Tinokukoka iwe kuti uzive kuburikidza neiyi inonakidza uye yakagadziridzwa positi hunhu uye tsika ye Sangano rezvematongerwo enyika reOlmecs uye zvimiro zvavo zvehurumende, pamwe chete nerondedzero yose yokurongwa kwavakaitwa mune dzimwe nzvimbo.
Sangano rezvematongerwo enyika reOlmecs
Tsika yeOlmec yaive nekukura kwayo munguva yekutanga yeMesoamerica. Pane tsvakiridzo dzakawana zvisaririra zvekuvapo kwavo munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeMesoamerica, nzvimbo inoonekwa senzvimbo yeboka iri, inobata matunhu eVeracruz neTabasco. Vainyanya kurarama kubva mukurima, kubata hove uye kuveza matombo.
Nekuwana mabasa akasiyana-siyana ekutsigira boka, Olmec yakatanga kuva nesangano rezvemari, remagariro evanhu uye rezvematongerwe enyika, richisvika kune imwe nzira yemagariro evanhu.
Sangano ravo rezvamatongerwe enyika rakanga riri roubati ushe hwoumwari, zvichireva kuti chinhu chiri chose chaitenderera pana Mwari, mupfungwa iyi, rudzidziso rwaikosha zvikuru muiyi budiriro.
Zviratidzo
Sangano remagariro uye rezvematongerwo enyika renharaunda yeOlmec rinogona kugadzwa, kazhinji, kuburikidza neanotevera maitiro:
- Stratified social organisation. Nemamwe mashoko, nzanga yakakamurwa kuva strata, inocherechedzwa maererano neboka ravo.
- Vakatanga gungano rezvamatongerwe enyika nechitendero, richiva budiriro ine zvamatongerwe enyika zvakanga zviri zvoubati ushe hwaMwari, inodzorwa navanhu vakabatanidzwa namwari norudzidziso rwavanoti.
- Vashoma vevanhu vaive nesimba, chikamu ichi chevanhu chaive nevapristi vepamusoro, varwi nevagadziri vezvivakwa. Vakanga vari mutemberi nezvivakwa zvirefu.
- Chiverengero chasara chasara chakanga chakaumbwa navarimi vaigara mumisha yakapoteredza tembere, vachiumba vazhinjisa veboka; uye kuti vaizviisa pasi pemapoka makuru.
- Mapoka akakwirira akanga ari avo vane zvirimwa zvakabudiswa nemigumisiro iri nani, izvo zvakavapa nzvimbo yakanaka yezvemari nenzanga, zvichivapa simba rakati pamusoro pamamwe mapoka.
- Nemhaka yesangano ravo rezvamatongerwe enyika roubati ushe hwaMwari, vaprista vakanga vane simba rakawanda, vakanga vakafanana neboka rinotonga rapamusoro. Gare gare, vaizorangarirwa kuva madzimambo ane masimba oumwari, kungofanana nen’anga.
- Pakati pevarimi, varume ndivo vaiva nebasa rokutarisira nyika, asi vakadzi ndivo vainyanya kuita mabasa epamba: vaigadzira mifananidzo yevhu, kuruka uye kutarisira vana.
- Vakarongwa kuva marudzi, vachitungamirirwa nasabhuku ainzi Chichimecatl, uyo akakwanisa kufanotaura nezvemvura uye goho. Nemhaka yaikoku, uye nemhaka yokuti yakanga iri yeboka ravarombo, yakanga iri rudzi rwehurumende yakanga ine svikiro hurusa.
- MaOlmec akauraya vatongi vavo nekuvaka misoro mikuru ine mhuka. Iyi yakanga iriwo chimiro chake chikuru cheunyanzvi; Mukuwedzera kune chimiro chemutero.
- Jaguar yaionekwa semhuka inokosha inomiririra chikamu chakakwirira. Chikonzero chacho, sabhuku werudzi akashandisa zvishongo zvine chokuita nemhuka iyi.
Chimiro chehurumende
Kufanana neruzhinji rweMesoamerican civilizations, maOlmec aive nehutongi hwehurumende, ndiko kuti, vaitungamirirwa nehumwari. Muichi chimiro chehurumende, simba rinobatwa naMwari kana kuti mutungamiriri anomirira waMwari, akadai savaprista kana kuti mashaman.
Muuyu mutoo wehurumende, kwakanga kwakakurumbira zvikuru kuti vatungamiriri vave mitezo yavafundisi; ndiko kuti, avo vaizivikanwa murudzidziso rwavaitaura. Zvaivewo zvakajairika kuti hurongwa hwemutemo hwehurumende hwakavakirwa pamutemo wechitendero.
Zvisinei, zvinogona kusimbiswa kuti paiva nemhando yehurongwa hwehutungamiri hwekuraira vanhu maererano nemamiriro avo emagariro evanhu, izvo zvinoenderana nehuwandu hwehupfumi, tsika, ivhu uye basa ravaiita.
Saka, makirasi akajeka akajeka emagariro aigara munzvimbo dzenharaunda dzeOlmec: vapristi, maofficial, vatengesi, uye mhizha.
vatongi
Uine hurumende yokutonga kunoitwa naMwari, murayiro wacho wakanga uri mumaoko evaprista nevashaman, avo vaiva nesimba guru, risingarambiki uye rinoyera.
Ivava vainzi vakwira vakananga vehumwari, vaitsanangurwa sevanhu vaibatanidza nyika nechadenga, saka zvaidavirwa kuti vaiva nezvaidiwa kubatsira vanhu nekuvadzivirira.
Zvino muprista akanga ari mukuru worudzi ainzi Chichimecatl. Iri ishoko rine musanganiswa, rinoreva kuti “vana vekuverenga karenda”, zvichireva kuti vatungamiriri vedzinza vaive vanhu vaitendwa kuti vaive nehukama hwakananga nevamwari.
Vaive nekwaniso yekuona kupfuura zvaigona kuitwa nevamwe, vaiita fungidziro dzaibatsira kurima nekuti dzaibata zvirimwa nekunaya kwemvura. Sezvo iri imwe yehupenyu hukuru hwehupfumi hweOlmecs, madzishe airemekedzwa, airemekedzwa uye akazvipira kune zvakavezwa.
Vakanga vakarongeka sei?
Tsika yeOlmec ndiyo yaive yekutanga budiriro huru, inozivikanwa nemabasa ayo makuru ekuvaka. Anenge makore 7.500 1500 apfuura, miitiro yokutanga yokurima munharaunda yacho inooneka. Kubudirira kweOlmec kwakatanga kubudirira makore akapoteredza XNUMX BC. c.
MaOlmecs akaita matanho makuru matatu ebudiriro, aine misoro mitatu panguva iyi yebudiriro. Mavambo ayo aive muSan Lorenzo, ipapo muLa Venta uye pakupedzisira muTres Zapotes. Kuguma kwetsika yeOlmec kunoramba kuri chakavanzika.
Tsika dzeOlmec dzakapesvedzera zvikuru budiriro yeMesoamerican yakazotevera seyambotaurwa maAztec nemaMayans; kunyanya maererano nechitendero uye unyanzvi. Nzvimbo dziri kure semakiromita 700 dzine zvinhu zvetsika dzavo.
Sangano rezvematongerwo enyika reOlmecs
Vaive nharaunda dzekurima. Vakatanga kugara mukondinendi iyi vakarega kuva vatama-tama uye vakazvipira kune zvekurima. Nechikonzero ichi, vakatanga kusimudzira vanhu vavo nekuzvipira kwakanyanya.
Nekuzvimisikidza pamapurazi avo uye nekugovanisa mabasa avo, vakatanga imwe yemhando dzechinyakare dzenharaunda dzakaenzana.Pane mafungiro maviri pamusoro pesangano rezvematongerwo enyika reboka iri. Mune imwe yadzo, hurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika uye hwemagariro evanhu hwakabatanidzwa mune imwe.
Imwe yevakuru vakatarisira zviwanikwa zvekurima, mvura nematombo zvicherwa zvekuvaka. Chimiro chehierarchical chakagadzirwa icho chinodzora zviwanikwa.
Tsananguro yechipiri inoratidza kuti vepamusoro vanobva kumhuri dzakawana mapurazi akanakisa, uye nokudaro vanowana kutonga. Pavakangotonga, vaprista vakabuda.
Vaprista nevakuru vakuru vakanga vakafanana. Vapristi vakashanduka kuva shaman kana kuti madzimambo-madzimambo ane masimba anofungidzirwa oumwari. Chitendero chakaumbwa kutsigira simba revashaman, rakabva kuna vamwari.
sangano rehupfumi
Basa ravo guru rehupfumi rakanga riri rekurima. Vaive nezvirimwa zvakakura zvechibage, mbatatisi, avocado, bhinzi, manhanga nemayam. Kunyange zvazvo vaiwanzogara mumapurazi, vakauyawo kuzodzidzira kurima nokutema nokupisa.
MaOlmec aitengesa basalt, rabha, mateko, hari, nezvimwe zvinhu. Vakaita mibatanidzwa nemaguta avaitengeserana nawo, semuenzaniso, Monte Albán neTeotihuacán.
Nzvimbo huru dzehupfumi dzeOlmecs aive mataundi ari muSan Lorenzo, La Venta neTres Zapotes. San Lorenzo inosiyaniswa nekuve nzvimbo yakaorera, uko kune nzvimbo zhinji dzekudyara dzaivepo. Vaishandisa nzizi kudiridza uye senzira yekukurukurirana.
La Venta yaizivikanwa senzvimbo yekutengeserana. Zvayaiva pamhenderekedzo yegungwa, yakanga iri nharaunda inokosha yokuredza, uye kwakanga kunewo zvirimwa zverabha nekoko.
Zvigadzirwa zverabha zvaishandiswa nedzimwe budiriro dzakadai semaAztec nemaMayans. Munharaunda yeVenta kunewo migodhi yebasalt yaishandiswawo navo.
Nzvimbo yeTres Zapotes yakashandiswa munguva ye400 BC. - 1500 AD Hazvina zvakawanda zvinozivikanwa nezvehupfumi hwayo, asi inzvimbo ine temberi dzakawanda. Matombo akawanikwa zvakare uko maOlmecs akarekodha manhamba avo.
MaOlmec anozivikanwa kuita tsika dzinosanganisira zvibayiro zvevanhu. Vaivawo nemitambo yemitambo nemabhora erabha echisikigo.
Maguta eOlmec, akadai seSan Lorenzo, aive nenzvimbo dzekugara dzevatongi vepamusoro uye dzimwe dzeruzhinji. Aive maturu ekuti dzimba dzingadai dzakavakwa.
Vekutonga nenyanzvi vanonzi vanga vachigara muguta rine vanhu vangangosvika chiuru, ukuwo nzvimbo yakapoteredza inogara vanhu vangangosvika zviuru gumi.
Nzvimbo dzakaita seLa Venta, mukuwedzera pakuva koloni yevatongi vevakuru uye mhizha, yakashanda senzvimbo yekufambira kana senzvimbo inoera yekuremekedzwa.
Yakava nzvimbo huru yekutengeserana uye yekuredza. Mapiramidhi makuru akavakwa, rimwe rawo rakareba mamita 33.
Vakakudziridza uye vakaisa zvitendero zvavo zvechitendero nemusika wavo munzvimbo dzakapoteredza, izvo zvakakonzera kunetsana nemamwe misha. Kudhirowa kwevarwi vakapakata zvombo muhondo nezvombo zvakawanikwa zvinoratidza izvi.
Sezvambotaurwa pamusoro apa, boka revanhu rinoshanda raigara rakaparadzana uye raiunza zvipiriso mumitambo yechitendero mutemberi, uko kwaigara vaprista nedzinza raitonga.
Chitendero chacho chakanga chakavakirwa pakunamata kwemhuka, dzimwe dzacho dzaishamisa, senyoka ine mapapiro. Mamwe mapako aionekwa senzvimbo dzinoyera. Kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwemishonga inonzi hallucinogenic, yakawanikwa kubva kune mimwe miti, vaprista vakapinda muhope uye vakava nezviratidzo zvavo.
Pane imwe nguva vabatwa nehope, vaprista vanonzi vaigona kushandisa masimba echisiko, kukwezva mvura uye kurima zvirimwa. Mhuka iyi yairemekedzwa zvikuru nekuda kwehudzvinyiriri hwayo mune dzimwe mhuka dzese.
Imwe yemitambo yainyanyozivikanwa yainyanya kushata waiva mutambo webhora, wakangofanana nenhabvu, waitambwa munhandare dzine saizi imwe chete. Mumativi maive nemastands aimirira veruzhinji uye zvikwata zvaitadza kubata bhora nemaoko.
Bhora remutambo uyu rairema, vamwe vanoverenga kuti rairema 3 kg uye nekudaro raigona kukuvadza zvakanyanya pakurova mutambi.
Vatambi vaipfeka ngowani, uye kaputeni weboka rakakundwa aipirwa kuna vamwari kukumbira kuti makomo anoputika arege kuputika kana kuti kudengenyeka kwapasi. Kaputeni akahwina akakudzwa zvikuru uye nemubairo, izvo zvakaita kuti njodzi yekutamba inakidze.
Zvichangobva kuwanikwa zvekuchera matongo zvakaratidza kuti script yeOlmec ndiyo yakatangira yeakawanda akambowanikwa maMayan glyphs.
Kunyange kudhirowa kweshiri ine mavara anobuda mumuromo mayo kunotiyeuchidza nezvemabharumu anoshandiswa nhasi kumiririra nhaurirano yevatambi.
Tinokukoka iwe kuti utarise zvimwe zvinyorwa pane yedu blog, izvo zvingave zvakanyanya kunakidza: