Isu tinongoziva chikamu chidiki chidiki chepasi panorama yekufambira mberi kwetsika iyi kubva ina chete Mayan makodhi vakakwanisa kurarama uye ndivo pfuma huru yebudiriro yakarasika, humbowo hwetsika yakasiyana uye yakasimukira zvikuru yevanhu ava veMesoamerican.
Mayan makodhi
MaMayan Codices manyoro akavhenekerwa akapetwa pabepa reamate, mune ruzivo rwakanyorwa nezvehupenyu hwevaMayans, asiwo nezvechitendero, zvakavanzika, nyeredzi uye masvomhu. Angangodaro aiva mabhuku ehufundisi. VaMayans vaive nehurongwa hwekunyora hwakanyanya hwemifananidzo, mavara uye nhamba yevatambi.
Iwo maCodices eMayan zvinyorwa zvehieroglyphic zvebudiriro yeMayan. Nezvehunyanzvi, iyo Mayan codex ndeye accordion-yakapetwa mutsara weMesoamerican bepa, yakagadzirwa kubva kune tow yemiti yemamate. Mapeta e-accordion aigona kuvharwa nemifananidzo uye zvinyorwa zviri mberi uye kumashure, dzimwe nguva kumashure kwakanga kusina kuzadzwa nemashoko nemifananidzo. Zvinyorwa zvacho zvakanga zvisina kurongerwa kuverengwa zvakatevedzana, asi zvakakamurwa zvakarongwa kuva mabhuroko anedingindira.
Iwo akachengetedzwa zvakanyanya maMayan makodhi mabhuku evapristi, ayo akatsaurirwa kutsika, nyeredzi uye nyeredzi, zviporofita uye maitiro ekuuka, kuverenga kwekurima uye kalendari kutenderera. Nebetsero yavo, vaprista vakadudzira zvinoitika zvechisiko nezviito zvamasimba oumwari ndokuita miitiro yorudzidziso. Makodhekisi eMaya aishandiswa zuva nezuva nevapristi uye aiwanzoiswa muguva pashure porufu rwomuridzi.
Kutanga
Panguva yekukunda kweSpain Yucatan muzana remakore rechi1562, kwaiva nemabhuku akawanda akafanana akazoparadzwa pamwero mukuru nevapambi nevapristi vavo. Nokudaro, kuparadzwa kwemabhuku ose aripo muYucatan akarairwa naBhishopi Diego de Landa muna July XNUMX. Aya makodhi, pamwe chete nezvinyorwa zvakawanda zvezviyeuchidzo uye stelae zvichiri kuchengetedzwa nhasi, zvakaumba zvinyorwa zvinyorwa zveMaya.
Kune rumwe rutivi, zvinowanzoitika kuti zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvinyorwa zvavakabata zvakasiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune zvinyorwa zvakachengetwa mumatombo uye muzvivako; nekuparadzwa kwayo takarasikirwa nemukana wekuona nzvimbo dzakakosha dzehupenyu hweMayan. Nhasi mabhuku mana chete echokwadi echokwadi eMayan aripo nhasi. Iwo makodhi mana angangodaro akagadzirwa mumazana mashoma ekupedzisira ekupedzisira kukunda kweSpanish kusati kwaitika, iyo Postclassic nguva.
Nekuda kwekufanana kwemitauro nehunyanzvi nezvinyorwa zveko, zvinofungidzirwa kuti mabhuku matatu anozivikanwa kwenguva refu (Madrid, Dresden, Paris) anobva kunharaunda imwe chete, kuchamhembe kweYucatan peninsula. Kuti vakasvika sei kubva kuYucatan kuenda kuEurope hazvizivikanwi, pasinei nekutsvakurudza kwakasimba. Bhuku rekupedzisira rakawanikwa (Mexico) rinobva mukuchera, Chiapas inofanirwa kunge iri nzvimbo yekubva.
Akachengetedzwa Mayan makodhi
Nekuda kwenguva yevakakunda uye kuparadzwa kwezvinhu zvese zve "mapegani" (kunyanya naDiego de Landa muna 1562), mabhuku mana chete echokwadi echokwadi eMayan aripo nhasi. Kuti vasiyanise, vese vakapihwa zita renzvimbo yavo yakatevera yekuchengetera:
- Madrid Codex (zvakare Codex Tro-Cortesianus)
- Dresdner Codex (zvakare Codex Dresdensis)
- Paris Codex (zvakare Codex Peresianus)
- Mayan Codex yeMexico (yaimbova Codex Grolier)
Madrid Codex
Kodhekisi ibhuku rinopetwa rine mapeji zana negumi nemaviri (makumi mashanu nenhanhatu mapepa) akagadzirwa nebepa reAmate, iro rakafukidzwawo neyakatsetseka yestucco. Iine kureba kweparutivi kwe 22,6 centimita uye kureba kwemamita 6,82, ndiyo yakarebesa pamakodhekisi mana eMayan akachengetedzwa. Chinyorwa ichi chakawanikwa muzvikamu zviviri munzvimbo dzakasiyana muSpain muma1860s.
Kunyange zvazvo kunaka kwekuurayiwa kwakaderera, Madrid Codex yakatosiyana zvikuru kupfuura Dresden Codex uye inofanira kunge yakagadzirwa nevanyori vasere vakasiyana. Iri muMuseo de América muMadrid, Spain, inofanira kunge yakatumirwa kudare reSpain naHernán Cortés. Kune mapeji zana negumi nembiri, akambokamurwa kuita zvikamu zviviri zvakasiyana zvinozivikanwa seCodex Troano neCodex Cortesianus uye zvakaunganidzwa muna 1888.
Chinyorwa cheMadrid chine matafura, mirairo yemhemberero dzechitendero, almanacs, uye matafura enyeredzi (Venus tables). Inobvumira kuziva hupenyu hwechitendero hwevaMayans. Rine chikamu chemapeji gumi nerimwe chine chekuita nekuchengeta nyuchi. Mifananidzo yakawanda inoratidza miitiro yechitendero, kubaira kwevanhu, uye zviono zvakawanda zvemazuva ose zvakadai sokuruka, kuvhima, uye hondo. Sezvingabvira bhuku racho raishandiswa nokuda kwouporofita hwenyeredzi uye rakabvumira misi yokudyara nokukohwa uye nguva yetsika dzechibairo kuzivikanwa.
Iyo Dresden Codex
Iyo Dresden Codex inogona kuwanikwa mubhuku remuseum reSaxony State uye University Library muDresden, Germany. Ndiyo yakanyanya kutsanangurwa yeMayan codices, pamwe nebasa rakakosha rehunyanzvi. Zvikamu zvakawanda ndezvetsika (kusanganisira izvo zvinonzi "almanacs"), zvimwe ndezvekuongorora nyeredzi mune zvakasikwa (eclipses, Venus cycle).
Kodhekisi inonyorwa pabepa refu rakapetwa kuita bhuku rine mapeji makumi matatu nemapfumbamwe, rakanyorwa mativi ose. Inofanira kunge yakanyorwa nguva pfupi Spanish isati yakunda. Yakawana nzira yekuenda kuEurope uye yakatengwa neraibhurari yedare ramambo reSaxony muDresden muna 1739.
Iyo Paris Codex
Paris Codex inochengetwa muNational Library yeFrance uye ialmanac yezviporofita. Yakawanikwa mugaba remarara muraibhurari muna 1859. Inoyera mamita 1,45, ine mapeji makumi maviri nemaviri, uye ndiyo yakaipisisa yakachengetedzwa yezvinyorwa zvina zveMayan script. Mavara nekupenda zvinogona kuonekwa chete pakati pemapeji.
Mapeji ekupedzisira anotsanangura nyeredzi gumi nenhatu dze zodiac cycle. Mamwe mapeji ane ruzivo nezve makore makumi mashanu nemaviri kutenderera, uko iyo 365-mazuva Haab karenda uye 260-mazuva Tzolkin karenda vanodzokera kwavanowirirana kutanga. Sezvo kutenderera kwekarenda kuchinongedzera kunhambo ya731 kusvika ku787, Paris Codex inogonawo kuva kopi yenguva yekare. Inowanikwa pakati pe1300 ne1500.
Mayan Codex yeMexico
Kodhekisi yacho, pamwe chete nezvimwe zvinhu zvakagadzirwa, zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvakabva pakubira pakacherwa bako muChiapas muma 1960. Muunganidzi wekuMexico Dr. José Sáenz akapambwa nevatengesi mundege duku kunzvimbo iri pedyo neSierra yeChiapas neTortuguero. . Ikoko vakamuratidza zvavakawana uye akatenga chimedu chekodhekisi. Kodhekisi iyi yakamboratidzwa muna 1971 paGrolier Club muNew York. Dr. Sáenz vakachipa kuHurumende yeMexico uye nhasi chakachengetedzwa asi kwete paNational Museum of Anthropology muMexico City.
Kodhekisi yacho yaizivikanwa seVenus Astrological Almanac, iyo yaifanotaura nzvimbo yokudenga yepasi reVenus kwenhambo yemakore zana nemana. Zvakafanana nechikamu cheDresden Codex chine chekuita neVenus. Nepo Dresden Codex inongotsanangura Venus seyeredzi yemangwanani uye nyeredzi yemanheru, ese mana mamiriro akanyorwa muMexico City codex: seyeredzi yemangwanani, inonyangarika pakubatana kwepamusoro, senyeredzi manheru uye zvakare isingaonekwe muchikamu chepasi.
Rutivi rumwe norumwe runoratidza chimiro/mwari akatarisa kuruboshwe, akabata chombo uye kazhinji tambo ine musungwa. Mapeji echishanu neresere anoratidza mufananidzo unopfura museve patemberi. Mufananidzo uri papeji yechinomwe ungaratidza murwi akamira pamberi pomuti akanyarara. Mapeji ekutanga nerechina anokarakadza K'awiil, uye mapeji echipiri, nhanhatu, uye peji gumi, ayo ane zvidimbu zviviri, anokarakadza mwari anofa.
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