakaona kuti kuzivikanwa kwevanhu vakavamba guta rekare reTeotihuacán hazvizivikanwe. Asi vaSpain pavakasvika kuMesoamerica, guta reTeotihuacán rakanga ratosiiwa kwenguva yakareba, ndicho chikonzero kune zvishomanana zvinongedzo nezveguta rekare, uye izvo zviripo zvakachengetwa nemanyuko enhoroondo kubva makore mushure mekukundwa. wekuMexico.

Mukuwedzera, kuti zvinyorwa zvezvakaitika kare zvatinazvo hazvisi zvevagari veguta reTeotihuacán asi vagari veguta reAnahuac, avo vakanga vagara ikoko kusvikira kuparara kweguta rekare reTeotihuacán.

Vagari vomuguta reNahuatl vakasvika pakubvuma kuti guta reTeotihuacán ndiyo nzvimbo yaiungana vanamwari kuti vabudise Nahui Ollin, zvinoreva kuti zuva rechishanu. Sezvakataurwa mungano dzechivanhu dzeMexico, uko vaongorori venguva yemazuva ano vanotungamirirwa. Izvi ndizvo zvinofanotaurwa nenhetembo yechivanhu.

“Kuchiri usiku,

Pakanga pasati pava nezuva,

Kusati kwave nechiedza.

Vakasangana,

Vamwari vakadanwa

Ikoko kuTeotihuacan.

Vakati,

Vakataurirana vachiti:

Uyai pano, vamwari!

Ndiani achatora pamusoro pake

ndiani achatora chigaro

kuti kune zuva,

Kuti kune chiedza?

TSIKA YETEOTIHUACAN

Mune mamwe mabhuku ezvakaitika kare kubva munguva yekoloni, vaNahuas vaiva nechokwadi chokuti guta rekare reTeotihuacán rakavakwa nequinametzin, uyo mungano dzechivanhu ainzi mahofori akasikwa panguva yekunaya kwezuva.

Hofori idzi dzakagara pasirese munguva yakapfuura uye avo vakapona vaive vanhu vane tsika, ndosaka matembere nemapiramidhi aive neguta reTeotihuacán, aitenda kuti makuva ezvisikwa izvi zvakavamba guta, Nzvimbo ino. inzvimbo inoera apo pavakafa vakava vamwari maererano netsika dzeTeotihuacan.

Vakaitumidza kuti Teotihuacán, nokuti ndiyo nzvimbo yakavigwa madzishe. Eya, sokutaura kwavakaita: Patinofa, hatifi chaizvoizvo, nokuti tinorarama, tinomutsa, tinopfuurira kurarama, tinomuka. Izvi zvinotifadza.Vakati: Mwari akasikwa ipapo, zvinoreva kuti akafirapo”

Asi vagari veguta reSahagún vanosimbisa kuti kuzivikanwa kwevanhu vakavamba guta rekare reTeotihuacán kwaisazivikanwa, asi kune fungidziro dzakawanda dzekuti kuzivikanwa kwechokwadi kwevakatanga guta rekare reTeotihuacán vaive Otomi, vanhu veko. iyo ine nguva refu muMupata weMexico. Nechikonzero ichi, zvave zvichifungidzirwa kuti ndivo vakatanga guta uye tsika yeTeotihuacan.

Vamwe vanyori vezvakaitika kare vakatsigira kuti kuvapo kweOtomians muguta kwakakosha zvikuru, asi inofungidzirwa kuti boka raitonga guta rekare reTeotihuacán raiva Ottoman. Sekuona kwemuongorori Wright Carr, vese verudzi rwechivanhu uye nevamwe vagari veguta rekare reTeotihuacán, ipapo inofanirwa kunge yaive proto Otomí-Mazahua, sezvo yaive nharaunda ine vanhu uye yaifarirwa zvakanyanya nevamwe vanhu veOtomanguean uye. Mitauro yeTotonac.

Mukuongorora kwakaitwa pakuparadzaniswa kwemitauro, pakati peOtomi neMazahua, iyo maererano nezvakaitika chaizvo panguva yepamusoro yeTeotihuacán uye ine humbowo hwemitauro uye hwekuchera matongo, uko kunofungidzirwa kuti mutauro wakataurwa nevaTeotihuacán waigona. anga ari Mazahua, Otomí, Totonac, Tepehua, Popoloca, Mixtec kana Chocholteco. Panewo mukana wokuti vanhu vaigara muguta rekare reTeotihuacán vataure mumutauro wechiNahuatl.

Vamwe vavhoti kuti vatore saiti iyi sevavambi vechokwadi veguta reTeotihuacán vanhu vekwaTotonacos. Sezvo vazhinji vanyori vezvakaitika kare munguva yekoloni vakagamuchira kuti mutauro weNahuatl wakashandiswa muguta asi kubva pakuona kwetsika yeCoyotlatelco, iyo yakabatana nekuguma kweguta reTeotihuacan, asi vakazviratidza mumutauro weNahuatl.

TSIKA YETEOTIHUACAN

Saizvozvo, maTotonacs anowanikwa sehuwandu hwaigona kunge vari ivo vakatanga guta uye tsika yeTeotihuacan. Ndicho chikonzero vanyori vezvakaitika kare vakaita zvidzidzo zveTeotihuacan tsika, munguva yekoloni, vakatora zvipupuriro zvakawanda apo zvinosimbiswa kuti maTotonacs ndivo vakavaka guta reTeotihuacán.

Maererano nenyanzvi yemitauro inonzi Lyle Campbell, zvinoenderana nehumbowo hwenhoroondo hwakatorwa nevanyori venguva yekoloni. Sezvo mutauro wevaTotonac wakapa mashoko akawanda mumutauro wavo, kune mamwe maIndia eMesoamerican. Kunyanya mitauro yeNahuatl neMayan, iyo mutauro iwoyo unotaurwa munzvimbo dzakakwirira dziri kumabvazuva. Ndicho chikonzero nei kune chokwadi zvikuru kuti avo vakavamba guta rekare reTeotihuacán vaitaura mutauro wechiTotonac.

Nhoroondo yeguta reTeotihuacan

Nhoroondo yakaongororwa nevanyori uye ndiyo yakanyorwa, ndeyekuti tsika yeTeotihuacan yakanga ine apogee yayo huru munguva yekutanga yekare yeMesoamerica, iyo inoenderana pakati peII, III, IV mazana emakore, Kristu asati asvika. Zvakanaka, kutanga kweguta kunofanira kuiswa mumireniyamu yekutanga nguva yedu isati yasvika uye iri kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweMexico.

Iri pedyo chaizvo nemhenderekedzo yeLake Texcoco kuchamhembe kwenyika. Ndosaka iro guta rakava rimwe rehunyanzvi hukuru hweguta reCuicuilco munguva yeLate Preclassic era. Gare gare, nekuputika kwegomo reXitle kumaodzanyemba kwemupata, guta reCuicuilco rakadonha uye vanhu vakatamira kuguta rekare reTeotihuacán uye simba guru revanhu, rehupfumi uye rezvematongerwo enyika rakaumbwa, zvichiita kuti tsika yeTeotihuacan iwedzere.

Nezvikonzero zvisati zvawanikwa, guta rekare reTeotihuacán rakadonha muzana ramakore reXNUMX, zvichikonzera nguva yeMesoamerican Epiclassic. Uye zvivakwa zvakasara muguta zvinopa tsananguro dzakawanda nezvekuvapo kwevanhu vakasiyana-siyana veko vakaita hupenyu muguta rekare, asi chikuru chaive vanhu veNahuatl munguva yepostclassic. Ruzivo rwese rwakaunganidzwa nemamishinari echiIndia uye nemunyori wenhoroondo Bernardino de Sahagún.

Nhoroondo yeguta reTeotihuacán

Kuita kutevedzana kwenguva kwetsika yeTeotihuacan, ongororo dzakati wandei dzakarongwa dzakaitwa pazvinhu zveceramic zvekuchera matongo zvakawanikwa muguta rekare reTeotihuacán, sezvo zvakawanda zvezvinhu izvi zvakawanikwa mukuchera kwakasiyana kwakaitwa kune. guta. Imwe neimwe yenhanho inoitwa ine chekuita nehunyanzvi hweguta.

TSIKA YETEOTIHUACAN

Maitirwo akaitwa akakwanisa kurerutsa basa rekutsvaga misi yezvinhu zvekuchera matongo zvakawanikwa. Sezvo zvinhu zveceramic muguta rekare zvakanyanya uye munzvimbo iyo inowanikwa inowanzoramba kufamba kwenguva uye iripo muTeotihuacan tsika yose.

Asi maitiro anoitwa dzimwe nguva anova akaomarara, nekuti haakupi tsananguro chaiyo yehunhu hwekuti chinhu checeramic chakaitwa sei uye kuti chinoganhurwa sei nenguva. Nechikonzero chekuti vaongorori vazhinji vakanangidzira ruzivo rwavo patsika yeTeotihuacan, kune akawanda maverengeka akagadzirwa eguta rekare.

Asi chinonyanya kuzivikanwa uye chinogamuchirwa nenyanzvi nevatsvakurudzi ndechenyanzvi yezvokuchera matongo René Millon neboka rake, asi kune vamwe vatsvakurudzi vanoti nguva yeanochera matongo inofanira kuva yakarurama, sezvo vatsvakurudzi George Cowgill naEvelyn Rattray, vakaronga kuti kuwa kwe Guta rekare reTeotihuacán rakaitika pakati pemakore makumi mashanu nezana rimwe pasati paitika kuverenga nguva kwakataurwa naRené Millon.

The prehispanic period

Mutsika yeTeotihuacan inonzwisiswa senzira refu uye yakasiyana-siyana yakatanga nekusvika kwevanhu veko kuAnahuac, izvi zvakaitika makore angangoita zviuru makumi maviri apfuura, panguva ino zvakawanikwa muguta reTequixquiac zvakanyorwa, izvo nhasi. Ndiyo imwe yemaguta zana nemakumi maviri neshanu eMexico, mushure mekuwanikwa kwakaitwa mumaguta eTocuila neTlapacoya.

Muguta reTlapacoya, madhipoziti akawanikwa maive nemadehenya maviri evanhu uye masara emhuka dzakasiyana siyana pamwe nemidziyo yakawanda yematombo. Vakadzidzawo kupfuya marudzi akasiyana-siyana emhuka nemarudzi akawanda ezvirimwa paibva paibva zvokudya zvikuru, izvi zviri mumireniyamu yechinomwe nguva yechiKristu isati yatanga.

Zvekurima munharaunda iyi zvaifarira vagari venzvimbo iyi maitiro ekugara uye kumahombekombe kwerwizi rwekumabvazuva kweLake Chalco guta rakavambwa iro parizvino inzvimbo inonzi Zohapilco. Ndeupi chikamu chekutanga chaigona kunge chakaitwa mumakore 5500 BC kusvika 3500 BC. Panguva iyoyo, vanhu veko vaive vagara muguta reZohapilco vaive vatoshandisa maturusi ekurima nemidziyo yekugadzirisa zviyo zvavaidyara ivo pachavo uye zvekuvhima.

TSIKA YETEOTIHUACAN

Mugore ra2000 Kristu asati asvika, kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zveceramic kwakatanga, asi zvekurima zvishoma nezvishoma zvakava nzvimbo yekutanga yehupfumi hwevanhu veko vaigara muMupata weMexico, sezvo yaipa nzvimbo yakachengeteka yekudya uye Sezvo huwandu hwevanhu hwaikura, yakagara yakatenderedza madziva eAnahuac uko kwaive nemisha yakawanda uye izvi zvakabva zvanyanya kuoma nekuda kwemakirasi akasiyana emagariro aive ari kubuda.

Munguva yeMiddle Preclassic nguva, yaive pakati pemakore 1200 kusvika 400 BC, apo misha yese yakasvika simba guru, rakadai seuyo ane hutongi hwepamusoro-soro, iyo Tlatilco, Copilco neCuicuilco. Misha yese iyi yakaita musanganiswa pakati pekurima uye zviwanikwa zvemugungwa zvavaive nazvo uye pakanga paine musanganiswa pakati petsika dzakasiyana nekuda kwekufemerwa kwevanhu veOlmec nedzimwe tsika kubva kumadokero kwenyika.

Guta rekuzvarwa reCuicuilco raive muzinda mukuru wehupfumi, zvematongerwo enyika uye tsika muMupata weMexico mugore ra600 BC, panguva yaro yekupesvedzera kukuru yaive nevanhu zviuru makumi maviri nezviviri vagari vemo, asi kumwe kuferefetwa kwakaratidza kuti guta raive nevanopfuura makumi mana. zviuru zvevagari vemo. Yakanga iri nzvimbo yekutanga apo mapiramidhi ekutanga eMesoamerica akavakwa uye vainamata Mwari weMoto, sezvo vaive pedyo zvakanyanya nemakomo anoputika eXitle.

Mugore re100 BC, rimwe remakomo echikomo cheXitle rakaputika ndokuviga musha weCopilco uye chikamu chemusha weCuicuilco nemabota. Asi pane nyaya dzakati wandei pamusoro pezvaifanira kurarama nehuwandu hweCuicuilco, uye vaongorori vazhinji vanotsinhira kuti vakapinda mukuvambwa kweguta rekare reTeotihuacán netsika yeTeotihuacan. Nemhaka yezvakaitika kumusha wake uye kuputika kwegomo.

Asi vanhu vakatamira kuguta iri kuputika kwemakomo kweXitle kusati kwadzinga mabota aya.Vatsvakurudzi vakawanda vakatsinhirawo kuti guta reCuicuilco ndiro raikwikwidzana neguta rekare reTeotihuacan. Asi guta racho rakanga richinyangarikawo uye hazvisati zvazivikanwa kuti nei, asi zvinonzi rakaderera pakati pemakore 200 Kristu asati auya uye gore ra200 pashure paKristu.

Nzvimbo yekutanga muguta reTeotihuacán

Iko hakuna ruzivo rwakanyanya nezvenzvimbo yekutanga iyo guta rekare reTeotihuacán riripo, asi zvese zvinotanga munguva yeMiddle Preclassic, uko boka remisha yevagari vemo yakatsaurirwa kurima uye yakararama panguva imwe chete neTerremote Tlaltenco, Tlatilco uye. Cuicuilco misha. Uye nhanho dzayo dzebudiriro dzakabatana neCuanalan neTezoyuca pakati pemakore 500 Kristu asati auya uye gore rechi100 mushure maKristu.

TSIKA YETEOTIHUACAN

Muchikamu chekusimudzira cheCuanalan ndipo panovambwa misha yekutanga mumupata weTeotihuacan sezvo vachitora mukana wemamiriro enzvimbo uye nemamiriro ekunze ayo anofanirwa kutanga kuita zvekurima, mimwe misha inogara pedyo nedhamu nzira kuti dzitore mukana wekurima. zvakanaka zvenzizi nezvitubu. Kuchamhembe kwemupata weTeotihuacán, dzimba dzekare dzakagadzirwa pamupata weSierra de Patlachique.

Zvinoenderana nedzimwe fungidziro dzakasimbiswa nevanochera matongo apo vanofungidzira kuti munzvimbo idzi dzekutanga vanogona kunge vari kubva kuOtomi kana Popoloca vanhu veko. Asi hapana humbowo hunopa zvitupa kana kuti hunovimbisa kuti ava vaive vagari veguta rekare reTeotihuacán.

Muchikamu chaizivikanwa seTezoyuca, pakanga paine maitiro ezvikamu zvishanu zvekugadzirisa izvo, maererano nekuferefeta kwakaitwa, aive mabasa ekudzivirira sezvo madhipoziti anoenderana nenguva iyoyo achipesvedzerwa netsika yeChupícuaro yaive ichikura muBajío panguva iyoyo. nguva, mamiriro okunze.

Yakasvika mugore ra100 Kristu asati auya, misha miviri yakanga ichivakwa iyo yaizozova guta guru reTeotihuacán. Muchikamu chainzi Patlachique, zvinofungidzirwa kuti pakanga paine huwandu hwevanhu zviuru zvishanu uye inoisa guta reTeotihuacán rine kukosha kwakakosha muchikamu chinotevera.

Inofanira kusimbiswa kuti kuwedzera kwevanhu muguta reTeotihuacán kunokonzerwa nezvose zvakanga zvichiitika mumusha weCuicuilco, uko vanhu vakawanda veko vakanga vachiisiya nekuda kwezvinetso zvemamiriro ekunze munharaunda. Kunyangwe nzvimbo yeguta rekare reTeotihuacán yaive yakarongeka kuitira kuti ifarirwe nekurima uye kuve nechokwadi chekupihwa kwechikafu kuguta rose.

Nzvimbo dzemupata dzakawanikwa dziine zvitubu zvakaita seSierra Patlachique neCerro Gordo dzinoratidza huwandu hwevanhu sezvo mamiriro acho aive akanakisa pakurima kwepamusoro uye kune akati wandei fungidziro uko vepamusoro vedunhu vanga vari munzvimbo idzi. . Uye nekuumba tsika yeTeotihuacan.

TSIKA YETEOTIHUACAN

Nzira yakaitwa yekugadzira hurongwa hwemadhorobha hwakaita kuti pave nenheyo yeguta rekare reTeotihuacán vakagamuchira mupiro mukuru wetsika kubva kuvanhu veCuicuilca, sezvo vaiva varidzi vesangano rakaoma zvikuru asi rakanyatsorongeka rakasimbisa hurumende. Kurongeka kweguta Guta rekare reTeotihuacan. Imwe pfungwa yaifarira guta ndeyekuti nzvimbo yarakapihwa yakaita kuti zvive nyore kuwana zviwanikwa zvaivepo muMesoamerica yese.

Panguva iyoyo, mukana wakamuka wekushandisa obsidian deposits muOtumba uye Sierra de las Navajas, mukuwedzera kune zvakawanda zvezvigadzirwa zvakatorwa muLake Texcoco. Pamwe chete nemvura inobva muzvitubu zvegomo rePa Tlachiques uye kutonga kunoitwa pamigwagwa yekutengeserana yenguva iyo yaivapo pakati peAnahuac nemhenderekedzo yeGulf yeMexico.

Zvose izvi zvinhu zvakakosha uye zvinoumba mamiriro ezvinhu akatungamirira guta reTeotihuacán kuguta guru uye rakagadzira purojekiti yezvematongerwo enyika uye yemagariro evanhu, nokudaro kuziva tsika yeTeotihuacan uye kuumba rimwe remaguta ane simba zvikuru munhoroondo yeMesoamerica.

Muchikamu chinotevera chinonzi Patlachique, nzvimbo yemadhorobha yeTeotihuacán yakatobatanidzwa, uye guta rekare rakasangana nenhamba huru yevagari vanofungidzirwa kuti vasvika mubheseni reMexico paine huwandu hwevanhu vanopfuura zviuru zana. Pakati pavo 25 yaigara guta rekare reTeotihuacán uye sezvo vazhinji vevanhu vaive veguta reCuicuilco rakanga rasvika nekuda kwekuderera uye kuputika kwemakomo.

Huwandu hwevanhu vaive pedyo nebani reLake Xochimilco, vaive neguta rekare reTeotihuacán semukwikwidzi wavo mukuru wezvematongerwo enyika sezvo vaive nekutonga kwebheseni reMexico. Uye kune fungidziro dzekuti kwaive nehondo uye kurwisana kwezvombo zvezvakagadzirwa zveTezoyuca ceramics zvakawanikwa pamusoro pezvikomo zveguta reTeotihuacán, nenzira iyi guta rine basa rakakura rezvematongerwo enyika netsika.

Nenzira iyi inokwezva nhamba huru yevagari vemo varipo nekudaro kuwedzera huwandu hwayo zvakanyanya. Kunyangwe paine fungidziro yekuti guta reCuicuilco rakanga rasvika kumagumo nekuda kwekuputika kwegomo reXitle, iro rinonzi rakafukidza musha wese nemabota, vasvika pakutsinhira kuti guta rakaparara nekuda kwezviitiko zvataurwa. pamusoro.

Kutanga kweguta reTeotihuacán

Kuti uenderere mberi nekunyora tsika yeTeotihuacan, zvakakosha kutsanangura matangiro eguta rekare reTeotihuacán, sezvo mugore re100 BC guta rekare reTeotihuacán raisangana nenhamba huru yevagari vemo munenge muAnahuac Valley yese. kuti, vanhu veko vakanga vachitama kubva kuguta reCuicuilco kuti vaibvise uye vatarise nzvimbo itsva yekugara muguta reTeotihuacán.

Paive nechimwe chikamu chainzi Tzacualli de Teotihuacan chakaitika pakati pemakore 1 kusvika 150 mushure meKristu, munhanho iyi zvigadziko zvekuronga kweguta zviri kugadzikiswa uye pari zvino parikuitwa akati wandei maitiro etsika. Teotihuacan, panguva iyoyo vanotanga kuvaka zvivakwa muguta reTeotihuacán zvakagadzirirwa kutenderedza matemo maviri, kuchamhembe kumaodzanyemba axis inoenda uye inoumba Calzada de los muertos, iyo muchikamu cheTzacualli yakatorongwa zvakanaka.

Zvakanaka, inzvimbo inowanikwa pamadhigirii 15 ° 28' inonongedza kumabvazuva maererano nenzvimbo yekuchamhembe uye kumabvazuva-kumadokero axis iyo yakarongwa nekufamba kweRwizi rweSan Juan, iyo nzira yaifanira kutsauswa kuti ienderane. geographical position 16° 30' maodzanyemba ekumabvazuva. Panguva iyoyo, danho rekutanga rePiramidhi reMwedzi rakanga richivakwa, uye nzvimbo yechivako ichi chikuru chinotaridza muganhu wekuchamhembe kwemugwagwa wevakafa yakanga yakarongwawo zvakanaka.

Zvakakosha kusimbisa kuedza kwakaitwa kuvaka Piramidhi yeZuva mutsika yeTeotihuacan, sezvo yakavakwa muchikamu chimwe chete chakanyorwa muchikamu chino chinonzi Tzacualli, panguva iyo nzvimbo yepakati peguta yaive. yakamisikidzwa nekuvakwa uku kwaive kumiririra kwegomo rekugadzirisa uye rinoumbwa ne axis mundi maererano nezvakanyorwa mutsika yeTeotihuacan.

Nzvimbo yePiramidhi yeZuva inogona kunge yakavakwa pakupera kwechikamu cheMiccaotli. Zvinoenderana nebasa rakaitwa naRené Millon, muchikamu cheTzacualli vagari veguta rekare reTeotihuacán vaive vagari vemo vanosvika zviuru makumi matatu, munzvimbo yemakiromita gumi nenomwe, panguva yechikamu chataurwa pamusoro.

Ndicho chikonzero nei pasina mubvunzo kuti guta rekare reTeotihuacán raive guta repakati peMexico uye raingokwanisa kuenzaniswa nemaguta eMonte Albán ari pakati pemipata yeOaxaca uye neguta reCholula riri mumupata weTlaxcalteca wePuebla, Ongororo yezvinocherwa mumatongo yakaitwa muguta rekare yakawana zvisaririra zvakawanda zvevhu revhu, rinova zvinhu zvakabikwa zvakawanikwa munzvimbo dzakaiswa muMorelos uye pakati pedunhu reGuerrero.

TSIKA YETEOTIHUACAN

Izvi zvinotungamira vaongorori kuti vafunge kuti muguta rekare reTeotihuacán raive nehukama hwekutengeserana nenzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeMesoamerica uye kuti vaive vachishanda pakatanga Late Preclassic. Pakati pemakore 150 ne250 pashure paKristu, inowirirana nechikamu cheMiccaotli. Muchikamu ichi chinodanwa nezita iri nekuti vaNahuas vanosarudza Calzada de los Muertos, nenzira iyi guta rinobatanidzwa serimwe remaguta ane cosmopolitan pakati peMexico.

Pakati peguta rekare reTeotihuacán vakafamba vakananga kuMaodzanyemba vachisvika pakuvakwa kwenhare, inova yakavharirwa yakafanana nePiramidhi reZuva uko gomo rinoyera rekutanga raimiririrwa. Iyo citadel inovakwa nematemberi gumi nematatu akagovaniswa akatenderedza sikweya hombe uko piramidhi yeNyoka Ine Feathered iripo.

Chokwadi chinokosha pamusoro pePiramidhi yeNyoka Ine Minhenga, kuti zvibayiro zvakawanda zvakaitwa nhamba inodarika zana uye zvakaiswa mukuvigwa kwakabatana mumapoka akasiyana-siyana emitumbi 4, 8, 18 ne20, pamwe nemimwe mitumbi yakavigwa yoga. mukona imwe neimwe yezvigadziko zvechivako, kunewo vana vakati wandei vakabayirwa uye vakawanikwa neanochera matongo Leopoldo Batres pane imwe neimwe vertex yechikamu chimwe nechimwe chepuratifomu.

Nenzira yakada kufanana nekuvakwa kwemuzinda, guta rekare reTeotihuacán rakarongwa mumativi mana, sezvakange zvakaita mavakirwo eEast and West avenues, ayo ari maviri anoumba axis inenge perpendicular kuCalzada de los Muertos, kubvira. vanofamba kubva panhare vakananga kunzvimbo imwe neimwe yemakadhinari uye vanomaka kupatsanurwa kwechikamu chimwe nechimwe cheguta.

Muchikamu cheMiccaotli, Piramidhi reMwedzi rakawedzerwa kaviri, rokutanga riri pakati pemakore 150 ne200 pashure paKristu uye rimwe racho mugore ra225. Muongorori wezvinocherwa mumatongo René Millon mukuongorora kwake akakwanisa kuverenga kuti vagari vomuguta re Teotihuacán ingadai yakasvika vagari ve45 muchikamu cheMiccaotli, uye guta raive nenzvimbo ye22,5 square kilometres, ukuru hukuru hwaraive nahwo munhoroondo yaro yese.

Kunyangwe huwandu hwevanhu hwaigara huchikura mumatanho ese, zvivakwa zvikuru zvakaitwa panguva iyoyo zvinoratidza kuti guta raive nzvimbo huru yezvematongerwo enyika netsika yeTeotihuacan uye yakakosha kuMesoamerica yese ndosaka yakakwezva veruzhinji. kubva kune mamwe matunhu eMexico uye nyaya yakakosha yaive yevaZapotec vakagara muTlailotlacan muzana ramakore rechipiri.

TSIKA YETEOTIHUACAN

Kubudirira kweguta reTeotihuacán

Kwegore 250 mushure meKristu, chikamu cheTlamimilolpa chinotanga, uye vanotora zita iro kubva kunze kweguta reTeotihuacán. Munguva yechikamu chiripo muguta reTeotihuacán, simba redunhu rakabatanidzwa uye rine simba guru muMesoamerica yose. Iyo piramidhi Mwedzi inoiwedzera kaviri muchikamu ichi. Chikamu chechishanu chekuvakwa kwechivako ichocho chaive mugore ra300 shure kwaKristu.

Nhanho yechitanhatu yekuvaka iri pakati pemakore 0 ne350 shure kwaKristu. Nenzira imwe cheteyo sezvayakaitwa mumatanho ose apfuura, zvibayiro zvavanhu zvakawanda zvakaitwa

Kuwedzera kwehuwandu hweguta rekare reTeotihuacán kwakarongwa nenzira yakarongeka mudzimba dzakawanda, sezvo tsika iyi yakanga yaitwa muzvikamu zvakapfuura uye yakagadziridzwa kurongwa hweguta reguta maererano nematemo aro maviri. Dzimba dzinoverengeka dzekare dzakaita se hwindo akawedzerwa uye akapiwa nzvimbo dzokuitira mabasa eruzhinji.

Makamuri matsva akavakwa, asi chakakanganisika ndechekuti nzvimbo yeguta inodzikira panguva yenhanho sezvo ichiramba iine zviuru makumi maviri zvemakiromita emakiromita, maviri masikweya makiromita mashoma pane padanho rakapfuura asi huwandu hweguta hwakawedzera zvichienderana nekuverenga kuti. René Milon akaita kwaaigona kusvika kune zviuru makumi matanhatu neshanu zvevagari veguta.

Mukuongorora kwekuchera matongo kwakaitwa muchikamu cheTlamimilolpa, zvinhu zvekuchera matongo zvakaitwa nekeramic zvakawanikwa Orange Thin ndeye ceramic yekupararira kukuru muMesoamerica asi chiratidzo mutsika yeTeotihuacan, muchikamu ichi 6 muzana yezvinhu zveceramic uye zvino inowedzera mumatanho anotevera, iyi ceramic yakakosha mumadhipoziti uye inoonekwa sechiratidzo chinobatanidza tsika yese yeTeotihuacan neMexico.

Asi ceramics chigadzirwa chekunze chisiri cheTeotihuacan tsika, sezvakataurwa nemuongorori Carmen Cook, aive nzvimbo huru yekugadzira ceramic muPuebla Rattray anobvumirana netsvagiridzo iyi uye anowedzera kuti mudunhu reTepexi de Rodríguez, Tsika iyi. yakabudirira sezvo yakachengetedza hukama hwakasimba kwazvo neguta rekare reTeotihuacán asi haina kuisa pasi peguta.

Ukama hwaive neguta rekare reTeotihuacán nematunhu ese eMesoamerica akasiyana panguva yeTlamimilolpa phase, sezvakaratidzwa muuchapupu hwekuchera matongo hwakawanikwa. Mukuvigwa nhamba yechishanu yepiramidhi yeMwedzi yakapiwa mukurangarira kupera kwebasa, nyaya nhatu huru dzekuvigwa dzakaiswa panzvimbo yeruva re lotus.

Uyewo pamwe chete navo paiva nezvinhu zvejade zvaibva kuMotagua River Valley. Nzvimbo iyo zvisaririra zvomunhu zvakawanwa zvakafanana nezvakaitwa mukuvigwa kwevakakwirira muKaminaljuyú (Guatemala). Kuwanikwa uku kune pesvedzero huru yekuvaka iyo guta rekare reTeotihuacán raive nekubudirira kukuru paruzivo rweMayan sezvaive guta reTikal neKaminaljuyú pacharo.

Zvikamu zvinoverengeka zveMayan zvakawanikwawo muTlamimilolpa horizon yeTeotihuacán, mukuwedzera akawanda emakeramiki akawanikwa aive erudzi rweTzakol uye ane hunhu hwakawanda nemamwe mabasa kubvira kuvepo kweMayan muguta reTeotihuacán kwakawedzerwa zvakafanana neiyo ye. vaZapotec muchikamu cheMiccaotli.

Kukunda kweguta reTikal

Kwegore ra378 shure kwaKristu, mumwedzi waNdira, guta rekare reTeotihuacán raitongwa nemunhu anonzi Atlatl Cauac, iro rakashandurukira muchiSpanish rinoreva Muwisi weZizi uye aive gavhuna weguta rekare reTeotihuacán, murwi weTeotihuacan Siyah. K'ak' (Moto Unoberekwa) "akakunda" guta reTikal.

Zvavakaita kwaiva kubvisa uye kutsiva mambo weMayan uyo akatungamirira guta reTikal, nerutsigiro rweguta rePeru, iro nhasi ririwo nzvimbo yekuchera matongo yetsika yeMayan iyo iri pedyo zvikuru neRwizi rweSan Pedro mu. dhipatimendi rePetén muGuatemala.

Yakavewo nekutora chikamu kwevagari veguta reNaachtún, inova zvakare nzvimbo yekuchera matongo yeMayan tsika, chiitiko ichi chose chakanyorwa paStela 31 yeTikal uye zvimwe zviyeuchidzo zvedunhu reMayan.

Kukundwa kweguta reCopán neQuiriguá

Kwegore ra426 pashure paKristu, mumwe wevambi vedzinza reYax Kuk Mo raitonga guta reMayan reCopán kweanenge mazana mana emakore, izvi zvakanyorwa mune yava kunzi nyika yeHonduras zvino, sezvinotsanangurwa muAtari Q yeCopan.

Iri muchikamu cheXolalpan, chinovambira mugore ra450 kusvika ku650 pashure paKristu. Panguva ino, guta rekare reTeotihuacán rine simba guru munharaunda yose yeMesoamerican, sezvo zvose zvinoitwa muguta racho zvine migumisiro pane dzimwe. maguta echivanhu uye nokudaro tsika yeTeotihuacan inosimudzirwa, pamusoro pekuve musoro wenhaurirano pakati pemamwe maguta echivanhu.

Vatsvakurudzi vakawanda vanobvumirana kuti kuwedzera kwetsika yeTeotihuacan yaiva chibereko chekutengeserana kwekutengeserana, ndicho chikonzero ichitsanangura kuti iyo Thin Orange potter yakawanikwa sei munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeMesoamerica, vamwe vatsvakurudzi vane pfungwa yokuti guta rekare reTeotihuacán raiva. nyika ine simba guru rehondo uye guta rakava nekukura kukuru nemaoko.

Asi vatsvakurudzi vakabvumirana kuti pesvedzero yetsika yeTeotihuacan yakakonzerwa nezvinhu zvakawanda, pakati pazvo kutengeserana, zvombo uye mibatanidzwa yezvematongerwo enyika yakaitika mumatanho iwayo, sezvo pakanga paine makore ekukura kukuru mukuvakwa kweguta. kutaura uye marongerwo eCalzada de los Muertos, sezvinoonekwa nhasi senzvimbo yekuchera matongo. Iyo inoenderana neiyo Xolalpan nhanho.

Dzimba dzeguta dzine zviratidzo zvekubatsirwa kubva kuhupfumi uye tsika yeguta, sezvo nyaya dzenharaunda dzakanyatso nyorwa kuburikidza nekuchera matongo dzichicherechedzwa, kunyanya muguta reTeopancazco, sezvo vagari veguta iri vaive. mwero wepamusoro pane wechikamu chapfuura. Sezvo guta rakarongwa nemabhuroki edzimba uye mikoto yakamanikana uye paigona kuve paine huwandu hwevanhu zviuru makumi masere neshanu vagari vemo.

Iyi data mhedzisiro yetsvakiridzo yakaitwa naRené Millon, asi vamwe vanyori venhau dzakaitika vanoti vanopfuura 300 vagari venzvimbo iyi vaigara muguta iro, asi chero zvakadaro zvinogona kupokana kuti panguva iyo guta rakakwanisa kusvika pakakwirira. kuwanda kwevanhu uye kuzvibatanidza seguta rine hukuru hwepamusoro-soro muMesoamerica yese uye imwe yeakanyanya kukura pasirese panguva iyoyo.

Guta reTeotihuacán rakanga riine pombi hombe yetsvina netsvina yaiita kuti mvura yese yeguta ibviswe. Tsika yeTeotihuacan yakajekeswawo panguva ino kuburikidza nehunyanzvi, muchikamu cheXolalpan zvinhu zvakawanda zvinomiririra zvakawanikwa senge braceros, zvimwe zvidimbu uko kuumbwa kwakananga kwezvinhu zvakasiyana kwakaitwa, kwaivewo nemifananidzo yeTepantitla, iyo ye. Atetelco uye rusvingo rweJaguars yemuzinda weQuetzalpapálotl zvinoenderana nedanho iri.

Kuderera kweguta reTeotihuacán

Muchikamu cheMetepec chinotanga kutenderedza gore ra650 BC, maererano netsvakiridzo yakaitwa naRené Millon, guta rine vagari vanosvika zviuru makumi manomwe neshanu, izvo zvaimiririra kurasikirwa nezvikamu makumi maviri neshanu muzana zvichienzaniswa nechikamu chakapfuura chainzi Xolalpan. Nekuderera kwevanhu uku, guta reTeotihuacán rakava nemukana wekuve guta rine simba kupfuura mamwe matunhu ese eMesoamerica. Basa rekuvaka rinopesvedzera zvakanyanya tsika yeTeotihuacan inopararira munzvimbo dzese.

Asi panguva ino basa rekuvaka harina simba, kunyangwe chivako chega chaigona kupedzwa zvachose yaive chikuva chinotsigira Piramidhi yeNyoka Ine Minhenga. Chikuva chakavakwa kuvanza chivakwa chaive muzinda mukuru wekutarisisa muguta uye ndicho chiratidzo chesimba reguta reTeotihuacán.

Ndokusaka vagari veguta panguva iyi vasina kukwanisa kuona Tembere yeNyoka Ine Feather, iyo inogona kuonekwa panguva ino munzvimbo yekuchera matongo, sezvo façade yayo yaifanira kununurwa muzana remakore rechiXNUMX.

Maererano nekuferefeta kwakaitwa naRené Millon, muCitadel zvivako zvaivepo zvaive zvakapoteredza Causeway of the Dead apo chaiva chinhu chekuparadzwa kwakarongeka nevagari veguta, kusvika kune imwe nzvimbo yekuongorora.

“Muzinda uyu hauna kupiswa nemoto wakakura. Temberi nezvivakwa zveveruzhinji hazvina kungoparadzwa, asi kukoromorwa, kupiswa, kuderedzwa kuita marara zvakare uye zvakare kumativi ese enzira kweanopfuura mamaira […] Izvi zvinodaro nekuti avo vakatanga chirongwa ichi vaida kuve nechokwadi chekuti hapana simba. kana kuti hapana simba renyika yeTeotihuacan raizoberekwazve kubva kumatongo iwayo”

Zvino muchikamu cheOxtotipac icho chiri pakati pemakore 750 kusvika 850 mushure meKristu, huwandu hwevanhu hunoita hupenyu muguta reTeotihuacán hwakadzikira zvakanyanya sezvo paine kubuda kukuru kwevagari, René Millon mukuferefeta kwake anoita kuverenga padanho iri. uko nzvimbo yemadhorobha yeguta yaigarwa nevanhu zviuru zvishanu uye mamwe matunhu eguta akaramba aine vanhu, pakati peakanyanya kukosha akasara aine Guta Rekare nenzvimbo dzaive nevanhu vepamusoro veguta.

Kunyangwe basa iri reguta rakabatana zvakanyanya netsika yeCoyotlatelco, uye kutaridzika kwehari ine zita irori, kunyangwe vaongorori vakaratidza kuti tsika iyi ndeyekunze, chigadzirwa chekutama kwese kwakabuda mutsika Teotihuacan, asi vamwe vatsvakurudzi vakataura kuti kutaura kwemapoka kunze kweguta akanga asina ruzivo rwetsika yeTeotihuacan.

Kuti utsanangure nyaya yekuderera kweguta rekare reTeotihuacán, fungidziro dzakawanda dzakaitwa, asi iyo iyo vatsvakurudzi vakanyatsorurama ndiyo yakaitika muzana remakore rechinomwe apo kusanaya kwemvura kwakaitika kuchamhembe kweMesoamerica yose uye. izvi zvakakonzera kutama kwevagari vemo kumaodzanyemba kweMesoamerica, sezvo kusanaya kwemvura kwakakanganisa kurima kwese muguta nedunhu, uye kwakakonzera kuchengetedza kusingadzivisiki kwehuwandu.

Nekudaro, mucheri wezvokuchera matongo McClung de Tapia nevamwe vake vakataura kuti fungidziro idzi hadzina chero chiratidzo chavanogona kutsigirwa, sezvo panguva yekuderera kweguta zvaigoneka kuona kuti hunyoro hwakawedzera kutenderera guta, sezvo nguva iyo guta reTeotihuacán rakatanga kuderera, mamwe maguta muMesoamerica akatanga kubudirira sezvo vazhinji vakanga vatora tsika yeTeotihuacan.

Ichi chingave chinhu chakakonzera kuderera kweguta rekare reTeotihuacan, mamwe maguta akagadzira korona maererano neguta reTeotihuacán aive nemapoinzi ehurongwa munzira dzakakosha dzekutengeserana munharaunda yeMesoamerican. Sezvazvakanga zvakaita Xochicalco mumupata weMorelos, Teotenango mumupata weToluca, Cacaxtla mumupata weTlaxcala, Cantona kumabvazuva neEl Tajín mumupata unoenda kuLa Huasteca; ose aya maguta akaona kubudirira apo guta rekare reTeotihuacán rakawira mukuderera.

Kune vatsvakurudzi vakawanda vanotsinhira kuti nemasimba matsva ematunhu aya vakapedzisira vadzipa guta rekare reTeotihuacán kusvika vanyimwa nzira dzese dzekutengesa.

Kutama kwakaitika mushure mekudonha

Parizvino kuchine makakatanwa pamusoro pekwakabva mapoka akatakura midziyo yevhu yeCoyotlatelco, asi vaongorori vachiri kukakavara kuti kutaridzika kwemapoka aya kune hukama zvakanyanya nekuderera kweguta, uye mamiriro akaomarara eguta akaperekedzwa nekutama kwakakura uko. zvakaitika uye zvakasiiwa zvakatanga mugore ra500 pashure paKristu.

Izvi zvakasimbiswa nehumbowo hwekuchera matongo hunowanikwa kuchamhembe kwedunhu reMorelos, uko kuvepo kwevagari veTeotihuacan vakabatana nevagari veko uye vakarasikirwa netsika yavo yeTeotihuacan yakatemwa, senzira yekupona kudzvinyirirwa kwaiitwa neguta reTeotihuacan.

Kuparara kweTeotihuacan kwakatangwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana kure neguta rekare reTeotihuacán, izvi zvakasimbiswa panguva yeMetepec chikamu chaive pakati pemakore 550 ne650 mushure maKristu.

Munguva iyi guta reTeotihuacán seguta guru raitonga kuchamhembe kwebheseni reMexico, asi mataundi aive kumaodzanyemba kweMesoamerica neawo aive kumadokero aive asina hukama nekufurira kweguta, nekuti kune kuferefeta kunobuda pachena kuti pakange pasina kuonana nezvimwe zvinhu kubva kune mamwe maguta nenzira idzodzo.

Nenzira iyi, kumabvazuva kweAnahuac, kuchamhembe kweHurumende yeMorelos uye mupata weTlaxcala uye mupata weToluca, vaifanira kutora vanhu vakawanda veTeotihuacan mushure mekusiiwa kweguta, apo mapoka evatakuri Tsika dzeTeotihuacan dzaive mubheseni.yeMexico yaigona kuve nekurongeka kwehuwandu hwevanhu uye pakave nekupararira kweCoyotlatelco ceramics.

Pakati peAzcapotzalco neEcatepec pane vanhu vakati wandei vakashandisa rudzi urwu rweceramic mukushandiswa kwezvinhu muToluca Valley, kune zvakare rimwe boka revagari vemo vaive mubheseni reChalco-Xochimilco. Uye boka rechitatu uye guru iro raive rakatenderedza Portezuela iro rakagara muEpiclassic nguva pakati pe650 ne950 mushure meKristu.

Boka rekupedzisira reCoyotlatelco rinoenderana nerakagara muguta rekare reTeotihuacán uye rakakwanisa kutora zvivakwa zvakasiiwa uye zvakaparadzwa zvaive Tula, Cacaxtla, Cholula neXochitécatl sezvo vaive mapoinzi aive kunze kweguta reTeotihuacán uye pedyo zvakanyanya. bheseni reMexico, asi zvinhu zvakaitwa nehari yeCoyotlatelco zvakawanikwawo ipapo, kunyangwe zvishoma.

Urbanism yeguta reTeotihuacán

Zvakakosha kuratidza kuti apo guta reTeotihuacán rakatanga kurongwa, chirongwa chemuguta chakanyatsogadziriswa chaive chichiitwa kumativi maviri axial axes, Calzada de los Muertos, iyo yaiva pakati pemaodzanyemba-kumaodzanyemba, apo mumwe mukoto waitangira paCitadel uye wakanga uri pakati pematemo ekumabvazuva nekumavirira.

Naizvozvo, Rwizi rweSan Juan rwakafanira kutsausa nzira yarwo yakasikwa kuitira kuti iyambuke Calzada de los Muertos perpendicularly. Nemasanhu makuru maviri aya, grid yakadhirowewa iyo yakashanda sehwaro hwekuvakwa kwezvivakwa zvekugara zvakasiyana uye temberi, kuwedzera kune mapiramidhi.

Kuronga kwemadhorobha kweguta reTeotihuacán kwakawana chimiro chakatanhamara kutenderedza zana ramakore rechitatu mushure meKristu, apo nhanho yechina yeguta yakanga yatovakwa, iro raive piramidhi reMwedzi, Citadel uye piramidhi reZuva. yakarongedzwa paCalzada de los muertos uye paAvenida Este neOeste zvakatsanangurwa muchikamu chezita reTzacualli, chinotangira kubva 1 kusvika 150 AD. c.

Iyo Calzada de los Muertos mugwagwa mukuru unoyambuka guta uye unotanga muPlaza pamberi pePiramidhi yeMwedzi uye inoenderera makiromita maviri kumaodzanyemba pedyo nemasara ezvivakwa zvekugara zvinonzi Teopancazco. . Mukoto wakatarisa pakati pe15º ne30' maererano nenyeredzi yekuchamhembe.

Asi kutsauka uku kwakafanana kunoonekwa muzvivako zvose zvakaitwa muguta reTeotihuacán, mumugwagwa mukuru kune nzvimbo dzakakosha dzekugara uye dzakakura dzeguta rekare reTeotihuacán, mabasa makuru echitendero aiitwawo uye pa mugwagwa wevakafa waiva piramidhi reZuva pedyo netemberi yemhuka dzengano uye temberi yeQuetzalcóatl.

Mwoyo weguta rekare reTeotihuacán wakaumbwa nezvivako zvambotaurwa uye zvimwe zvakatsaurirwa kunamata uye pedyo zvikuru nezvivako zvaive zvivako zvekugara zvevakuru veguta, zvakadai semuzinda weQuetzalpapálotl uye dzimba dzekugara kubva kuYayahuala, Tetitla, Xala naZacuala.

Nharaunda dzaive dzakadzikira pasi peguta dzakarongwa dzakatenderedza nzvimbo yepakati peguta uye dzakagadzirwa nevashandi vezvekurima nemhizha, pamwe nevatengesi nevatorwa, zvichienderana nedata rakasiyana tsvakiridzo yakaitwa. .

Guta rekare reTeotihuacan raive nemakamuri ekugara angangoita zviuru zviviri munguva yaro yakakura uye izvi zvakaitika pakati pezana ramakore rechipiri nereshanu shure kwaKristu, sezvo zvivakwa zvacho zvaigara zvichiwedzerwa apo zvaigadziridzwa kuti zvienderane nezvinodiwa nevanhu. guta rakasvika 20 square km muchikamu cheTzacualli, uye huwandu hwevanhu hwakasvika 25 kusvika ku30 vagari.

Asi zvinonakidza kuziva kuti guta rekare reTeotihuacán raive nehurongwa hwakakura hwemasevhisi epamusoro-soro emumaguta umo kutonga kwemvura kwese kudyiwa kwevanhu uye kushandiswa kwemvura yetsvina kwakasiyana, nekuti yaive ne network yakakura yemasuweji aibatsira kuchenesa mhoteredzo yeguta guru uye zviuru zvevagari vaigara munzvimbo iyoyo.

Kubatanidzwa kwekuvaka kwakaitwa kune chirongwa cheguta reTeotihuacán chakanyatsoenderana nekuona kwenyika yevanhu vakaigadzira uye nharaunda kwayaiva. Zvakanaka, marongerwo emaguta ane guta anocherechedzwa nemaitiro maviri akasiyana zvishoma, izvo zvakakonzerwa nekusanganiswa kwemaitiro akati wandei enyeredzi uye topographical.

Pakati peguta, iyo Calzada de los Muertos inosanganisirwa, uko gwara rinogadziriswa rakananga kupiramidhi rezuva, nepo kutarisisa kwakananga kumaodzanyemba kwakanangana neCitadel uye zvivakwa zviviri izvi zvinoratidzira kubuda kwezuva nekuvira kwezuva. .pamazuva akati egore. Sezvo vaibvumirwa kushandisa karenda vachicherechedza zvirongwa zvekurima nemhemberero.

Idi rekuti mafambiro ese ari maviri achaitwa ndeemapoka akapararira kwazvo muMesoamerica sezvo achigona kutsanangurwa nekushandisa mareferensi ezvemuchadenga.

Iyo piramidhi yezuva yakavakwawo kuitira kuti ienderane neCerro Gordo kuchamhembe, izvi zvinoreva kuti apo nzvimbo yekuvaka yakadzidzwa, zvinhu zvakawanda zvakatorwa, kunze kwebako rakagadzirwa pasi pepiramidhi, iyo yaimiririra a. nzvimbo yakakosha zvikuru yetsika yeTeotihuacan yakakoshawo hukama hwaivepo pakati pezvivakwa zvakakosha zveguta uye mafomu emakomo ePatlachique anotenderedza mupata wese weguta reTeotihuacán.

Mavakirwo eguta rekare

Mutsika yeTeotihuacan zvakakosha kuratidza mavakirwo eguta rekare reTeotihuacán, sezvo munzira huru ine chinhambwe chemamita makumi mana uye yakatsauka zvishoma yakananga kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero 40º 15' maererano nenzvimbo yekuchamhembe. Pamwe pemugwagwa pane zvivako zvakakosha uye temberi, pamwe chete neimba yamambo uye dzimba dzevakuru vakuru venguva.

Pakati pezvivakwa zvese izvi pane mapiramidhi maviri, Imba yevaprista neQuetzalpapalotl (Quetzalmariposa) palace, padyo nemuzinda wemajaguar uye chivakwa chikuru chemakonji ane mapuranga, temberi yeQuetzalcóatl, muzinda uye zvimwe zvivakwa zvakawanda kupfuura. zuva ravo rakanga rakanaka kwazvo.

Mune imwe yepasi petemberi dzakavakwa nezvikamu zviviri zve XNUMX cm makobvu mapepa akazofukidzwa ne tezontle. Mushanyi anoda kufungisisa nezvekuda kuziva uku anozozviona pese paanobvunza muchengeti wenzvimbo yakavharirwa.

Piramidhi yezuva: ndicho chivakwa chikuru chakavakwa muguta uye ndechimwe chezvidhori zvetsika yeTeotihuacan uye ndiyo yechipiri piramidhi pakukura muMesoamerica yese, sezvo hombe iri piramidhi reCholula iro rinopfuura 400 metres kureba, asi Iyo Pyramid ye Zuva rine hukuru hukuru hunogona kuonekwa kubva kure, asi hunongokwira mamita makumi matanhatu nenhatu, nehurongwa hunosvika mamita 63 kumativi ose.

Piramidhi yeZuva inowanzofananidzwa neiyo Cheops muGiza iri kuEgypt. Kuvakwa kwepiramidhi reZuva kune miviri mishanu yakanyanyisa frustoconical uye yakasungirirwa chimiro chemitumbi mitatu isingasviki pakukwirira kwepuratifomu yekutanga. Kudivi rekumabvazuva, Pyramid yeZuva iri padyo neCalzada de los Muertos, ingangoita mutsetse weperpendicular.

Kudzoreredza kwakaitwa pakati pa1905 na1910 neanochera matongo Leopoldo Batres, sezvo yaive mukurangarira Centennial yerusununguko rweMexico uye zvivakwa zvakati wandei zvakashandurwa kuita nzvimbo dzevashanyi, kunyangwe kudzoreredzwa uku kwakashoropodzwa zvakanyanya sezvo kwakaitwa munzvimbo huru. nzira yekukasira uye yaive isina kukwana uye pfungwa dzekuvakisa dzekuIjipita dzakatorwa pachinzvimbo chetsika yeTeotihuacan.

Pakutanga kweguta reTeotihuacán, nzvimbo yaizove piramidhi yeZuva inoenderana nerudzi rwemadziro ane hwaro hwemateru, uye yakanga isingabatanidzwe nezvimwe zvivakwa, parizvino hapana chinyorwa chekuti sei. ndiye akashandisa Piramidhi yeZuva.Kunyange zvazvo vatsvakurudzi vakati wandei vakaratidza kuti yaiva nzvimbo inoera, chivako chacho chakavakwawo mumatanho maviri, mune chokutanga chakapedzwa kutozosvikira chasvika pamativi ose chirinacho.

Danho rechipiri rakangoita zvigadziridzo zvidiki uye zvimwe zvekuwedzera, asi kushandiswa kwakapihwa kune ichi chivakwa chikuru kuchiri kuzivikanwa nevanhu, muna 1971 muchengeti wezvokuchera matongo uye muongorori Jorge Ruffier Acosta, achiita basa rake, akawana mugero uri pasi pePiramidhi yePiramidhi. Zuva uye kupinda kunobva kumberi kwepuratifomu yakasungirirwa.

Mugero uyu waive nezita rinova bako rinoera mushure mekuferefeta kwakawanda munzvimbo iyi, vanochera matongo vakafungidzira kuti raishandiswa kuita zvinangwa netsika, uye izvo zvinotsanangura chinangwa chechimiro chakakura kudaro, humbowo hwakawanikwawo kuti bako iri. yakacherwa nevanhu.

Kunyangwe mugero uri mufananidzo wakada kufanana nemakuva epasi pevhu anowanikwa kuMadokero uye mukana wacho une chinhambwe chemamita 6,5 uye gomba racho rinowedzera kusvika rasvika panosvika 97 metres, ipapo rinopindirana nepakati pechivako, pane hombe. kamuri ine mativi mana maererano neringava guva ramambo.

Piramidhi reMwedzi: Icho chimwe chezvivakwa zvekare muguta uye chiratidzo chetsika yeTeotihuacan Muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX, Pyramid yeMwedzi yaizivikanwa seMeztli Itzá Cual, zita rinounganidzwa naManuel Orozco y Berra mubasa rake, kunyangwe chimiro chayo. yakazowanikwa mushure mematanho manomwe ekuvaka, pane inonzi inonzi fungidziro yezana ramakore regumi nepfumbamwe kuti Teotihuacán raive guta reToltec.

Ine square plan inoyera 45 metres padivi. Idiki pane Piramidhi yeZuva, asi mapiramidhi maviri ane urefu hwakafanana kubva payakavakirwa panzvimbo yakakwirira, asi ine hurefu hunosvika 45 metres chete, padivi pepiramidhi iri pane mwarikadzi wekurima uyo anotsanangurwa nevaongorori kuti kubva panguva yekare yeToltec.

Iyo piramidhi yeMwedzi iri pedyo zvikuru nepiramidhi yeZuva uye kuchamhembe kune guta reTeotihuacán uye kubva mubani rinotanga nzira inozivikanwa seVía kana nzira yevakafa.

Iyo Feathered Serpent Piramidhi: Ichi chivakwa chechitatu chiri muguta rekare reTeotihuacán uye chiratidzo chikuru chetsika yeTeotihuacan, chivakwa ichi chinovakwa nemitumbi minomwe kana talud tafura, uye yakashongedzwa nemifananidzo yakawanda inomiririra Nyoka Ine Feathered, imwe yekare uye yakawanda. vamwari vekare. zvakakosha zvetsika dzeTeotihuacan.

Chivako ichi chakawanikwa muna 1918, panguva yekuchera matongo kwakaitwa naManuel Gamio, yakavharwa kubva pachikuva chakabatanidzwa. Zvinoenderana nezvidzidzo, yakavakwa pakati pe700 ne750 AD muchikamu cheMetepec. Asi zvivezwa zvaiva mumativi etemberi akaiparadza nemaune uye facade yakafukidzwa nechivakwa chitsva chaibvumira kuchengetedzwa kwechivako.

Pazvaikwanisika kupinda mutemberi kuti vaite zvidzidzo zvakakodzera, vanhu vanopfuura mazana maviri vakawanikwa vakaibayira uye kune makuva maviri akapambwa munguva dzekare dzeSpain, ndiko kuti, apo vaSpain vakasvika.

Mushure mekuita zvidzidzo zvakawanda pamusoro pechimiro, nyanzvi dzakaona kuti piramidhi yenyoka ine minhenga inomiririra Tonacatepetl, gomo rinoyera rinotaurwa nezvaro muMesoamerican mythology apo nzvimbo yepasirese yakaumbwa uye kuchengetedza kwemhuka kwakapihwa. .

Muna 2010, muna Mbudzi, vatsvakurudzi veNational Institute of Anthropology and History vakaisa robhoti rainzi Tlaloque I uye rakagadzirwa neNational Polytechnic Institute, kuti riongorore matanera akadzika mamita masere uye zana akadzika mamita. kuongorora vakasvika nechepazasi petemberi.

Pavakashandisa georadar, nyanzvi dzakagumisa kuti mugero unotungamira kumakamuri matatu, uye zvinofungidzirwa kuti masara emamwe akakosha manhamba eTeotihuacan tsika anowanikwa. Maererano neanochera matongo Verónica Ortega, akatotaura zvinotevera:

Imba yeQuetzalpapalotl: rakashandurirwa muchiSpanish rinoreva Butterfly-quetzal, feather butterfly, shavishavi rinokosha, chivakwa chakavakwa nevanhu vane zvinzvimbo zvepamusoro mutsika yeTeotihuacan, maererano nevanochera matongo yaive imba yevapristi veTeotihuacan, iri munzvimbo kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweguta, uko Plaza de la Luna iripo, kuti upinde mumuzinda weQuetzalpapálotl unofanirwa kukwira mamwe masitepisi akarindwa nejaguar.

Papuratifomu pane chivakwa ichi unogona kusvika pakati pepatio yeimba yamambo, ipapo yakakomberedzwa nemavharanda akati wandei anogadzira masuo emukati memakamuri emukati meimba yamambo, mbiru dzemuzinda wakavezwa nemifananidzo yakasiyana siyana yemashavishavi uye. quetzal, muzinda wakakosha uyu wakavakwa makore akapoteredza 450 ne500 shure kwaKristu.

Munguva iyo muzinda weQuetzalpapálotl wakanga uchishanda, mbiru uye zvinyorwa zvaive zvepolychrome, madziro nemadziro zvakashongedzwa nemafungiro ane chokuita netsika yeTeotihuacan uye ane humwari nemvura, kune chimiro cheimba yamambo iyo yakashongedzwa. zvakasiyana-siyana zvejaguar vakapfeka plumes neminhenga yequetzal.

Imba: munzvimbo dzekugara dzeguta rekare reTeotihuacán, kunyangwe pasina zvidzidzo pamusoro pemagadzirirwo edzimba sezvo zvese zvaive zvakavakirwa paguta, zvakakosha kuratidza kuti guta raive nemapoka akasiyana evapristi, mhizha, vaumbi uye. Vakavaka guta reTeotihuacán.

Imba yakagadzirwa nevanhu veTeotihuacán yaive orthogonal, uye zhinji dzedzimba dzakagadzirwa nepakati patio uye dzaive nemakamuri akati wandei pamusiyano padanho maererano nazvo, sezvo yaive nebasa rekuvheneka nekufefetera imba uye zvakare. kuunganidza mvura kuti ibudise kuburikidza neurban drainage system iripo.

Mural pendi: muTeotihuacan tsika inomiririrwa serimwe remaguta ekare-eSpain anochengetedza pendi yakanyanya mural, kune mienzaniso yakawanda inogona kuwanikwa yakadai seTepantitla, Tetitla, Atetelco, La Ventilla kana muMuseum ye pre-Hispanic murals.

The legend: Ngano mutsika yeTeotihuacan inotora kukosha kwakakosha sezvo dzaive dzakavakirwa pangano idzi kugadzira nyaya dzavo mukusikwa kwedenga nenyika, sezvo iine mapiramidhi maviri kwavanotsaurira mapiramidhi maviri ayo ane sechiratidzo. uye Imwe yengano dzakapararira dzeTeotihuacan tsika ndeiyi inotevera:

“Zuva risati ravapo, vamwari vakasangana muTeotihuacán ndokuti, Ndiani achavhenekera nyika? Mwari akapfuma (Tecuzitecatl), akati ndinotora basa rekuvhenekera nyika. Ndiani achava mumwe?, uye sezvo pasina akapindura, vakazvirayira kune mumwe mwari akanga ari murombo uye buboso (Nanahuatzin).

Mushure mekugadzwa, vaviri ava vakatanga kuita chirango nekuita minamato. Mwari akapfuma akapa minhenga inokosha yeshiri inonzi quetzal, mabhora endarama, matombo anokosha, korari, uye rusenzi yemhangura.

Buboso (yaidanwa kunzi Nanauatzin), yakapa nzimbe dzakasvibirira, mabhora euswa, maguey spines akafukidzwa neropa rake, uye panzvimbo pemhangura, yakapa mhezi dzemabubas ake. Pakati pehusiku chirango chakapera uye masevhisi akatanga.

Vanamwari vakapa mwari akapfuma minhenga yakaisvonaka nebhachi rerineni, uye mwari murombo akaba mapepa. Vakabva vabatidza moto ndokuraira mwari mupfumi kuti apinde mukati. Asi wakatya, akadzokera shure. Akaedza zvakare ndokudzokera, seizvi kusvika kanokwana kana.

Zvino rakange rave chijana chaNanauatzin akavhara maziso ake ndokupinda mumoto ndokupisa. Mupfumi paakamuona, akamutevedzera. Ipapo gondo rakapinda, iro rakapiswawo (ndiko kusaka gondo rine minhenga yakasviba, yakasviba zvakanyanya kana negrestina, matema); pakabva papinda dindingwe ndokusvirwa nekusvirwa nhema nechena.

Vanamwari vakabva vagara pasi kuti vamirire chikamu chipi chaizobuda Nanauatzin; vakatarira kumabvazuva ndokuona zuva richibuda rakatsvuka zvikuru; havana kukwanisa kumutarisa akabva apfura mheni pese pese. Vakatarisa kuMabvazuva ndokuona Mwedzi uchikwira. Pakutanga vamwari vaviri vaipenya zvakaenzana, asi mumwe wavaivapo akakandira tsuro pachiso chamwari akapfuma nokudaro ndokuderedza kupenya kwacho.

Vose vakamira pasi; vakabva vafunga kufa kuti vape upenyu kuZuva neMwedzi. Mhepo ndiyo yakakonzera kuvauraya ndokubva Mhepo yakatanga kuvhuvhuta nekufamba, kutanga Zuva uye Mwedzi. Ndokusaka Zuva richibuda masikati uye Mwedzi unobuda gare gare, usiku.

TSIKA YETEOTIHUACAN

Kana iwe wawana chinyorwa ichi nezve Teotihuacan tsika yakakosha, ini ndinokukoka iwe kuti ushanyire anotevera malink:


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