Chii chinonzi Persian art uye nhoroondo yayo

Kune yakawanda yeAntiquity, tsika yePezhiya yakaramba ichisanganiswa neiyo yevavakidzani vayo, kunyanya Mesopotamia, uye yakafurirwa uye yakafurirwa nehunyanzvi hweSumerian neGreek, pamwe nehunyanzvi hweChinese kuburikidza ne "Silk Road". Mumukana uyu, tinokuunzira ruzivo rwese rwaunoda kuziva nezve Persian art uye nezvimwe

Persian art

Kudhirowa kwePezhiya munguva dzekare kwairatidza kuda kwavo kuratidza chokwadi chehupenyu hwavo nenhoroondo zvakajeka; asina kuoma mumashoko ayo mabasa eunyanzvi aiitirwa kuburitsa. MuGreater Iran iyo inoenderana nenyika dzazvino dze:

• Iran
• Afghanistan
• Tajikistan
• Azerbaijan
• Uzbekistan

Pamwe chete nedzimwe nharaunda dziri pedyo, dzakabereka imwe yenhaka dzinokosha zvikurusa dzokudhirowa munyika, unyanzvi hwePersia; apo dzidziso dzakawanda dzakagadzirwa se:

• Architecture
• Kupenda
• Micheka
• Cerámica
• Calligraphy
• Simbi
• Masonry
• mumhanzi

Nemaitiro epamusoro epamusoro uye ekufungidzira ehunyanzvi mataurirwo ayo zvishoma nezvishoma tichasvika pakuziva mukuvandudzwa kwechinyorwa chino. Unyanzvi hwePezhiya hwairatidza matambudziko avo emazuva ese uye hwaimiririrwa mumashandisirwo ese aishamisa uye enhetembo avaigona kushandisa. Kwete chete zvivakwa, zvidhori, pendi, kugadzira goridhe, zvivezwa kana sirivheri zvinowedzera nzira iyi yekutaura kune nhetembo, nganonyorwa dzenhoroondo uye nyaya dzinonakidza.

Pamusoro pezvo, zvinogona kusimbiswa kuti maPezhiya ekare aikoshesa zvikuru kushongedza kwehunyanzvi hwavo, saka zvakakosha kuziva chikamu chimwe nechimwe chenhoroondo yavo uye hunhu hwavo kuti vazive chaizvo kuti nei hunyanzvi hwavo hwakatanga uye kuti vakazviita sei. .

Zvakakosha kuratidza kuti vaPezhiya vakaratidza zvishuvo zvavo uye zvishuvo zvavo pamwe chete neimwe nzira yavo yekuona hupenyu nekuchengeteka, kuzvivimba uye simba guru remukati kuburikidza nechiratidzo chakawanda uye maitiro ekushongedza emabasa avo.

Nhoroondo yekuratidzwa kwePezhiya art 

Nhoroondo sezviri pachena chinhu chine simba zvikuru kwete chete mukuumba kuzivikanwa kwetsika kwenharaunda, asiwo mukuipa ruvara uye kuzivikanwa kwenzvimbo. Pamusoro pezvo, nhoroondo inobatsira pakukwanisa kutsanangura hunhu hwetsika dzevanhu vedunhu rega rega uye kwekanguva maitiro avo ehunyanzvi.

Ichi chirevo muPezhiya art chakakosha kutariswa, nekuti mune yega yega yeiyi tsika yekufungidzira kutaura kwehunyanzvi kwevanhu kwainyatsoziva nezvemagariro avo, zvematongerwo enyika uye hupfumi.

Prehistory

Iyo yakareba prehistoric nguva muIran inozivikanwa zvakanyanya kubva kumabasa ekuchera akaitwa mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzakakosha, izvo zvakakonzera kutevedzana kwenguva dzakasiyana, imwe neimwe inoratidzwa nekuvandudzwa kwemamwe marudzi emakeramiki, zvigadzirwa uye zvivakwa. Pottery ndeimwe yemhando dzekare dzePezhiya, uye mienzaniso yakawanikwa kubva kumakuva (Tappeh) inotangira kuXNUMXth millennium BC.

Kwenguva dzino, "maitiro emhuka" ane zvekushongedza mhuka motifs akasimba kwazvo muPezhiya tsika. Inotanga kuoneka pahari uye inoonekwa zvakare gare gare muLuristan bronzes uye zvakare muScythian art. Iyi nguva inotsanangurwa pasi apa:

Neolithic

Vagari venzvimbo yeIranian plateau vaigara mumakomo akaipoteredza, sepakati pekuora mwoyo, zvino gwenga rakanga rizere nemvura panguva iyoyo. Mvura payakangoserera, munhu akadzika mumipata yakaorera ndokuvaka nzvimbo dzokugara. Tappeh Sialk, padhuze neKashan, yaive saiti yekutanga kuratidza Neolithic art.

Munguva iyi, maturusi asina kuchena emuumbi aikonzera kuumbwa kwehari isina kukora uye ndiro huru idzi, dzisina kuumbwa zvakanaka dzaidhirowewa mitsetse yakachinjika uye yakatwasuka ichitevedzera basa retswanda. Nokufamba kwemakore, maturusi emuumbi akavandudzwa uye makapu akaoneka, akatsvuka muruvara, pairi nhevedzano yeshiri, nguruve uye mbudzi (mbudzi dzomumakomo) dzaidhirowewa nemitsetse mitema iri nyore.

Nzvimbo yepamusoro mukuvandudzwa kwe prehistoric Iranian pendi yehari yakaitika kutenderera mireniyamu yechina BC. Mienzaniso yakati wandei yakasara, yakadai sePainted Beaker kubva kuSusa c. 5000-4000 BC iri kuratidzwa nhasi muLouvre, Paris. Mapeteni ari pabeaker iyi akashongedzwa zvakanyanya.

Muviri wembudzi yomumakomo wakaderedzwa kuva makona matatu uye wava chinhuwo zvacho chinosungirirwa kunyanga huru, imbwa dziri kumhanya pambudzi yomumakomo ishoma kudarika mitsetse yakachinjika nepo mhashu dzinotenderera muromo wevhasi dzakafanana nezvinonyorwa zvenziyo. .

Erami

MuNguva yeBronze, kunyangwe nzvimbo dzetsika dzaivepo zvechokwadi munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzePezhiya (semuenzaniso, Astrabad neTappeh Hissar pedyo neDamghan kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva), humambo hweEramu kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero ndihwo hwakanyanya kukosha. Metalwork nounyanzvi hwePezhiya hwezvidhinha zvinopenya zvainyanya kubudirira muEramu, uye kubva pamahwendefa akanyorwa tinogona kufungidzira kuti paive neindasitiri hombe mukuruka, machira, uye kurukwa.

Kuveza simbi dzeEramuti kwakanyatsoitwa. Izvi zvinosanganisira, semuenzaniso, chifananidzo chebronze chehupenyu hwehupenyu hwaNapirisha, mudzimai wemutongi wezana remakore rechi19 BC Untash-Napirisha, uye Paleo-Elamite silver vase kubva kuMarv-Dasht, pedyo nePersepolis. Ichi chidimbu chakareba XNUMX cm uye chakabva pakati peXNUMXrd millennium BC.

Akashongedzwa nemufananidzo wakamira wemukadzi, akapfeka nguo refu yedehwe remakwai akatakura zviridzwa zvakaita semakanda, sezvingabvira achishevedza vanamati kumukombe wake wecylindrical. Nguo yedehwe remakwai yemukadzi uyu yakafanana nemaitiro eMesopotamia.

Zvimwe zvinhu zvePezhiya zveunyanzvi zvakawanikwa pasi peTemberi yeInshushinak, yakavakwa nemutongi mumwechete, zvinosanganisira pendi ine chinyorwa cheErami. Chinyorwa chinonyora kuti mambo wezana ramakore rechigumi nembiri a. Shilhak-Inshushinak akaita kuti ibwe ritemerwe mwanasikana wake Bar-Uli, uye chiono chiri pamwe chete nacho chinoratidza kuti chinoratidzwa sei kwaari.

Mesopotamia yakaita basa rinokosha muPezhiya Eramite art; zvisinei, Eramu yakanga ichiri kuchengeta kuzvitonga kwayo, zvikurukuru munzvimbo dzamakomo, uko unyanzvi hwePersia hunogona kusiyana nomutoo wakatanhamara nouyo hweMesopotamia.

Luristan

Hunyanzvi hwePezhiya hweLuristan kumadokero kweIran hunonyanya kuvharidzira nguva iri pakati pezana ramakore rechi XNUMX nerechisere BC. C. uye yakave yakakurumbira nokuda kwezvinyorwa zvayo zvendarira zvakavezwa uye zvishongo zvebhiza, zvombo uye mireza. Mabhuronzi eLuristan anonyanya kuzivikanwa angangove zvishongo zvebhiza uye zvishongo zvemachira.

Zvidimbu zvedama kazhinji zvine hungwaru, dzimwe nguva zvakaita semhukawo zvadzo dzakaita sebhiza kana mbudzi, asiwo muchimiro chemhuka dzekufungidzira dzakaita senzombe dzine mapapiro dzine chiso chemunhu. Musoro weshumba sezviri pachena wakava chishongo chaidiwa zvikuru. mbezo. Kuita kuti bakatwa ribude mushaya dzakashama dzeshumba kwaiva kupa chombo simba remhuka huru kupfuura dzose.

Mazhinji emireza anoratidza anonzi "tenzi wemhuka", chimiro chakafanana nemunhu chine musoro waJanus, pakati achirwa nemhuka mbiri. Basa rezviyero izvi harizivikanwi; zvisinei, dzingave dzaishandiswa senzvimbo tsvene dzomumba.

Hunyanzvi hwePezhiya hweLuristan hahuratidzi kukudzwa kwehugamba uye hutsinye hwemunhu, asi hunonakidzwa nekufungidzira zvikara zvakashongedzwa umo kudanwa kweiyi budiriro yekare yeAsia inonzwika.

Mabhuronzi eLuristan anofungidzirwa kuti akagadzirwa nevaMedhia, vanhu veIndo-European avo, mukubatana kwepedyo nevaPersia, vakatanga kupinda muPersia panguva iyi. Nekudaro, izvi hazvina kumbobvira zvaratidzwa, uye vamwe vanotenda kuti vakabatana neKassite budiriro, maCimmerians, kana maHurrians.

Zvekare

Munguva yeAchaemenian neSassanian nguva, kuratidzwa kwehunyanzvi hwekupambwa kuburikidza nekugadzira goridhe kwakaenderera mberi nekushongedza kwayo. Mimwe yemienzaniso yakanakisa yezvinhu zvesimbi makapu esirivha akashongedzwa nematafura akashongedzwa nehumambo hwekuvhima zviitiko kubva kuSassanian dzinza. Pazasi pane zvinonyanya kukosha nzanga yega yega mukati meiyi nguva:

the achaemenids

Zvinogona kutaurwa kuti nguva yeAchaemenid yakatanga muna 549 BC. C. apo Koreshi Mukuru akabvisa mambo weMedhia Astyages. Koreshi (559-530 BC), mambo mukuru wekutanga wePezhiya, akagadzira humambo hwaibva kuAnatolia kusvika kuPersian Gulf huchibatanidza humambo hwekare hweAsiria neBabironi; uye Dhariusi Mukuru (522-486 BC), uyo akamutsiva pashure penyongano dzakasiana-siana, akawedzerazve miganhu youmambo.

Zvisaririra zvemuzinda waKoreshi kuPasargadae kuFars zvinoratidza kuti Koreshi aifarira mavakirwo makuru. Akabatanidza kushongedzwa kwakavakirwa pachikamu cheUrartian, pamwe paunyanzvi hwekare hweAsiria neBabironi, sezvo aida kuti humambo hwake huite semugari wenhaka akakodzera kuUrartu, Assur neBabironi.

Pasargadae yakafukidza nharaunda inoda kusvika mamaira 1,5 kureba uye yaisanganisira mizinda, temberi, uye guva ramambo wemadzimambo. Nzombe huru dzine mapapiro, dzisisavapo, dzakatenderedza suo resuo, asi mufananidzo wedombo uri pane rimwe ramasuo uchiripo.

Yakashongedzwa nebas-relief inoratidzira mweya wemuchengeti une mapapiro mana panguo refu yerudzi rweErami, iyo musoro wayo wakashongedzwa nemusoro wakaoma wekubva kuEgipita. Mukutanga kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, chinyorwa pamufananidzo chinogona kuramba chichionekwa uye kutsanangurwa:

“Ini, Mambo Koreshi, muAremeni (ndakaita izvi)”.

Imba yepakati yeimwe yemuzinda yaive nemifananidzo yairatidza mambo achienderera mberi kubva kumutakuri wehufundisi. Muchiratidziro ichi kekutanga muIranian chivezwa, zvipfeko zvakapfava zvinobuda, mukupesana nejasi rakajeka remweya wemuchengeti ane mapapiro mana, akagadzirwa maererano netsika dzekare dzekuMabvazuva art, iyo isingabvumire kufamba kudiki kana hupenyu.

Achaemenid Persian art pano inoratidza nhanho yekutanga mukutsvagisa nzira yekutaura yaizogadzirwa nePersepolis artists.

Makuva akachekwa-chekwa padombo kuPasargadae, Naqsh-e Rustam nedzimwe nzvimbo inzvimbo yakakosha yeruzivo nezve nzira dzekuvaka dzakashandiswa munguva yeAchaemenid. Kuvapo kwemaIonic capitals mune rimwe rekutanga emakuva aya kunoratidza mukana wakakomba wekuti iyi yakakosha nzira yekuvaka yakaunzwa kuIonian Greece kubva kuPersia, zvinopesana nezvinowanzofungidzirwa.

Pasi paDhariusi, Humambo hweAchaemenid hwakakomberedza Egypt neRibhiya kumadokero uye hwakatambanudzira kuRwizi rweIndus kumabvazuva. Munguva yekutonga kwake, Pasargadae akaiswa pachinzvimbo chechipiri uye mutongi mutsva akakurumidza kutanga kuvaka dzimwe dzimba dzehumambo, kutanga kuSusa uye kuPersepolis.

Susa yaive muzinda wakanyanya kukosha weHumambo hwaDhariusi, nzvimbo yairi pakati peBabironi nePasargadae yaive yakanaka. Chivako cheimba yamambo iyo yakavakwa paShushan yakavakirwa panheyo yeBabironi, ine chivanze chikuru chemukati chetatu chaive chakapoteredzwa neimba yekugamuchira nekugara. Muchivanze cheimba yamambo, madziro ezvidhinha aipenya aipenya.

Izvi zvaisanganisira shumba dzine mapapiro dzine musoro wemunhu pasi pedhisiki ine mapapiro, uye iyo inonzi "Isingafi". Mhizha dzakagadzira nekukanda zvidhinha izvi dzakabva kuBhabhironi, uko kwaive netsika yemhando iyi yekushongedza kwezvivakwa.

Kunyangwe Dhariusi akavaka zvivakwa zvakati wandei paSusa, anozivikanwa zvakanyanya nebasa rake kuPersepolis (muzinda wePersepolis wakavakwa naDhariusi ukapedzwa naXerxes), makiromita makumi matatu kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kwePasargadae. Kushongedzwa kwacho kunosanganisira kushandiswa kwemavara emadziro akavezwa anoratidza kufora kusingagumi kwevakuru vedare, varindi, uye nyika dzinogarwa kubva kumativi ese eUmambo hwePezhiya.

Vavezi vanoshanda muzvikwata vakaveza mifananidzo iyi, uye boka rimwe nerimwe rakasaina basa raro nechiratidzo chomuvezi chakasiyana. Aya mareferenzi anoitwa muakaoma uye anenge anotonhora, asi akachena uye anoyevedza, maitiro ayo kubva zvino anga ari maitiro eAkaemenid Persian art uye anosiyana nekufamba uye kufarira kweAssyrian neNeo-Babylonian art.

Uhu humhizha hwePezhiya hwaifanirwa kubata muoni nechiratidzo chahwo uye kuratidza pfungwa yehukuru; Naizvozvo, tsika dzehunyanzvi dzakadzikiswa kumashure.

Mambo ndiye mufananidzo mukuru mumufananidzo wePersepolis, uye zvinoratidzika kuti chinangwa chose chechirongwa chekushongedza chaiva kukudza mambo, ukuru hwake uye simba rake. Saka, tinogonawo kuona kuti zvivezwa zvePersepolis zvinosiyana kubva kune zvevaAsiria, izvo zvinonyanya kurondedzera uye zvinovavarira kuratidza zvakaitwa namambo.

Zvisinei, kufanana kwacho kwakadaro zvokuti zviri pachena kuti kurudziro yakawanda yorudzi urwu yokuyamura inofanira kuva yakabva kuAsiria. ChiGiriki, Egipita, Urartian, Bhabhironi, Elamite, uye Scythian pesvedzero inogonawo kuonekwa muAkaemenid art. Izvi zvimwe hazvishamise, tichitarisa huwandu hwakawanda hwevanhu vakashandirwa mukuvakwa kwePersepolis.

Achaemenid Persian art, zvisinei, yaikwanisawo kupesvedzera iyo yevamwe, uye kudhindwa kwayo kunonyanya kuzivikanwa muhunyanzvi hwekutanga hweIndia, iyo ingangove yakasangana nayo kuburikidza neBactria. Huchokwadi hwePersian Achaemenid art inoratidza simba rayo mukumiririra mhuka, sezvinogona kuonekwa mune zvakawanda zvekurevesa paPersepolis.

Yakavezwa mumatombo kana ndarira, mhuka dzakashanda sevarindi vemikova kana, kazhinji sezvitsigiro zvevhasi, umo dzaive dzakaiswa muzvikamu zvitatu, mubatanidzwa wavo rumutsiridzo rwetsika dzekare dzematatu ane makumbo aiguma nehwanda kana paw. yeshumba. Achaemenian maartist aive akakodzera zvizvarwa zvevavezi vemhuka veLuristan.

Silverwork, glazing, goldsmithing, bronze casting, uye inlay basa rinomiririrwa zvakanaka muPersian Achaemenid art. The Oxus Treasure, muunganidzwa wezvimedu zvegoridhe nesirivheri zana nemakumi manomwe zvakawanikwa neRwizi rweOxus kubva muzana ramakore rechi 170 kusvika kune rechina BC Pakati pezvimedu zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa pane maviri egoridhe zvishongo zvine materminal muchimiro chehorn griffins, girazi rakaiswa mukati uye. matombo ane mavara.

Hunyanzvi hwePezhiya hweAchaemenids kuenderera kune musoro kwezvakaitangira, zvichiguma nehunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi uye kubwinya kusati kwamboonekwa kunoonekwa paPersepolis. Hunyanzvi hwePezhiya hwevaAchaemeni hwakadzika midzi panguva iyo maIran ekutanga akasvika pabani, uye hupfumi hwayo hwakaunganidzwa nemazana emakore kuti pakupedzisira huve kubudirira kwehunyanzvi hweIran nhasi.

nguva yechiGiriki

Mushure mekunge Alexander akunda Humambo hwePezhiya (331 BC), hunyanzvi hwePezhiya hwakaita chimurenga. VaGiriki nevaIrani vaigara pamwe chete muguta rimwe chete, umo kuroorana kwakapararira. Nokudaro, mirangariro miviri yakasiyana zvikuru youpenyu norunako yakarwisana.

Kune rumwe rutivi, kufarira kwese kwaive kwakanangana nekuenzanisira kwepurasitiki yemuviri uye maitiro ayo; nepo kune rumwe rutivi pakanga pasina chinhu kunze kwekuoma uye kuomarara, chiratidzo chemutsara, kuoma uye kutarisana. Greco-Iranian art yaive chigadzirwa chine musoro chekusangana uku.

Vakakunda, vanomiririrwa nedzinza rekwaSeleucid reMacedonian mavambo, vakatsiva hunyanzvi hwekare hwekuMabvazuva nemhando dzeHellenistic umo nzvimbo nemaonero, masaini, maketeni uye zvimwe zvigadziriso zvakashandiswa kuratidza kufamba kana manzwiro akasiyana, zvisinei, zvichiri Zvimwe zvinhu zvekumabvazuva zvakasara.

VaParti

Muna 250 BC C., vanhu vatsva veIranian vaParthians, vakazivisa rusununguko rwavo kubva kuvaSeleucus ndokutangisazve Humambo hwekuMabvazuva hwaisvika kuYufratesi. Kudzokororwa kwenyika nemaParthian kwakaunza kudzoka kunononoka kune tsika dzeIranian. Maitiro ake airatidza kunyangarika kwechimiro chepurasitiki.

Iwo akaomarara, kazhinji ane matombo anokosha, akapfeka zvipfeko zveIran zvine dhirezi rawo rakasimbiswa nenzira yemakanika uye yakashata, zvino zvakaratidzwa zvine hurongwa zvakatarisa kumberi, ndiko kuti, zvakananga kumuoni.

Uyu waiva mudziyo waishandiswa muunyanzvi hwekare hweMesopotamiya chete pamifananidzo inokosha zvikuru. Nekudaro, maParthians akazviita mutemo kune akawanda manhamba, uye kubva kwavari yakapfuura muByzantine art. Chifananidzo chakanakisa chebhuronzi (chaShami) uye zvimwe zvinoera (paTang-i-Sarwak neBisutun) zvinosimbisa izvi.

Munguva yeParthian nguva, iyo iwan yakave yakapararira fomu yekuvaka. Iyi yakanga iri imba hombe, yakashama kune rimwe divi ine sirin'i yakakwirira. Kunyanya mienzaniso yakanaka yakawanikwa kuAshur neHatra. Inokurumidza-kuisa gypsum mortar yakashandiswa mukuvakwa kwemakamuri makuru aya.

Zvimwe zvakabatana nekuwedzera kwekushandiswa kwedhaka dhaka kwaive kuvandudzwa kwekushongedza kwepurasita stucco. Iran yaisaziva nezvekushongedzwa kwestucco pamberi pevaParthians, pakati payo yaive fashoni yekushongedza kwemukati pamwe nekupenda madziro. Dura-Europos mural, paYufratesi, inoratidza Mithras achivhima mhuka dzakasiyana-siyana.

Mienzaniso mizhinji yehari yehari yeParthian 'clinky', ivhu dzvuku rakaoma rinoita ruzha kana rarohwa, rinogona kuwanikwa munharaunda yeZagros kumadokero kweIran. Zvakajairikawo kuwana hari yakapenya ine bluish inoyevedza kana greenish lead glaze, yakapendwa pamhando dzechiGiriki-yakafuridzirwa.

Munguva iyi zvishongo zvakashongedzwa nematombo makuru kana matombo egirazi zvakaonekwa. Nehurombo, hapana chinhu chingave chakanyorwa nevaParti chakasara, kunze kwezvinyorwa zvishoma pamari uye maakaundi nevanyori vechiGiriki nechiLatin; zvisinei, nhoroondo idzi dzakanga dzisina chinangwa.

Mari dzeParthian dzinobatsira mukutanga kutevedzana kwemadzimambo, vaizvidaidza pamari idzi se "Hellenophiles", asi ichi chaingova chokwadi nekuti vaive anti-Roman. Nguva yeParthian yaive kutanga kwekuvandudzwa kwemweya wenyika yeIran. Iyi art yePezhiya inoumba yakakosha chitubu cheshanduko; iyo yakatungamirira kune rumwe rutivi kune unyanzvi hweByzantium, uye kune imwe kune iyo yeSassanids neIndia.

the sasanids

Nenzira dzakawanda, nguva yeSassanian (224-633 AD) yakaona kubudirira kukuru kwebudiriro yePersia uye yaive humambo hukuru hwekupedzisira hweIran maMuslim asati akunda. The Sassanid dzinza, kufanana Achaemenid, yakatanga mudunhu Fars. Vakazviona sevatsivi vevaAchaemeni, mushure mekupindirana kweHellenistic neParthian, uye vakazviona sebasa ravo mukudzoreredza hukuru hweIran.

Pakukwirira kwahwo, Hushe hweSasanian hwakatambanudzwa kubva kuSiria kusvika kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweIndia; asi pesvedzero yake yakanzwika kure zvikuru nemiganhu yezvamatongerwe enyika iyi. Sassanian motifs akaiswa paunyanzvi hweCentral Asia neChina, Humambo hweByzantine uye kunyange Merovingian France.

Mukumutsidzira kukudzwa kweAkaemenid yapfuura, maSassanids vakanga vasiri vatevedzeri chete. Persian art yenguva ino inoratidza huviri hunoshamisa. Mune mamwe maitiro, inofungidzira zvinhu zvakagadziridzwa gare gare panguva yeIslam. Kukundwa kwePersia naAlexander Mukuru kwakanga kwatanga kupararira kwounyanzvi hwechiGiriki kumadokero kweAsia; asi kana Mabvazuva aigamuchira chimiro chekunze cheunyanzvi uhwu, haana kumbobvira atora mweya wawo.

Munguva dzeParthian, hunyanzvi hwechiGiriki hwakanga hwave kutojekeswa zvishoma nevanhu veNear East, uye nenguva dzeSassanian kwaive nekuramba kuchipikisa. Unyanzvi hweSassanian hwePezhiya hwakamutsidzira miitiro nemiitiro yakaberekerwa kuPersia; uye muchikamu chechiIslam vakasvika kumahombekombe eMediterranean.

Kubwinya kwakagara madzimambo eSassanid kunomiririrwa zvakakwana nedzimba dzeumambo dzakaramba dzakamira, pamwe neaya aFiruzabad neBishapur muFars, uye metropolis yeCtesiphon muMesopotamia. Pamusoro pemaitiro epanzvimbo, chivakwa cheParthian chinofanira kunge chiri mutsigiri wezvakasiyana Sassanid zvekuvaka.

Zvese zvinoratidzwa nemadhiramu-akavharidzirwa iwans akaunzwa munguva yeParthian, asi zvino awana hukuru hukuru, kunyanya kuCtesiphon. Iyo arch yehoro hombe yakavharidzirwa yeCtesiphon inonzi yakaitwa nekutonga kweShapur I (AD 241-272) ine chinhambwe chinodarika mafiti makumi masere uye inosvika kureba kwemamita 80 kubva pasi.

Ichi chivakwa chinoshamisira chine magineti evagadziri munguva dzakazotevera uye chave chichiyemurwa sechimwe chezvimedu zvakakosha zvePezhiya zvivakwa. Dzimba dzinoverengeka dzine mukati mehoro yevateereri iyo iri, semuFiruzabad, mukamuri yakanatswa nedome.

VaPezhiya vakagadzirisa dambudziko rekumisa dome rakatenderera pane mativi mana akaenzana nesquinch. Icho chisiri chinhu chinopfuura arch yakasimudzwa pakona yega yega yeskweya, nekudaro ichishandura kuita octagon pairi nyore kuisa dome. Imba yedome yeimba yamambo paFiruzabad ndiyo muenzaniso wekutanga uripo wekushandiswa kwesquinch, uye saka pane chikonzero chakanaka chekuona Persia senzvimbo yayo yekugadzira.

Pakati pezvakasarudzika zveSassanian zvivakwa, chiratidzo chekushandisa kwayo nzvimbo inogona kutaurwa. Mugadziri weSassanid akafungidzira kuvakwa kwake mumifungo yemavhoriyamu nepamusoro; saka kushandiswa kwemadziro ezvidhinha zvakasimba akashongedzwa nemuenzaniso kana kushanda stucco.

Stucco madziro ekushongedza anoonekwa kuBishapur, asi mienzaniso iri nani inochengetedzwa kubva kuChal Tarkhan padhuze neRayy (yanonoka Sassanid kana yekutanga yechiIslam muzuva), uye kubva kuCtesiphon naKish kuMesopotamia. Iwo mapaneru anoratidza zviumbwa zvemhuka mudenderedzwa, mabhasikoro evanhu, uye geometric uye maruva motifs.

MuBishapur, mamwe epasi aive akashongedzwa nemifananidzo yairatidza zvinhu zvinofadza sepamabiko; Hutongi hweRoma pano hwakajeka, uye ma mosaic anogona kunge akaiswa nevasungwa veRoma. Zvivako zvakashongedzwawo nemifananidzo yemadziro; mienzaniso yakanaka yakawanikwa paKuh-i Khwaja muSistan.

Kune rimwe divi, chivezwa cheSassanid chinopa musiyano wakaenzana kune weGreece neRoma. Parizvino, anenge makumi matatu ematombo akavezwa ari kurarama, mazhinji acho ari muFars. Kufanana neaya enguva yeAchaemenid, akavezwa mukuyamura, kazhinji pamatombo ari kure uye asingasvikike. Vamwe vakaodzwa mwoyo zvikuru zvokuti vanotozvimirira; mamwe anongodarika graffiti. Chinangwa chayo kukudza mambo.

Ekutanga akavezwa ematombo eSassanian achaunzwa ndeaya aFiruzabad, akabatana nekutanga kwekutonga kwaArdashir I uye achiri akabatana nemisimboti yeParthian Persian art. Iyo yekuzorodza pachayo ishoma kwazvo, iwo mameseji anogadzirwa neakatemerwa kucheka uye maumbirwo anorema uye akawanda, asi kwete pasina rimwe simba.

Imwe zororo, yakavezwa padombo rakatarisana neTang-i-Ab Gorge padyo neFiruzabad Plain, ine zvikamu zvitatu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoratidzira zvakajeka pfungwa yeIran yehondo senhevedzano yezvisungo zvega.

Vazhinji vanomiririra kutsvakwa kwamambo namwari "Ahura mazda" nezviratidzo zveuchangamire; vamwe kukunda kwamambo vavengi vake. Vanogona kunge vakafemerwa nemabasa echiRoma ekukunda, asi mabatiro uye maratidziro akasiyana zvakanyanya. Zvinyorwa zveRoma zvinyorwa zvemifananidzo nguva dzose nekuedza kwechokwadi.

Zvivezwa zveSasanian zvinorangarira chiitiko nekufananidzira kumiririra chiitiko chekupedzisira: semuenzaniso, mumufananidzo weNaksh-i-Rustam (muzana remakore rechitatu), Mambo weRoma Valerian anopa maoko ake kune anokunda Shapur I. Vamwari neveumambo vanomiririrwa pane imwe hukuru kupfuura hwevanhu vakaderera. Izvo zvinyorwa, sekutonga, symmetrical.

Zvimiro zvevanhu zvinowanzooma uye zvinorema, uye pane kusagadzikana mukupa mamwe maumbirwo ezvinyorwa zvakadai semapendekete uye torso. Chivezwa chekuyamura chakasvika pakakwirira pasi peBahram I (273-76), mwanakomana waShapur I, uyo aitarisira chiitiko chakanaka chemhemberero paBishapur, umo mafomu akarasikirwa nekuoma kwese uye magadzirirwo acho akajeka uye ane simba.

Kana iyo yese muunganidzwa weSassanian rock carvings ikatariswa, imwe stylistic kusimuka nekudonha kunova pachena; Kutanga kubva pamhando dzakati sandara dzekutanga kudzoreredzwa kwakavakirwa patsika yeParatian, hunyanzvi hwePezhiya hwakawedzera uye, nekuda kwesimba rekuMadokero, mafomu akatenderedzwa akaonekwa panguva yeSapphire I.

Kusvika pachiitiko chinoshamisa chemhemberero yeBahrain I kuBishapur, ndokudzokera kune yakabiwa uye isina kufemerwa mafomu pasi peNarsah, uye pakupedzisira kudzokera kune isiri-yechinyakare dhizaini inoonekwa mune yakasarudzika yeKhosroe II. Hapana kuedza kuratidza muSassanian Persian art, kana mune izvi zvivezwa kana mumifananidzo chaiyo inoratidzwa pamidziyo yesimbi kana mari yadzo. Mambo mumwe nemumwe anongosiyaniswa nechimiro chake chekorona.

Muhunyanzvi hudiki, zvinosuruvarisa kuti hapana pendi yakasara, uye nguva yeSassanid inomiririrwa zvakanyanya nesimbi yayo. Nhamba huru yemidziyo yesimbi yakanzi yakaitwa panguva ino; dzakawanda dzeiyi dzakawanwa kumaodzanyemba kweRussia.

Ivo vanouya muakasiyana maumbirwo uye vanoratidza yakakwira mwero wehunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi nekushongedza kunoitwa nesando, kugogodza, kunyora kana kukanda. Misoro yainyanya kuratidzwa pandiro dzesirivha yaisanganisira kuvhima kwemadzimambo, zviitiko zvemitambo, mambo akagadzwa pachigaro kana mabiko, vatambi, uye mitambo yechitendero.

Midziyo yakashongedzwa nemagadzirirwo akaitwa muhunyanzvi hwakasiyana; gilt, plated kana etched mapaketi uye cloisonné enamel. Motifs dzinosanganisira vanhu vechitendero, zviitiko zvekuvhima umo mambo anotora nzvimbo yepakati, uye mhuka dzengano dzakadai seine mapapiro griffin. Aya madhizaini akafanana anoitika mumachira eSassanid. Kuruka sirika kwakaunzwa kuPersia nemadzimambo eSassanian uye kuruka sirika kwePersia kwakatowana musika muEurope.

Mashoma maSassanid machira anozivikanwa nhasi, kunze kwezvimedu zvidiki kubva akasiyana eEuropean abbeys nemacathedrals. Pamicheka yeumambo yakaisvonaka yakamendwa zvikuru, yakazara namaparera nematombo anokosha, hapana chakapukunyuka.

Ivo vanozivikanwa chete kuburikidza neakasiyana mareferensi ezvinyorwa uye chiitiko chemhemberero muTaq-i-Bustan, umo Khosroe II akapfeka jasi rehumambo rakafanana nerakatsanangurwa mungano, rakarukwa neshinda yegoridhe uye rakanamirwa nemaparera uye bhiza.

Izvo zvakafanana zvinoenda kune yakakurumbira gadheni rug, iyo "Spring yeKhosroe". Yakagadzirwa panguva yekutonga kwaKhosroe I (531 - 579), iyo kapeti yaive 90 mativi emamita. Ndeyaani tsananguro yevanyori venhoroondo dzechiArab yakadai:

“Muganhu wacho wakanga une ruva reruvara rwakaisvonaka rwebhuruu, dzvuku, jena, yero, negirini; nechekumashure ruvara rwenyika rwakatevedzerwa negoridhe; matombo akachena sekiristaro akapa fungidziro yemvura; zvirimwa zvacho zvakaitwa nesirika uye michero yacho yakaitwa nematombo ane ruvara».

Zvisinei, maArabu akacheka iri rape rakaisvonaka kuita zvidimbu zvakawanda, izvo zvakabva zvatengeswa zvakasiyana. Zvichida chinhu chakanyanya kusiyanisa cheSassanid art chishongo chayo, icho chaifanirwa kuve nekupesvedzera kwakadzama pahunyanzvi hweIslam.

Madhizaini aiwanzoita symmetrical uye kushandiswa kwakawanda kwakaitwa nemamedallion akabatanidzwa. Mhuka neshiri uye kunyange maruva motifs zvaiwanzoratidzwa heraldically, ndiko kuti, vaviri vaviri, vakatarisana kana shure shure.

Mamwe maitiro, akadai seMuti weHupenyu, ane nhoroondo yekare muNear East; zvimwe, kufanana nedhiragoni nebhiza rine mapapiro, zvinoratidzira kudanana kunopfuurira kwounyanzvi hweAsia nengano.

Unyanzvi hweSassanian Persian hwakapararira pamusoro penzvimbo yakakura kubva kuFar East kusvika kumahombekombe eAtlantic uye yakaita basa rakakosha mukugadzira art yeEuropean neAsia. Unyanzvi hwechiIslam, zvisinei, hwakanga huri mugari wenhaka wechokwadi wePersian-Sassanid art, pfungwa dzazvaifanira kuenzanisa uye, panguva imwecheteyo, kuipinza nehupenyu hutsva uye simba idzva.

nguva yekutanga yechiIslam

Kukunda kwemaArabu muzana ramakore rechinomwe AD kwakaunza Persia munharaunda yechiIslam; zvisinei, maive muPezhiya umo sangano idzva reunyanzvi hwechiIslam rakasangana nemuyedzo waro wakaomarara. Kuonana nevanhu vane hunyanzvi hwepamusoro uye tsika yemadzitateguru kwakadzama kune vakundi vechiMuslim.

Apo vaAbbasid vakaita Baghdad dzimbahwe ravo (pedyo neguta rekare revatongi veSassania), pesvedzero huru yePersia yakauya. VaCaliph vakagamuchira tsika dzekare dzePersia; mutemo wakatevedzwawo kumatare evakuru venzvimbo vakazvimiririra (Samanids, Buyids, etc.), izvo zvakatungamirira kumutsidziro wekuziva tsika dzePersia muunyanzvi nemabhuku.

Pese pazvaibvira, upenyu hutsva hwakafemerwa munhaka yetsika yeunyanzvi hwePersia, uye tsika dzakanga dzisingadyidzani zvachose nechiIslam dzakachengetwa kana kuunzwazve. Kudhirowa kwechiIslam (kupenda, simbi, nezvimwewo) kwakapesvedzerwa zvakanyanya nemaitiro eSassanid uye Persian vaulting matekiniki akagamuchirwa muIslam architecture.

Zvivakwa zvishoma zvepanyika zvakararama kubva panguva yekutanga, asi tichitarisa kubva kune zvakasara, zvingangoita kuti vakachengeta zvakawanda zvemuzinda weSassanian, senge 'vaulted vateereri Hall' uye 'chirongwa chakarongwa chakapoteredza chivanze chepakati'. Shanduko huru iyo nguva iyi yakaunza pakuvandudzwa kweunyanzvi yaive yekuganhurira kumiririrwa kwemifananidzo yechokwadi kana kumiririrwa kwehupenyu hwezviitiko zvenhoroondo.

"Muzuva rekumutswa, Allah vachaona vagadziri vemifananidzo sevanhu vakakodzera kurangwa."

Kuunganidzwa kwemashoko eMuporofita

Sezvo chiIslam chaisashivirira kumiririrwa kwemativi matatu ezvisikwa zvipenyu, mhizha dzePezhiya dzakagadzira uye dzakawedzera repertoire yavo yaivepo yemhando dzeshongedzo, dzavakazokanda mudombo kana stucco. Izvi zvakapa zvinhu zvakajairika izvo maartist mune mamwe midhiya akadhirowa.

Mazhinji emamotifs anodzokera kumagariro ekare eKumabvazuva: anosanganisira mhuka dzinoyevedza senge mapapiro ane musoro wemunhu sphinx, griffins, phoenixes, mhuka dzesango kana shiri dzakabatwa nemhuka dzadzo, uye midziyo yekushongedza chaiyo senge medallion, mizambiringa, maruva motifs. uye rosette.

Vatendi vechiMuslim vanoshivirira vakanga vasinganyanyi kuomesera pamusoro pekuratidzwa kwemifananidzo yekufananidzira, uye mudzimba dzekugezera, kuvhima kana mifananidzo yenzvimbo yerudo yevaraidzo yevatengi yaisawanzomutsa zvirambidzo.

Zvisinei, mumasangano ezvitendero, mazano asina kujeka chete ezvimiro zvevanhu kana mhuka aibvumirwa. VaPezhiya vakakurumidza kuonga kukosha kwekushongedza kwemavara echiArab uye vakagadzira marudzi ese emaruva uye abstract zvishongo. Zvishongo zvePezhiya zvinowanzosiyaniswa kubva kune dzimwe nyika dzechiIslam.

Kurapa kweArabesque kwaiwanzo kuve kwakasununguka muPersia kupfuura kumwe kunhu, uye kazhinji, kunyangwe zvisiri nguva dzose, yakachengeta mafomu ezvirimwa uye anozivikanwa. Palmettes, frets, guilloches, interlacing uye akakwenenzverwa geometric manhamba senge polygonal nyeredzi anogadzirwa zvakare.

Calligraphy ndiyo yemhando yepamusoro-soro yebudiriro yeIslam uye senge mafomu ese ehunyanzvi akasangana neIran, yakagadziridzwa uye yakagadziridzwa nevaPersia. Ta'liq, "zvinyorwa zvinorembera" (nezita rakabva Nasta'liq) zvakagadziriswa muzana remakore rechigumi nematatu; kunyangwe zvanga zvavepo kwemazana emakore izvi zvisati zvaitika, uye zvinonzi zvakatorwa kubva kune yekare pre-Islamic Sassanid script.

Peji yakanyorwa yakapfumiswawo nehunyanzvi hwe "Illuminator" uye mune mamwe manyoro neaya emupendi, akawedzera mifananidzo midiki. Kushingirira kwetsika yePezhiya tsika ndeyekuti, kunyangwe mazana emakore ekupindirwa uye hutongi hwekunze nemaArabu, maMongolia, maTurkey, maAfghan, nezvimwe. Unyanzvi hwake hwePezhiya hunoratidza budiriro inoenderera, uku ichichengetedza kuzivikanwa kwayo.

Mukati mokutonga kwamaArab, kuomerera kwavagari vomunzvimbomo kuboka reShia rechiIslam (iro raishora kuchengetwa kwakaoma kweOrthodox) kwakaita rutivi rukuru mukuramba kwavo pfungwa dzechiArab. Pakazosvika nguva yekutenda, kuburikidza nekukunda kweSeljuks muzana ramakore regumi nerimwe, chinhu chePezhiya chaive chadzika midzi zvekuti chaive chisisakwanise kudzurwa.

abadas period

Pakangopera kuvhunduka kwekutanga kwekupinda kwechiArab, maIran akaenda kunoshanda kuenzanisa vakundi vavo. Vagadziri vemifananidzo nemhizha vakazviita vamene kuwanikwa kuvatongi vatsva nezvinodikanwa zvechitendero chitsva, uye zvivako zvechiMuslim zvakagamuchira mitoo nezvinhu zvenhambo yeSassanid.

Saizi yezvivakwa uye hunyanzvi hwekuvaka munguva yeAbbasid inoratidza kumutsidzirwa kweMesopotamian architecture. Zvidhinha zvaishandiswa kugadzira madziro nembiru. Mbiru idzi dzakabva dzashanda sezvitsigiro zvakasununguka zvezvivharo zvaigaroshandiswa munyika yose yeMuslim, nekuda kwekushaikwa kwematanda ekupfirira denga.

Yakasiyana-siyana maarch muAbbasid architecture inotungamira munhu kuti atende kuti mafomu avo akasiyana akashanda zvinangwa zvekushongedza kwete zvimiro zvinodiwa.

Pakati pese hunyanzvi hwekushongedza, ivhu rakaita kufambira mberi kwakanyanya panguva yeAbbasid. Muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX, hunyanzvi hutsva hwakagadzirwa umo magadzirirwo akashinga akapendwa neakasimba cobalt bhuruu pigment pamuchena chena. Mimvuri yakasiyana-siyana yezvinopenya dzimwe nguva yaisanganiswa pamashure machena, kusanganisira tsvuku, girini, goridhe, kana shava.

Nechokunopera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, magadzirirwo emhuka neavanhu akave akajairika, pabani kana kuti akafukidzwa. Pottery kubva panguva yekupedzisira yeAbbasid (XNUMXth kusvika kutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX) inosanganisira:

• Mwenje wakavezwa kana wakaumbwa, zvinopisa rusenzi, matafura epasi uye mataira ane turquoise green enamel.

• Majari nembiya dzakapendwa nemaruva motifs, marita, mhuka kana nhamba dzevanhu, nezvimwewo, pasi pegirinhi kana pachena glaze.
• Zvirongo, mbiya, uye matiles akapendwa neshava rakasvibira pachiedza chakasvibirira; kupenya dzimwe nguva kunosanganiswa nemitsetse yebhuruu negirinhi.

Mapendi ekutanga enguva yeAbbasid anozivikanwa kubva pazvidimbu zvakacherwa kuSamarra, kunze kwekumadokero kweIran (anenge makiromita zana kuchamhembe kweBaghdad, Iraq).

Iyi mifananidzo yepamadziro yakawanikwa mudzimba dzokugamuchira vanhu dzedzimba dzemabhunu uye munzvimbo dzisiri dzevanhu vose dzedzimba dzemadzimambo, kunyanya mudzimba dzevakadzi, umo maisaitwa mitambo yechitendero.

Nzvimbo yaifarirwa neshongedzero dzakadaro idhomes pamusoro pemikoto ine sikweya. Zvizhinji zvemifananidzo zvine zvinhu zvechiGiriki, sezvinoratidzwa nevanwi, vanodhanzi, uye vaimbi, asi maitiro acho ndeeSassanian mumweya uye zviri mukati. Mazhinji akavakwa patsva vachishandisa zviyeuchidzo zveSassanian senge matombo ematombo, zvisimbiso, nezvimwe.

Kumabvazuva kweIran, mufananidzo wemusoro wemukadzi (pakupera kweXNUMXth kana kutanga kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX) wakawanikwa kuNishapur une kufanana kwakasimba nehunyanzvi hweSamara; zvisinei, haimbotapurwi nepesvedzero dzechiGiriki.

Pictorial Persian art (miniatures) munguva yekupedzisira isati yaparadzwa caliphate inowanikwa zvakanyanya mumanyoro anoratidza mabasa esainzi kana ezvinyorwa uye ainyanya kuganhurirwa kuIraq.

samanids

Nekuderera kwesimba remacaliph muzana remakore rechiXNUMX neregumi, madzishe echifeudal zvishoma nezvishoma akadzokera kusimba, achigadza matunhu akazvimirira kumabvazuva kweIran; imwe yedzakanyanya kukosha yaitongwa nevaSamanid. Vatongi veSamanid vaive vatsigiri vehunyanzvi hwePezhiya uye vakaita Bukhara neSamarkand muTransoxiana nzvimbo dzakakurumbira dzetsika.

Manyoro akazara eSamanid Persian art anowanikwa mune ayo ceramics, uye mukati meXNUMXth century, zvinhu zveTransoxiana zvaive zvakakurumbira mumatunhu ekumabvazuva kwePersia. Ihari inonyanyozivikanwa uye yakacheneswa yerudzi urwu kubva kuSamarkand ndiyo ine zvinyorwa zvakakura muKufic (shanduro yekutanga yezvinyorwa zvechiArabic zvakashandiswa muKoran, yakatumidzwa zita reguta reKufa muIraq) yakapendwa mutema paWhite background.

Kushongedza kwechimiro hakuna kumboonekwa pane izvi Transoxiana zvinhu uye motifs aigara achikopwa kubva kumicheka senge rosettes, roundels, uye peacock muswe "meso". Kune rumwe rutivi, chiumbwa chehari chevaKhorasan chenguva yeSamanid chaizivikanwa zvikurukuru kubva muzvinhu zvakacherwa paNishapur, hazvina kubvisa chimiro chomunhu, uye kune mienzaniso yezviumbwa zvavanhu zvinorwisana nemigariro yakapfuma mumhuka, maruva, uye zvinyorwa.

Nehurombo, hapana chakasara chependi yeSamanid kana zvidiki kunze kwezvimedu zvishoma zvemifananidzo yemadziro inowanikwa kuNishapur. Chimwe chimedu chakadaro chinoratidza hukuru hwehupenyu hwefalconer yakatasva bhiza, yakatasva "inobhururuka" nenzira dzakatorwa kubva mutsika yeSassanid. Iyo falconer inopfeka muIranian style ine pesvedzero kubva kune steppe, senge mabhoti akakwira.

Kana ari machira, izvo zvakasara mienzaniso yakati wandei yetiraz (mucheka wejira rinoshandiswa kushongedza ruoko) kubva kuMerv neNishapur. Hapana chakasara chezvakakura zvakabuda zvemachira workshops eTransoxiana neKhorasan, kunze kwechimedu chinopembererwa chesilika nekotoni chinozivikanwa se "Shroud of St. Josse."

Ichi chidimbu chakashongedzwa nenzou dzakatarisana dzakaratidzwa nemiganhu yefic mavara uye mitsara yengamera dzeBactrian. Yakanyorwa paAbu Mansur Bukhtegin, mukuru mukuru wedare reSamanid akatongerwa rufu naAbd-al-Malik ibn-Nuh muna 960. Mucheka wacho unenge uchibva kumusangano weKhorasan. Kunyangwe iwo manhamba akanyanya kuomarara, iwo maSassanid modhi akateedzerwa zvakanyanya, zvese mukuumbwa kwese uye mune yega motifs.

the seljuks

Iyo nguva yeSeljuk munhoroondo yehunyanzvi uye yezvivakwa inotenderera mazana maviri emakore kubva mukukunda kweSeljuk muchikamu chechipiri chezana ramakore regumi nerimwe kusvika pakuvambwa kwedzinza reIlkan muchikamu chechipiri chezana ramakore rechigumi nematatu. Munguva iyi, nzvimbo yesimba mukati menyika yeIslam yakatama kubva munzvimbo dzeArab kuenda kuAnatolia neIran, nenzvimbo dzechinyakare dzave kugara mumaguta makuru eSeljuk: Merv, Nishapur, Rayy, neIsfahan.

Zvisinei nevapanduki veTurkey, nguva ino yekuvandudzwa kwePezhiya kutanga nekuburitswa kweFirdawsi's "Shah-namah" inoumba nguva yekugadzira hunyanzvi hwekuvandudza kwePersia. Kubudirira kukuru kwemazana emakore aya muunyanzvi hwekuona zvichienzaniswa neunyanzvi hwemazana emakore apfuura hunomiririra kusvetuka kukuru.

Kukosha kweSeljuk Persian art ndeyekuti yakamisa chinzvimbo chepamusoro muIran uye yakaronga budiriro yeramangwana yehunyanzvi munyika yeIran kwemazana emakore. Iwo magadzirirwo ehunyanzvi akaunzwa nevagadziri veIran panguva ino aive, muchokwadi, mhedzisiro huru, kubva kuIndia kuenda kuAsia Minor. Nekudaro, pane kupindirana kwakasimba pakati peSeljuk art uye stylistic mapoka eBuyids, Ghaznavids nezvimwe.

Muzviitiko zvakawanda, maartist enguva yeSeljuk akabatanidza uye dzimwe nguva akakwenenzvera mafomu nemazano anga achizivikanwa kwenguva refu. Izvo zvinofanirwa kuyeukwa kuti mufananidzo hauna kujeka sezvaunofanirwa kuve, nehukuru hukuru hwekuchera zvisiri pamutemo muIran mumakore zana apfuura.

Chimiro chezvivakwa zvenguva ino ndeyekushongedza kushandiswa kwezvidhinha zvisina kugadzirwa. Kushandiswa kwepakutanga kwezviputi zvestucco pamadziro ekunze, pamwe chete nechomukati (kuvanza kuderera kwezvinhu zvekuvaka), zvakabviswa, kunyange zvakazoonekwa zvakare gare gare.

Nekugadzwa kweSeljuk Turks (1055-1256) chimiro chakasiyana chemosque chakaunzwa. Chinhu chayo chinonyanya kushamisa ndeye yakavharidzirwa niche kana iwan iyo yainyanya kutaridzika mudzimba dzeSassanian uye yaizivikanwa kunyangwe munguva yeParthian. Mune ino inonzi "cruciform" mosque chirongwa, iwan inoiswa mune yega yega yemadziro mana akatenderedza madziro.

Urongwa uhwu hwakagamuchirwa pakuvakwazve kweGreat Mosque yeIsfahan muna 1121 uye yakashandiswa zvakanyanya muPersia kusvika nguva dzazvino. Muenzaniso unozivikanwa ndeyeMasjid-i-shah kana Royal Mosque yakavambwa naShah Abbas muIsfahan muna 1612 uye yakapedzwa muna 1630. Chimiro chekushongedza chakaonekwa paSeljuk pottery kubva pakati pezana remakore rechiXNUMX zvichienda mberi.

Pakutanga, kushongedzwa kwakavezwa kana kuumbwa, nepo enamel yaive monochrome, kunyangwe zvinhu zvakavezwa zvemavara akasiyana-siyana zvakashandiswa mu lakabi (kupenda). Dzimwe nguva kushongedzwa kwaiiswa kuhari, kupendwa mutema slip pasi pekajeka kana ruvara glaze kugadzira silhouette mhedzisiro.

Shiri hombe, mhuka, uye zvisikwa zvinoshamisa zvinogadzira yakawanda yemifananidzo, kunyangwe zvimiro zvevanhu zvichionekwa mune silhouette. Iwo manhamba eiyo silhouette anowanzo akazvimirira, kunyangwe zvakajairwa kuti mafomu emunhu nemhuka anogara achiratidzwa kana kutariswa kumashure kwemashizha.

Chikamu chekupedzisira chezana ramakore rechi XNUMX chakaona kusikwa kwehari yehari yakaisvonaka uye yakanyanyisa minai (glaze), yakagadzirwa neunyanzvi hwekupfutidza kaviri kuisa kupenya pamusoro pekupenya. Rudzi urwu rwehari, rwakatangira muRayy, Kashan uye zvichida Saveh, rinoratidza zvinhu zvekushongedza zvakafanana nehari yeKashan yakapendwa. Dzimwe nziyo dzinomiririra zviitiko zvehondo kana zvikamu zvakatorwa kubva kuShah-namah.

Iwo maSeljuk madiki ayo mashoma mashoma asara nekuda kwekuparadzwa kwakapararira nekupinda kweMongol, anofanirwawo kunge akashongedzwa zvakanyanya, semamwe marudzi ePezhiya art yenguva iyoyo, uye zvirokwazvo anofanira kunge airatidza hunhu hwakafanana kukupenda kwehari.

Nzvimbo huru yekupenda mabhuku muzana remakore rechiXNUMX nerechiXNUMX raiva Iraq, asi mufananidzo uyu wakanga une simba guru reIran. Mienzaniso yakati wandei yeSeljuk Qur'an yakapona, uye inozivikanwa nekupendiwa kwavo kwakanaka kwemapeji emusoro, kazhinji yakasimba geometric muhunhu, neKufic script inotungamira.

Munguva yeSeljuk nguva, kugadzirwa kwesimbi kwainyanya kupararira nehuwandu hwepamusoro hwevashandi. Bronze ndiyo yaive simbi yakashandiswa zvakanyanya muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX nerechi XNUMX (bhuronzi ichiva yakazowedzerwa).

Zvigadzirwa zvakakandwa, zvakavezwa, dzimwe nguva zvakashongedzwa nesirivha kana mhangura kana kuuraya mufretwork, uye mune dzimwe nguva kunyange yakashongedzwa enamel. Muzana remakore rechigumi nembiri, maitiro e repoussé uye engraving akawedzerwa kune ayo ekuisa ndarira kana ndarira negoridhe, sirivha, mhangura uye niello.

Muenzaniso unozivikanwa ndeyebhuronzi cube yakashongedzwa nesirivha nemhangura zvino yachengetwa muHermitage Museum muLeningrad. Maererano nekunyorwa kwayo, yakagadzirwa muHerat muna 1163.

Panguva iyoyo zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvaigadzirwa zvakadai semafuta ekupisa kazhinji mumhando yemhuka, magirazi, zvibatiso zvekenduru, nezvimwewo. uye zvinoita sekunge dzimwe nyanzvi dzemhizha dzinofamba zvakanyanya kuti dziite makomisheni nezvidimbu zvakanaka zvinotumirwa kureba.

Nguva yeSeljuk pasina mubvunzo yaive imwe yenguva dzakanyanya kugadzira munhoroondo yenyika yeIslam. Yakaratidza kubudirira kwakanakisa mune zvese zvehunyanzvi minda, ine misiyano isingaoneki kubva mudunhu nedunhu.

MaMongolia uye Ilkhanate

Kupinda kweMongol muzana ramakore rechi 1220 kwakashandura hupenyu muIran zvakanyanya uye zvachose. Kupinda kwaGenghis Khan muma1258s kwakaparadza hupenyu nemidziyo kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweIran pamwero mukuru. Muna XNUMX, Hulagu Khan, muzukuru waGenghis Khan, akapedza kukunda kweIran uye akabatanidza kutonga kwake pamusoro peIraq, Iran, uye chikamu chikuru cheAnatolia.

Aine guta guru kuMaragha kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweIran, akatanga humambo hweIlkhanid, anozviti ari pasi peGreat Khan, Qubilai, mutongi weChina neMongolia.

Ilkan Dynasty, iyo yakagara kubva 1251 kusvika 1335, inomiririra muPersia art (pendi, yehari uye kugadzira goridhe) nguva yekupesvedzera kukuru muFar East. Gare gare Ilkhanates akaedza kugadzirisa kumwe kuparadza kwakakonzerwa nekupinda kwavo kunoparadza mukutanga kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, vachivaka maguta matsva nekushandisa vakuru vakuru veko kuti vatungamire nyika.

Ilkania architecture yanga isiri chimiro chitsva panguva yayo, asi yakaenderera mberi Seljuk zvirongwa uye matekiniki. Chivakwa cheSeljuk chine mbiri-domed chaive chakakurumbira pakati peIlkhanates uye kuratidzwa kwezvidhinha zvekushongedza, kunyangwe zvisina kusiiwa zvachose, zvakapa nzira yekuwedzera kushandiswa kwehari yakapenya.

MuIran, nzvimbo huru dzemukati nekunze dzakatanga kufukidzwa nemavara makuru efaience (tile mosaic) ejometri, maruva, uye calligraphic motifs muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX. Nzira iyi inogona kunge yakatengeswa zvakare panguva ino kubva kuAsia Minor, uko maPezhiya maartist akanga atizira maMongol asati apinda. Imwe yezvinyorwa zvekare zveIran zvine nzvimbo huru dze faience mosaics ndiyo Oljeitu Mausoleum muSultaniya.

Kana zviri zvehari, zvese zvaiitwa paRayy zvakamira mushure mekuparadzwa kweMongol muna 1220, asi ivhu reKashan rakapora kubva mumatambudziko muna 1224.

Mataira akashandiswa zvakanyanya mukushongedzwa kwezvivakwa uye mumihrab uye muImamzada Yahya yeVaramin, ine mihrab kubva c. 1265, ine siginicha yemuumbi wehari ane mukurumbira weKashan Ali ibn-Muhammad ibn Ali Tahir. Idzi dzainzi kashi mushure menzvimbo yavo yekugadzira muKashan.

Kune marudzi maviri ehari anonyanya kubatanidzwa neIlkhanates, imwe i "Sultanabad" (zita rake rakatorwa kubva pakawanikwa zvidimbu zvekutanga munharaunda yeSultanabad) uye imwe "Lajvardina" (mutsivi ari nyore weMinai maitiro). . Kupendirwa negoridhe pamusoro pekupenya kweblue glaze kunoita kuti Lajvardina tableware ive imwe yezvinoyevedza zvakambogadzirwa muPersia.

Kusiyana neizvi, iyo Sultanabad ware ine poto yakawanda uye inogara ichishandisa grey slip ine gobvu maratidziro, nepo imwe mhando inoratidza pendi nhema pasi peturquoise glaze. Iyo pateni ndeyemhando yekusakendenga, asi iyo yehari yese ndeyekufarira kwakakosha semuenzaniso wekare wenzira iyo maChinese motifs akapinda mutsika yePersia yehari.

Metallurgy yakanga yabudirira kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kwePersia, Khurassan, uye Transoxiana, yakatamburawo zvakaipisisa nedenho yeMongol; zvisinei, haina kufa zvachose. Mushure memukana mukugadzirwa kweanoda kusvika zana ramakore, iro rinogona kunyatsoenderana mukuvaka nekupenda, indasitiri yakamutsiridzwa. Nzvimbo dzakakosha dzaive muCentral Asia, Azerbaijan (nzvimbo huru yetsika dzeMongol), uye kumaodzanyemba kweIran.

Iko kusanganiswa kwePezhiya, Mesopotamian uye Mamluk masitayipi hunhu hwese Ilkhanate goldsmithing. Mesopotamian metal inlay inoratidzika kunge yakafemerwa nehunyanzvi hwePezhiya art, iyo yaakagadzira uye akakwana. Bronze yakanga ichiwedzera kutsiviwa nendarira, negoridhe rakaiswa mukati richitsiva mhangura tsvuku.

Paive zvakare nekatsika mubasa reMesopotamian kuvhara nzvimbo yese mumaminiti ekushongedza mapatani, uye nhamba dzevanhu nemhuka dzaigara dzichinyatsotsanangurwa. Zvisineyi, mabhuku ePezhiya airatidza kufarira kune inlay nekutemera nzira yaidzivirira kuomarara uye nemacontours chaiwo. Paivewo nekusada kuvhara pese pese nekushongedza.

Nechokunopera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, pesvedzero yeFar East inova pachena mune ese maPezhiya neMesopotamian masitayipi mumabatiro echisikigo ezvishongedzo zvechirimwa (kusanganisira ruva relotus…) uye anowanzo kurebesa chimiro chemunhu.

timurids

Makore zana nemakumi mashanu pashure pokunge vaMongolia vatanga kurwisa Iran, mauto aTimur the Rame (Tamerlane, mukundi akanga asingatyi zvishoma kudarika tateguru vake Genghis Khan) akapinda muIran achibva kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva. Mhizha idzi hadzina kuurayiwa uye dzakatakurwa kuenda kuguta ravo guru reSamarkand, ravakashongedza nezvivakwa zvinoyevedza, kusanganisira dzimba dzehumambo dzakanga dzakundwa nemifananidzo yemadziro inoratidza kukunda kwaTimur.

Munguva yaShah Rukh naOleg Begh, unyanzvi hwePezhiya hwemifananidzo miduku hwakasvika pamwero wakakwana zvokuti hwakashanda semuenzaniso wezvikoro zvose zvakazotevera zvokupenda muPersia. Chinhu chinonyanya kukosha chechimiro chitsva cheTimurid (kunyangwe chakatorwa kubva kunguva yekare yeIlkan) ipfungwa nyowani yenzvimbo.

Muchidimbu chekupenda, horizon inoiswa pakakwirira kuitira kuti ndege dzakasiyana dziumbwe umo zvinhu, manhamba, miti, maruva uye magadzirirwo ezvivakwa zvinorongwa zvakada kufanana. Izvi zvakabvumira muiti wemifananidzo kuti apende mapoka makuru ane zvakasiyana-siyana uye nzvimbo, uye pasina kutsvikinyidzana. Zvese zvakaverengerwa, iyi mifananidzo inoita zvakakwirira zvinodiwa kune muoni uye haiburitse zvakavanzika zvavo.

Zvikoro zviviri zvezvainyanya kusimba zvaive muShiraz neHerat. Saka pasi perutsigiro rwaSultan Ibrahim (1414-35), chikoro cheShiraz, chichivakira pamaitiro ekutanga eTimurid, chakagadzira nzira yakanyatsoshongedzerwa yekupenda umo mavara akajeka uye ane simba akanyanya. Nziyo dzacho dzakanga dzakapfava uye dziine nhamba shomanana.

Guta rimwe chetero rakazova muzinda wakakosha wechimiro cheTurkmen chakatumidzwa zita redzinza raitonga rekumadokero nekumaodzanyemba kweIran. Hunhu hwechimiro ichi ndiwo akapfuma anoshamisa mavara uye dhizaini yakasarudzika, iyo inoita kuti chinhu chose chependi chive chikamu cheinoda yekushongedza chirongwa. Ichi chimiro chaive chakapararira kusvika panguva yekutanga yeSafavid, asi inoita kunge yapera nepakati pezana ramakore reXNUMX.

Mabasa anonyanya kukosha echikoro ndeye 155 miniatures kubva kuIbn-Husam's Khavar-nama, kubva muna 1480. Zviduku zvekutanga zveHerat zvaive muchimiro, shanduro yakakwana yemaitiro ekutanga eTimurid, ayo akanga abudirira pakutanga kwezana remakore. . Pasi perutsigiro rwemuchinda wekupedzisira weTimurid, Sultan Hussain ibn Mansur ibn Baiqara (1468 - 1506), Herat akabudirira zvisina kumbobvira zvaitika uye vazhinji vanotenda kuti ndipo pano apo pendi yePezhiya yakasvika pakuguma kwayo.

Manyorerwo ake anosiyaniswa neruvara rwemhando yepamusoro uye kunenge kusingadaviriki kurongeka kweudzame, kubatana kwakakwana kwekuumbwa, kushamisa kwehunhu hwemunhu, uye kunzwisiswa kwakanyanya mukufambisa mhepo kubva kune yakadzama kuenda kune inotamba murondedzero yekupenda.

Iwo makuru asara ehunyanzvi hwechikoro cheHerat anosanganisira makopi maviri eKalila wa Dimna (muunganidzwa wengano dzemhuka dzine tsika nezvematongerwo enyika), Sa'di's Golestan ('Rose Garden') (1426), uye ingangoita Shah-nama ( 1429).

Semune dzimwe nguva dze 'book art', pendi yaingova chikamu chimwe chekushongedza kwechiIslam. Calligraphy yaigara ichionekwa seimwe yemhando dzepamusoro-soro muIslam, uye yaiitwa kwete chete nenyanzvi dzekunyora asiwo nemachinda eTimurid nevakuru pachavo.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VkP1iHzExtg

Nyanzvi imwe cheteyo yaiwanzodzidzira hunyanzvi hwekunyora, kuvheneka, uye kupenda. Mirak Naqqash, semuenzaniso, akatanga ari calligrapher, ndokuvhenekera zvinyorwa, uye akazova mumwe wevanyori vakuru vechikoro cheHerat court.

VaPersian calligraphers vakakunda pazvitayera zvese zvekunyora nekutuka; muhaqqaq hombe inoyevedza, rihani yakatsetseka (zvose zvine migumo yakapinza), ghubar-yemambakwedza, uye inorema, supple thuluth script. Mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, 'Umar Aqta' (akadimburwa ruoko), akanyora Korani diki yeTimur, yaive diki zvekuti yaigona kuiswa pasi pechigadziko chemhete.

Apo Timur akaramba nemhaka yokuti, mukuwirirana negamuchidzanwa rouporofita, Shoko raMwari raifanira kunyorwa namabhii makuru, munyori we<em>calligrapher akabudisa imwe kopi, bhii rimwe nerimwe richiyera kubhiti rimwe muurefu.

Iyi yaivewo nguva yekukura kukuru muhunyanzvi hwekushongedza: machira (kunyanya rugs), simbi, ceramics, nezvimwe. Kunyangwe pasina maragi akapona, iwo madiki anopa zvinyorwa zvakakura zvemarugi akanaka akaitwa muzana ramakore regumi neshanu. Mune idzi, geometric motifs muTurkey-Asian fashoni yaiita seinodiwa.

Zvishoma zvemhando yepamusoro zvehupfuri hwegoridhe zvakapona kubva kudzinza reTimurid, kunyangwe zvakare zvidiki kubva panguva (iyo yakanyatsojeka inovaita gwara rakanaka kune zvinhu zvemazuva ano) inoratidza kuti majagi ane marefu akakombama spout akagadzirwa panguva ino.

Zvinhu zvishoma zvinoshamisa asi zviri zvega zvinoratidza indasitiri iyi isingachashandi, kusanganisira chigadziko chemwenje chakagadzirwa nemisoro yeshato yakafukidzwa uye mahombe ebhuronzi.

Nezvemabasa egoridhe nesirivheri, kunze kwezvimedu zvishoma, hapana chakasara pane chinofanira kunge chiri kugadzirwa kwakanaka kwemidziyo uye zvishongo mumatare anokosha. Maminiatures anoratidza zvishongo zvegoridhe dzimwe nguva zvakanamirwa nematombo.

Kushandiswa kwematombo anokosha uye semi-akakosha emidziyo yemumba kwakapararira pasi pesimba rakananga remhando dzeChinese. Jade kunyanya yaishandiswa mbiya diki, zvirongo zvinobata shato, uye zvindori zvechidhindo. Tsvagiridzo ichangoburwa yakaratidza kuti huwandu hwekusara hweTimurid ceramics haisi diki sezvaimbofungwa. Mukutanga nguva yeTimurid hapana nzvimbo yekugadzira yehari inozivikanwa.

Zvisinei, ichokwadi kuti maguta makuru eTimurid (Mashad neHerat muKhurassan, Bukhara neSamarkand muCentral Asia) akanga ane mafekitari makuru, uko kwete chete mataira akaisvonaka aishongedza zvivako zvenguva iyoyo, asiwo makeramiki.

ChiChinese cheblue newhite porcelain (zvikurukuru ndiro hombe-mahombe ane marimu nemandiro), yakaunzwa kuPersia muhafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, yakatanga fashoni itsva yaidzora kugadzirwa kwehari muzana rose rechi XNUMX.

Pamashure machena, maruva elotus, makore akaita ribhoni, shato, madhadha mumasaisai akashongedzwa, nezvimwewo, akadhonzwa mumhando dzakasiyana dze cobalt bhuruu. Ichi chimiro chakaenderera mberi kusvika muzana remakore rechiXNUMX, apo mamwe maitiro eushingi ane nzvimbo uye nhamba huru dzemhuka dzakagadzirwa.

Kubva pakuona kwekuvaka, mashoma magadzirirwo akaitwa panguva yeTimurid nemamosque akavakirwa pachirongwa chekare cheSeljuk. Mupiro wakakosha weTimurid architecture; zvisinei, iri mukushongedza kwayo.

Kuunzwa kwefaience mosaic (tile mosaic) kwakashandura chitarisiko chese cheTimurid architecture uye, pamwe chete nekushandiswa kwezvidhinha zvepatani, yakava iyo inonyanya hunhu hwekushongedza kwekuvaka. Nzvimbo dzakakura dzakashongedzwa neakavezwa akafukidzwa earabesque nematiles aipenya. Iyo enamel yaive yeturquoise kana yakadzika yebhuruu, ine chena kune zvinyorwa.

The Persian Miniature

Kupenda kwePezhiya kuduku kwakatanga munguva yeMongol mukutanga kwezana remakore rechiXNUMX, apo vapendi vekuPezhiya vakaoneswa nemifananidzo yeChinese uye vapendi vechiChinese vakashanda mumatare eIlkan kuIran. Hazvizivikanwe kana vanyori vekuPersia vakaenda kuChina zana remakore rechiXNUMX risati rasvika; asi ichokwadi kuti maChina maartist akapinzwa kunze nevatongi veMongol akaenda kuIran, sezvaiitwa naArghun kupenda madziro etembere dzechiBhudha.

Zvinosuruvarisa, mabasa evanyori ava, pamwe chete nekuunganidza kwese kwemifananidzo yemadziro enyika, yakarasika. Yakanyanya kudhirowa diki pendi ndiyo chete nzira yekupenda kurarama panguva ino.

Muzvidhori zveIlkanid, chimiro chemunhu changa chambofananidzirwa nenzira yakasimba uye isingaenzaniswi chave kuratidzwa nenyasha dzakawanda uye nemwero unogoneka. Uyezve, kupeta kwemaketeni kwakapa pfungwa yekudzika.

Mhuka dzakanyatsotariswa kupfuura kare uye dzakarasikirwa nekusimba kwadzo dzekushongedza, makomo akarasikirwa nekupfava kwawo, uye denga rakava nemararamiro aiwanzoita makore machena akamonereka akaita semaruva akamonereka. Izvi zvinofurira zvakabatanidzwa zvishoma nezvishoma neIranian pendi uye zvakazobatanidzwa kuita mafomu matsva. Nzvimbo huru yeIlkan pendi yaive Tabriz.

Mimwe yemhedzisiro yepesvedzero yeChinese inogona kuonekwa mumufananidzo waBahram Gur "The Battle with the Dragon" kubva kune yakakurumbira Demotte "Shah-namah" (Bhuku reMadzimambo), inoratidzwa muTabriz muchikamu chechipiri chezana remakore rechiXNUMX. . Iwo ruzivo rwemakomo nemamiriro ekunze ndeekuFar Eastern mavambo, sezvazviri, chokwadi, dhiragoni iyo gamba rakavharirwa muhondo.

Nekushandisa furemu sehwindo uye nekuisa gamba nemusana wake kumuverengi, nyanzvi inogadzira pfungwa yekuti chiitiko chiri kuitika chaizvo pamberi pemeso edu.

Zvisina kujeka, asi zvakanyanya kukosha, hukama husina kujeka uye husingagumi pakati pemberi nekumashure kure, uye kudhirowa kwechinyorwa chinokaruka mativi ese. Mazhinji ezvidiki zveDemotte Shah-namah zvinofanirwa kutariswa pakati pehunyanzvi hwenguva dzese, uye chinyorwa ichi nderimwe remakopi ekare enhetembo yaFerdowsi isingafi.

Iyo Shah-namah yaiwanzo ratidzwa munguva yeIlkhanid, pamwe nekuti maMongol akagadzira kuravira kwakajeka kweiyo epic mukati memakore ekumaXNUMX negumi nemana. Ilkhanate vanyori nevavheneko vakaunza hunyanzvi hwebhuku pamberi.

Zvikoro zveMosul neBaghdad zvakakwikwidza basa rakanakisa raMamluke, uye zvechokwadi rinogona kunge rakaisa hwaro hwaro. Hunhu hwechikoro ichi kushandiswa kwemashizha akakura kwazvo (anosvika 75 x 50 cm, 28" x 20") ebepa reBaghdad uye anoenderana nekunyora kwakakura, kunyanya muhaqqaq.

the safavids

Dzimba reSafavid, rekuTurkey kwakabva, rinowanzoonekwa serakatangira kubva 1502 kusvika 1737, uye pasi pehutongi hwaShah Isma'il Shiite dzidziso yakakunda sechitendero chenyika. MaSafavids akaenderera mberi nekuedza kweIlkani kusimudzira hukama hwepedyo hwekudyidzana nemasimba eEurope, kuitira kusimbisa mibatanidzwa kurwisa maOttoman. Nekuda kwehukama hwepedyo uhwu, maSafavids akavhura musuwo kune pesvedzero yeEurope.

Kubva pakutsanangurwa kwevafambi vekuMadokero zvinozivikanwa kuti mifananidzo yemadziro yaimbovapo; nezviitiko zvehondo muShiraz zvinotaridza kutorwa kwaHormuz kubva kumaPutukezi, pamwe nezviitiko zvinonyadzisa muJulfa, uye zviono zvechifundisi mumuzinda weHazar Jarib muIsfahan.

Mukati medzimba dzeSafavid, kushongedza kwemifananidzo kwakashandiswa padivi pezvishongedzo zvechinyakare paKashi kana ivhu. Kupenda kwekutanga kweSafavid kwakabatanidza tsika dzeTimurid, Herat, naTurkoman Tabriz kuti vasvike panhongonya yehunyanzvi hwekuita uye kuburitsa manzwiro, zvinoonekwa nevakawanda sezera rakakura kwazvo rePezhiya pendi.

book arts

Hunyanzvi hwepanguva iyi ndiShahnama-yi Shahi (Bhuku raMambo reMadzimambo, rinozivikanwa seHoughton Shah-nama) nemifananidzo yaro mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu nesere, yaive yakanyanya kuratidzwa Shah-nama yakanyorwa munhoroondo yese yePezhiya.

Herat yaive nzvimbo huru yeIranian miniature pendi yenguva yeTimurid, asi muna 1507 mushure mekubatwa kwayo nemaSafavids vaitungamira maartist vakatama, vamwe kuIndia uye vamwe kuSafavid guta guru Tabriz kana Shaybanid capital Bukhara.

Imwe yeakanyanya kuvandudzwa kweBukhara miniaturists yaive kuiswa kwezvirimwa uye mhuka motif mumicheto yezvidiki zvavo. Yakanga iri muTabriz, imwe huru diki muzinda wenguva iyoyo, muna 1522 Shah Ismail akagadza mutungamiriri ane mukurumbira weraibhurari yake muBehzad.

Hunhu hwechikoro cheTabriz hunogona kuonekwa mumifananidzo kubva mugwaro reNezami's Khamsa; akaurayiwa pakati pa1539 na43 naAqa Mirak weIsfahan, mudzidzi wake Sultan Muhammad, Tabriz artists Mir Sayyid 'Ali, Mirza 'Ali naMuzaffar 'Ali. Maminiature aTabriz anoshandisa iyo yakazara ruvara renji, uye manyorerwo awo akaomarara uye azere nenhamba dzinozadza nzvimbo.

Mutsivi waShah Ismail, akahaya Shah Tahmasp pachake semupendi nekuwedzera musangano wehumambo. Zvisinei, mukupera kwezana remakore rechiXNUMX, Shah Tahmasp akava munhu anonyanyisa mune zvechitendero, akarega kufarira kudhirowa, uye akarega kuva mutsigiri. Uku ndiko kwaive kutanga kwekupera kwebhuku reumbozha.

Vazhinji vevanyori vepamusoro vakasiya dare, vamwe kuBukhara, vamwe kuIndia uko vakabatsira mukuumbwa kwemaitiro matsva ekupenda, Chikoro cheMughal. Vanyori vakasara vakatama kubva pakugadzira zvinyorwa zvine mifananidzo yakawanda kuti vaparadzanise madhirowa uye zvidiki zvevatengi vakapfuma zvishoma.

Nechokunopera kwezana remakore rechi1597, nekuendeswa kweguta guru kuShiraz (XNUMX), kubviswa kwepamutemo kwekodhi yekodhi yekupenda mabhuku kwakaitika. Vamwe vanyori vakatendeukira kune mamwe midhiya, vachiedza nemavhavha ebhuku mune lacquer kana mafuta akazara-akareba.

Kudai mifananidzo yekare yakanga iri pamusoro pomunhu munharaunda yake yechisikigo, iya yakabva mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX nekuvamba kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX inotaura nezvomunhu amene. Basa kubva panguva ino rinotungamirwa nemifananidzo mikuru yemadhevishe ane mbeu, maSufi sheikh, vapemhi, vatengesi… nekunyomba sesimba rinomhanyisa kuseri kwemifananidzo iyi.

Vamwe vevanyori vakafanana vakakweretesa matarenda avo kurudzi rwakasiyana zvachose rwekupenda, zvenyama uye erootic, nemifananidzo yevanoda, vakadzi vanozvipira, nezvimwe. Dzaive dzakakurumbira zvakanyanya uye dzakagadzirwa nemuchina nekushomeka kwekuedza.

Zvinhu zviviri zvakakosha zvakapesvedzera maartist pakati pe1630 ne1722; Riza's works uye European art. Mumidhirowa yaRiza, kutenderedzwa kwemafomu ekutanga kunoperekedzwa nekubatikana nemapeta, ayo anowanzo shanda kusimbisa kupfava kwechimiro chemuviri, asi kazhinji kuenda kunzvimbo yekubvisa zvachose.

Munyika ine tsika yakasimba yecalligraphic, kunyora uye kudhirowa kunogara kwakabatana, asi panguva ino chinongedzo chinoratidzika kunge chakanyanya kusimba, saka kudhirowa kunotora kutaridzika kwemuviri weShikastah kana Nasta'liq calligraphy.

Kusvika kuhafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, apo Shah Abbas II akatumira munyori wemifananidzo Muhammad Zaman kuti anodzidza muRoma, kukosha kwekutsvaga nzira itsva dzekutaura kwakamuka muvanyori. Muhammad Zaman pachake akadzokera kuPersia zvachose pasi pesimba reItaly pendi nzira. Zvisinei, uku kwakanga kusiri kufambira mberi kukuru mumaitiro ake ekupenda. Muchokwadi, madiki ake eShah-nama anowanzo bhana uye haana pfungwa yekuenzanisa.

Kana zviri zvezvivakwa, nzvimbo yerukudzo ndiko kuwedzera kweIsfahan, kwakagadzirwa naShah Abbas I kubva muna 1598, inova imwe yeanonyanya kuda uye ane hunyanzvi zvirongwa zvekuronga maguta munhoroondo yeIslam.

Muchishongedzo chezvivakwa zvakakosha zvakanamirwa kune calligraphy, iyo yakashandurwa kuita hunyanzvi hwezvinyorwa zvinyorwa, kusimudzira kwehunyanzvi hwekuita muhunyanzvi hwekashi. Mutsigiri wayo mukuru aive Muhammad Riza-i-Imami aishanda kuQum, Qazvin uye pamusoro pezvose, pakati pa1673 na1677 muMashad.

Cerámica

Kufa kwaShah Abbas I muna 1629 kwakaratidza kutanga kwekupera kwenguva yegoridhe yezvivakwa zvePezhiya. Zvidhinha zvakapenya paSheikh Lutfullah Mosque muIsfahan, zvichiratidza zvinyorwa zveQuranic zvine mavara echiKufic.

Makore gumi ekupedzisira ezana ramakore rechi XNUMX akaona kumutsiridzwa kwakasimba kweindasitiri yehari muIran. Mhando nyowani dzeChinese-yakafuridzirwa Kubachi polychrome yevhu yebhuruu uye chena yehari yakagadziridzwa nevehari veSafavid, pamwe nekuda kwesimba remazana matatu ehari dzeChinese nemhuri dzavo dzakagara muIran (muKerman) naShah Abbas I.

Mataira eCeramic akagadzirwa zvakanyanya, muTabriz uye muSamarkand. Mamwe marudzi ehari anosanganisira mabhodhoro nezvirongo kubva kuIsfahan.

jira rePezhiya

Micheka yakagadzirwa zvakanyanya panguva yeSafavid. Isfahan, Kashan neYezd vakagadzira sirika uye Isfahan neYezd vakagadzira satin, nepo Kashan yaive nemukurumbira nemabhuroka ayo. Zvipfeko zvePezhiya zvemuzana ramakore rechi XNUMX zvaiwanzove nemaruva ekushongedza pamashure akajeka, uye ekare ejometri motifs yakapa nzira kuratidziro yezviono zvemanyepo zvakazadzwa nenhamba dzevanhu.

Makapeti anogara pachinzvimbo chekutungamira mumunda wemachira, ane makiyi ekurukisa nzvimbo muKerman, Kashan, Shiraz, Yezd neIsfahan. Paiva nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzakadai serape rokuvhima, repete remhuka, rapeji remubindu, uye jira revhasi. Iyo yakasimba yemifananidzo hunhu yeakawanda maSafavid rugs ane chikwereti chikuru kuSafavid bhuku rekupenda.

Simbi

Mukugadzira simbi, nzira yekunyora yakagadzirwa muKhurassan muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX yakaramba yakakurumbira kusvika panguva yeSafavid. Safavid simbi yakagadzira hunyanzvi hwakakosha muchimiro, dhizaini, uye hunyanzvi.

Zvinosanganisira rudzi rwemutakuri wemwenje wakareba octagonal pachigadziko chedenderedzwa, rudzi rutsva rwechirongo chakafemerwa neChinese, uye kutsakatika kunenge kuzere kwezvinyorwa zvechiArabic zvichifarira izvo zvine nhetembo dzePezhiya, kazhinji naHafez naSa'di.

Mubasa regoridhe nesirivheri, Safavid Iran akanyanya mukugadzirwa kwemapakatwa nemadhaga, uye nemidziyo yegoridhe yakaita sembiya nemajagi, anowanzogadzwa nematombo anokosha. Safavid metalwork, semamwe akawanda ekuona hunyanzvi, yakaramba iri chiyero chevakazotevera maartist muZand neQajar nguva.

Zand uye Qajar nguva

Imba yeQajar yakatonga Persia kubva 1794 kusvika 1925 yakanga isiri kuenderera kwakananga kwenguva yeSafavid. Kupindirwa kwemadzinza eAfghan Ghilzai nekugara kwe1722 kweSafavid guta guru reIsfahan uye kuparara kwehushe hweSafavid mumakore gumi akatevera zvakapinza Iran munguva yemhirizhonga yezvematongerwo enyika.

Kunze kwenguva yeZand (1750-79), nhoroondo yezana remakore rechi1796 Iran yakasvibiswa nechisimba chemarudzi. Izvi zvakapera nekugadzwa kwaAqa Muhammad Khan Kayar muna XNUMX, izvo zvakaratidza kutanga kwenguva yekugadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika kunoratidzwa nekumutsidzira hupenyu hwetsika nehunyanzvi.

Kayar pendi

Nguva dzeZand neQajar dzakaona kuenderera kwependi yemafuta yakaunzwa muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX uye kushongedzwa kwemabhokisi e lacquer uye kusunga. Zvinyorwa zvenhoroondo zvine mifananidzo uye mapikicha epeji rimwechete akagadzirwawo kune vakasiyana siyana, muchimiro chinopindirana nechaMuhammad Ali (mwanakomana waMuhammad Zaman) nevairarama panguva yake.

Kunyange zvazvo kunyanya kushandiswa kwemimvuri dzimwe nguva kunopa mabasa aya unhu hwakasviba, anoratidza kunzwisisa kuri nani kwekutamba kwechiedza (kunobva kune imwe nzvimbo) mumatatu-dimensional mafomu.

Kushanduka kwehunyanzvi hwePezhiya muzana ramakore rechi 1750 nerechi 79 kunogona kukamurwa kuita zvikamu zvakasiyana, kutanga nekutonga kwaKarim Khan Zand (1797-1834), Fath Ali Shah (1848-96), naNasir ad-Din Shah (XNUMX- XNUMX).

Munguva yeZand, Shiraz yakave kwete chete guta guru asiwo nzvimbo yehunyanzvi hwekuita muIran, uye chirongwa chekuvaka chaKarim Khan muguta chakaedza kutevedzera Isfahan yaShah Abbas. Shiraz yakapihwa nhare, dzimba dzehumambo, mamosque uye zvimwe zveveruzhinji.

Karim Khan aivewo mutsigiri anozivikanwa wependi, uye tsika yeSafavid-yeEurope yekupenda mifananidzo yakasimudzwa yakamutswa pasi pehumambo hweZand, sechikamu chekumutsiridza hunyanzvi. Zand maartist aingosiyana-siyana sevakatangira.

Pamusoro pekugadzira mifananidzo yehukuru hwehupenyu (murals nemafuta pacanvas), zvinyorwa, mifananidzo, mavara emvura, lacquer mabasa uye enamels edzinza reSafavid, vakawedzera svikiro nyowani yekudhirowa kwemvura.

Mumifananidzo yake, zvisinei, mibairo yaiwanzoita seyakaomarara, saZand maartist, kuti agadzirise zvavaiona sekunyanya kukoshesa kwehutatu-dimensionality, vakaedza kurerutsa kuumbwa nekuunza zvinhu zvekushongedza. Maparera nezvishongo zvakasiyana-siyana dzimwe nguva zvakapendwa pamusoro pemusoro uye zvipfeko zvezvidzidzo.

mifananidzo yehumambo

Karim Khan, uyo akasarudza zita reRegent (Vakil) kune raShah, haana kuda kuti vanyori vake vashongedze chitarisiko chavo. Akafara kuratidzwa mumusangano usina kurongwa uye usingashamisiri munzvimbo ine mwero yokuvaka. Matauriro eiyi mapendi eZand anosiyana zvakanyanya nemifananidzo yakazotevera yaFath Ali Shah (wechipiri wevatongi vanomwe vedzinza reQajar) nedare rake.

Pane isina mubvunzo nhaka yeZand muKayar yekutanga Persian art. Muvambi wedzinza reQajar, Aqa Muhammad Khan, anozivikanwa kuve akashongedza dare rake reTehran nemifananidzo yakapambwa kubva kuZand palace uye Mirza Baba (mumwe wevatambi vedare reKarim Khan) akava muveri wekutanga wemubairo waFath 'Ali Shah.

Fath Ali Shah ainyanya kugamuchira pesvedzero yekare yeIran, uye akawanda matombo akavezwa akavezwa neo-Sassanid maitiro, achiratidza mutongi weQajar muchimiro cheKhosroe. Zvinyoro zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa zvinowanikwa paChashma-i-Ali, paTaq-i-Bustan uye padyo neGedhi reKoran muShiraz.

Pasi paFath Ali Shah pakanga paine kudzoka kwakajeka kune tsika. Nekudaro, panguva imwecheteyo chimiro chedare reEuropean chekupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX chakaonekwa mumizinda yeTehran. Pesvedzero yeEurope inosanganiswawo neSassanian neNeo-Achaemenid madingindira mune yekufananidzira yakavezwa stucco yenguva ino (sezvinoonekwa mudzimba zhinji muKashan).

Akashandisawo mafiriko makuru nemachira kuti agadzire mufananidzo wemunhu weumambo. Mifananidzo yemachinda uye yezvakaitika kare zvaishandiswa kushongedza mizinda yavo mitsva uye yaiwanzoita sechikona kuti chipinde munzvimbo ine madziro. Fath Ali Shah akagoverawo mapendi akati wandei kumasimba ekunze akadai seRussia, Great Britain, France, uye Austro-Hungarian Empire.

Kudyidzana kwemaitiro echivanhu uye pesvedzero yeEurope inotonyanya kuoneka mumufananidzo, neFlemish neFlorentine zvinhu zvinoonekwa muMadhi Shirazi's (1819-20) pendi ye "Mazda" Dancer. Nekuunzwa kwekudhindisa nekupenda kwakakura, vamwe vevaKayar vakanyanya kuita maminiature maartist vakashandura kuita basa relacquer rakadai se: mabhindi emabhuku, mabhokisi, uye makesi epeni (qalamdan).

Chimiro chakanyanya kusanganisa uye hunhu hwedare rakaedza kubatanidza masitaera ePersepolis, Isfahan neVersailles.

Muchikamu chechipiri chezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, Nasir al Din Shah, pamusoro pekuunganidza mabasa ehunyanzvi ekuEurope, akatsigira chikoro chemuno chemifananidzo chakasiya maitiro aFath Ali Shah achifarira chimiro chedzidzo cheEuropean. Mabasa eava maartist emuno aibva pamifananidzo yenyika muoiri kusvika kune watercolors yezvaive zvisati zvamboitika.

Kutora mifananidzo zvino kwakatanga kuva nepesvedzero huru pakuvandudzwa kwemifananidzo yePezhiya. Nguva pfupi mushure mekusuma kwayo kuIran muma1840s, maIran akakurumidza kutora tekinoroji. Nasir-al Din Shah's Minister of publications, I'timad al-Saltaneh, akataura kuti kutora mifananidzo kwakabatsira zvikuru hunyanzvi hwemifananidzo nemamiriro ekunze nekusimbisa kushandiswa kwechiedza nemumvuri, kuenzana chaiko, uye maonero.

Muna 1896 Nasir al-Din Shah akapondwa uye mukati memakore gumi Iran yakave neparamende yayo yekutanga yebumbiro. Iyi nguva yekuchinja kwezvematongerwo enyika nemagariro yakaona maartist achiongorora pfungwa nyowani, mukati nekumhiri kwezvivharo zveumambo.

Mumufananidzo wakapetwa kaviri waMuzaffar al-Din Shah, mutongi asati akura anoratidzwa akazorora ruoko rumwe patsvimbo uye rumwe paruoko runotsigira rwemutungamiriri wake. Nyanzvi pano inotaura nezvehutano husina kusimba hweMonarch uye Humambo. Muimbi akanyanya kukosha wenguva yekupedzisira yeAjar aive Muhammad Ghaffari, anozivikanwa saKamal al-Mulk (1852-1940), akakurudzira maitiro matsva echisikigo.

Tiles

Kayar tiles kazhinji isinganzwisisiki. Iyo repertoire yezvinonzi tambo dzakaoma matairi inoratidza kusimuka kutsva kubva kune iyo yenguva yeSafavid. Kwenguva yokutanga, mimiririro yavanhu nemhuka inoumba dingindira guru.

Kune zvakare zviitiko zvekuvhima, mifananidzo yehondo dzeRostam (gamba reiyo epic yenyika, Shah-nama), masoja, vakuru vakuru, zviitiko zvehupenyu hwazvino, uye kunyange makopi emifananidzo yeEurope nemifananidzo.

Iyo Kayar tekiniki par kugona, zvakare inotungamirwa neEuropean pesvedzero, mune iyi kesi Venetian girazi, raive girazi. Masero eMugarnes akatarisana nemagirazi akagadzira yekutanga uye inoshamisa mhedzisiro, sezvinoonekwa muGolestan Palace muTehran kana muImba yeMirror muMashad Shrine.

Micheka

Mumunda wehunyanzvi hwekushandisa, kuruka chete kwakasara kwakakosha kwakawedzera kupfuura miganhu yeIran, uye munguva yeQajar, indasitiri yemakapeti yakamuka zvishoma nezvishoma pamwero mukuru. Kunyangwe akawanda echinyakare magadzirirwo akachengetwa, airatidzwa nenzira dzakasiyana, kazhinji padiki pane yavo Safavid prototypes, nekushandiswa kwemavara anopenya.

mumhanzi

Mumhanzi wePezhiya wekutanga une chinonzi Dastgah (musical modal system), mutinhimira uye Avaz. Rudzi urwu rwe contusica rwakavapo chiKristu chisati chavapo uye chakauya zvakanyanya neshoko remuromo. Izvo zvakanaka uye zviri nyore zvikamu zvakachengetwa kusvika zvino.

Rudzi urwu rwemimhanzi rwakapesvedzera vazhinji veCentral Asia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Turkey neGreece. Mukuwedzera, mumwe nomumwe wavo akabatsirawo pakuumbwa kwayo. Pakati pevaimbi vePersia vane mukurumbira veIran yekare, ndeiyi:

• Barbod
• Nagisa (Nakisa)
• Ramtin

Zvivezwa pamadziro ebako rekare zvinoratidza kufarira kwevaIrani mumhanzi kubva kare. Mimhanzi yechinyakare yeIran sezvataurwa mumabhuku yakapesvedzera mimhanzi yenyika. Hwaro hwechinyorwa chitsva chemumhanzi cheEuropean chinopindirana nemisimboti yaMohammad Farabi, nyanzvi huru yeIran uye muimbi.

Mumhanzi wechinyakare wePezhiya weIran muunganidzwa wenziyo nenziyo dzakagadzirwa kwemazana emakore munyika ino uye inoratidza tsika dzevaIrani. Kune rimwe divi, kunaka uye chimiro chakakosha chenziyo dzePezhiya chinonyengetedza vateereri kuti vafunge uye vasvike munyika isingaonekwi. Nekune rimwe divi, kuda uye mutinhimira wemumhanzi uyu zvakadzika midzi mune yekare uye epic mweya wevaIrani, izvo zvinosunda muteereri kufamba uye kuedza.

Literature

Mabhuku echiPersian iboka rezvinyorwa muNew Persian, chimiro chemutauro wechiPersian chakanyorwa kubva muzana ramakore rechipfumbamwe nechimiro chakatambanudzwa zvishoma chemaarufabheti echiArab uye neakawanda echiArab mazwi ekukwereta. Chimiro chekunyora cheNew Persian chinozivikanwa seFarsi muIran, uko uri mutauro wepamutemo wenyika uye chakanyorwa neCyrillic alphabet neTajiks muTajikistan neUzbekistan.

Kwemazana emakore, New Persian yanga iriwo mutauro wetsika une mukurumbira muWestern Central Asia, Indian subcontinent, uye Turkey. Tsika dzeIran pamwe dzinonyanya kuzivikanwa nemabhuku ayo, ayo akabuda muchimiro chayo chazvino muzana ramakore rechipfumbamwe. Vadzidzisi vakuru vemutauro wePezhiya:

• Ferdowsi
• Neami Ganjavi
• Ḥafeẓ Shirazi
• jamhu
• Moulana (Rumi)

Ndivanaani vanoramba vachikurudzira vanyori veIran munguva yazvino. Mabhuku ePezhiya asina kutsanangurwa akapesvedzerwa zvakanyanya netsika dzekuMadokero dzekunyora uye huzivi muXNUMXth neXNUMXth mazana emakore, asi inoramba iri svikiro rine simba retsika dzeIran. Ingave muprose kana nhetembo, yakauya kuzoshanda semotokari yekuongorora tsika, kupokana kwezvematongerwo enyika, uye kuratidzira kwemunhu kune vanyori vane simba vekuIran se:

• Sadeq Hedayat
• Jalal Al-e Ahmad
• Sadeq-e Chubak
• sohrab sepehri
• Mehdi Akhavan Saales
• ahmed shamlu
• Forrough Farrokhzad.

Calligraphy

Sezvakataurwa mune zvese zvakapfuura, calligraphy muPezhiya art mukutanga kwayo yaishandiswa kungoshongedza hunhu, saka zvaive zvakajairika kuti maartist aishandise kusiya rudzi urwu rweunyanzvi mu: midziyo yesimbi, yehari, pamwe nemukati. mabasa akasiyana ekare ekuvaka. Munyori weAmerica uye munyori wenhoroondo Will Durant akapa tsananguro pfupi kwazvo pamusoro payo:

"Pezhiya calligraphy yaive nearufabheti yemavara makumi matatu nematanhatu, ayo maIrani ekare aiwanzoshandisa mapenzura, ndiro ye ceramic uye matehwe kutora."

Pakati pemabasa ekutanga ane kukosha kukuru mune yazvino, umo rudzi urwu rwehunyanzvi hwekuita mifananidzo uye calligraphy rwakashandiswa zvakare, tinogona kutaura:

• Iyo Qur'an Shahnameh.
• Divan Hafez.
• Golestan.
• Bostan.

Mazhinji ezvinyorwa izvi zvinochengetwa uye kuchengetedzwa mumamyuziyamu akasiyana siyana uye nevateresi pasi rese, pakati pemasangano anochengetedza aya ndeaya:

• Hermitage Museum muSaint Petersburg.
• Freer Gallery muWashington.

Pamusoro pezvo, zvakakosha kusimbisa kuti art yePezhiya muchikamu ichi yakashandisa akati wandei masitaera ecalligraphy, pakati peayo anotevera akabuda:

• Shekasteh
• Nasta'liq
• naskh
• muhaqqaq

Anoshongedza mataira

Iwo mataira aive chidimbu chakakosha chezvivakwa zvePezhiya maererano nekuvakwa kwemamosque, nekuda kweichi chikonzero hukuru hwechinhu ichi hunogona kuoneka, semuenzaniso, muIsfahan uko yaidiwa yaive iyo ine toni yebhuruu. Pakati penzvimbo dzekare dzinonyanya kuzivikanwa pakugadzirwa uye kushandiswa kwematile ePezhiya ndiKashan neTabiz.

Zvikonzero

Prey art yakaratidza kwenguva yakareba, chisikwa chakasarudzika chezvigadziriso izvo zvakashandiswa kushongedza zvakasiyana zvinhu kana zvimiro, pamwe zvinokurudzirwa ne:

• Marudzi aifamba-famba, aive nehunyanzvi hwekugadzira magadzirirwo ejometri akashandiswa zvakanyanya mu kilim uye gabbeh magadzirirwo.
• Pfungwa pamusoro peiyo geometry yepamusoro inopesvedzerwa neIslam.
• Iko kutariswa kwemaoriental magadzirirwo, ayo anoratidzwa zvakare muIndia nePakistan.

Mamwe mhizha akabatana nePersian art

Unyanzvi hwePezhiya hunogonawo kuonekwa huchiratidzwa mune dzimwe nharaunda kuti nekuda kwekuva pedyo nePezhiya kwakakanganiswa netsika iyi, kunyange mune dzimwe dzacho pari zvino pasina zvinhu zvinonyatsooneka zvekuratidzwa kwayo kwehunyanzvi, kuvapo kwayo kunogona kuzivikanwa.uye mupiro we unyanzvi hwake. Pakati pemakambani aya, tinogona kutaura:

• MaAryans kana Indo-European Irani, vakasvika pabani panguva yechipiri yemireniyamu BC, paTappeh Sialk.

• Tsika dzevafundisi dzeMarlik.
• Vagari vomuruwa rwekare pedyo nePersia, Manai.
• VaMedhia, rudzi rweIndo-Europe avo, kufanana navaPersia, vakanga vapinda kumadokero kweIran.
• VaGhaznavids, vanotora zita ravo kubva kudzinza rakatangwa neTurkey sultan Sabuktagin, ane vatungamiriri vakatonga kubva kuGhazni (mune yava kunzi Afghanistan).

Kana iwe wakawana chinyorwa ichi nezve Persian art uye nhoroondo yayo inonakidza, tinokukoka iwe kuti unakirwe nezvimwe izvi:

• colonial art
• Kinetic art
• Hunhu hweGothic Architecture