Kuburikidza nechinyorwa ichi chinonakidza chinodzidzisa, iwe uchaziva zvese nezve Mayan calendar maererano nezvarinoreva uye kusanzwisisa. Zvakare nezvekarenda yemwedzi, mwedzi uye nezvimwe, zvichireva nyaya iyi yakanaka. Usazvipotsa!
Chii chinonzi kalendari yeMayan?
Iyo ine chiyero chenguva yakashandiswa nerudzi urwu kuburikidza neruzivo rwemuchadenga iyo yakabvumira kurekodha nguva nenguva, saka kalendari yeMayan yaive nemamwe almanacs, kusanganisira iyo kalendari yeHaab, yaienderana ne365 Earth mazuva.
Saizvozvowo, karenda yeMayan yakaumbwawo nekarenda yeTzolkin iyo inotenderera mumazuva mazana maviri nemakumi matanhatu epasi uye vhiri rekarenda iro raive mhedzisiro yekubatanidza almanacs yapfuura.
Zvakakosha kuziva kuti karenda iyi yeMayan yakagadzirwa nerudzi urwu rwaitarisira kugara muMesoamerica pakati pe2000 BC na1697 AD panguva iyo kuwa kwehumambo uhu mumaoko eSpanish panguva yekukunda kwakava pachena.
Chinangwa chikuru chekarenda yeMayan chaiva chekucherechedza mitambo yechitendero mukuwedzera kukuratidza mazuva akakodzera ekudyara zvokudya, kunyange zvezuva nezuva.
Zvakanaka, zuva rekuzvarwa kwemumwe nemumwe wevagari vedzinza raive chidimbu cheruzivo rwakagonesa kunzwisisa kutenderera kwehupenyu hwemunhu wega uye kufanotaura nezveramangwana ravo riri pedyo kuburikidza nerubatsiro rwekarenda yeMayan.
Mazuva, mwedzi nemakore zvinoumba karenda yeMayan
Mukarenda iyi yeMayan, nzira dzinoverengeka dzekuverenga nguva dzakabatanidzwa, kuva dzinotevera, kekutanga karenda rinoera rinozivikanwa neshoko iri. tzolkin o buckok iyo yakafamba mukati memazuva mazana maviri nemakumi matanhatu.
Ipapo anobatanidza iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa kutenderera kwezuva neshoko habb iyo inosanganisira nguva yemazuva mazana matatu nemakumi matanhatu nemashanu kuwedzera kune a karenda vhiri iyo inosanganisira makore makumi mashanu nemaviri, yakaumbwa zvakare ne kureba kuverenga iyo yakafamba munhambo yemakore 5200.
Vakatogadzira mukarenda yeMayan iyo mwedzi count iyo yakaumba mwedzi gumi nemisere paivewo neimwe almanaki yainzi the venus account ane mazuva mazana mashanu nemakumi masere nemana kana hama.
Pakupedzisira inotaurwa nhoroondo yemadzishe eusiku iyo yakaumbwa nemazuva mapfumbamwe nemamwe. Zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti karenda iyi yeMayan yakanga iri cyclical uye yakagara makore anenge zviuru zviviri uye yakaratidza kunyora kwepamusoro kwehieroglyphic maererano nemamwe madzinza aigara munharaunda yeMesoamerican.
Karenda yeMayan iyi yakadzokororwa payakasvika makore makumi mashanu nemaviri, saka kuverenga kwakareba kwakatanga pazuva nhamba 0.0.0.0.0 4 inonzi ajau uye 8 cumkú, inova kunyora kweMayan.
Izvi zvinoturikira kuti Nyamavhuvhu 11 wegore ra 3114 BC mune inozivikanwa sekarenda reGregory iro raishandiswa zvakanyanya muEurope uye mushure mekukunda rakashandiswa pasi rose.
Kunyangwe vadzidzi vazhinji vekarenda yeMayan vachitaura kuti zuva rakakodzera ndiNyamavhuvhu 13, 3114 BC sezuva rakakodzera rekutanga kuverenga kwakareba.
Zvita 21, 2012 AD inotarwa sezuva rekuvhara.Naizvozvo, nguva iyi inotenderera mu5.124.36 makore epasi kana kuti solar uye mukarenda yeMayan inofanana ne5.200 tunes ine mazuva mazana matatu nemakumi matanhatu anonzi Tun anoumba zuva kana hama dzaisvika chiuru chimwe namazana masere namakumi manomwe namaviri ezviuru.
Iwe unogona kuratidza mukarenda yeMayan kudzokorora kashanu kana zvidimbu zvishanu zverudzi urwu rweMayan rwunodaidzwa kuti nhoroondo refu dzinoita kutenderera uku kwe26.000 tunes, iyo yakaenzana nemakore 25.626,8, saka unogona kuratidza kuti iyi kalendari yeMayan idenderedzwa rakakura inosanganiswa imwe neimwe ye5.200 nziyo.
Iwe unofanirwawo kuziva kuti nhamba yacho i26.000 tunes uye yakaumbwa neakaundi shanu akareba apo nhoroondo yechishanu neyekupedzisira refu inopera nechiitiko chemuchadenga chinonzi solstice chakaitika muna Zvita 21-22, 2012 yechitendero chechiKristu.
Izvo zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti mune idzi solstices dzePasi dzinoitika kana ecliptic plane, inova mutsetse unofamba zuva richipoterera Nyika, inopindirana neiyo equatorial plane yeGalaxy, chinova chikamu chinopatsanura Milky. Nzira muzvikamu zviviri zvakaenzana.
Kunyangwe karenda reMayan rakadzidzwa nemunhu akasarudzika mudzinza reMayan rinozivikanwa seMayan prisita caste uye vakashandisa izwi iri. oh hama Kuti vazvizive, ivo vaive nebasa rekuita zvidzidzo zvemasvomhu uye zvenyeredzi kuti vadudzire maererano nemaonero avo echitendero.
Mukuwedzera kune tsika yeMayan iyo yakabvumira kuziva makore akatanga, ayo aizouya uye kuti aikanganisa sei kuguma kwevagari verudzi urwu maererano nekutsvakurudza kwakaitwa nenyanzvi, karenda yeMayan yakanga yatoonekwa mune dzimwe tsika dzakadai se. nyaya yeOlmec.
Iyo inoenderana neiyo preclassic nguva yeMesoamerica, kunyangwe iyi almanac inofananidzira tsika yevaMayan, yakafanana nekarenda yeAztec, zvinonzi karenda yeMayan yakashandiswa muMesoamerica yese nemapoka emarudzi akasiyana nekuda kwekushanda kwayo kwakanaka pakurima. zvezvinhu zvekudya.
Kumiririrwa kwekarenda yeMayan
Nezve iyo yekutanga sisitimu inoumba iyo kalendari yeMayan ndiyo tzolkin akaumbwa nemazuva mazana maviri nemakumi matanhatu anonzi hama, achiumbwa nemwedzi makumi maviri, akabatanidzwa nenhamba gumi nenhatu kana nhamba, vamwe vanoivhiringa nemwedzi gumi nenhatu.
Karenda iyi yakabatanidzwa pamwe chete nealmanac haab akaumbwa nemazuva mazana matatu nemakumi matanhatu nemashanu akakamurwa kuva mwedzi gumi nemisere inonzi unials.
Imwe neimwe yaiumbwa nemazuva makumi maviri kana hama pamwe nemazuva mashanu ekuwedzera ayo aizivikanwa nezita rekuti uayeb, zvichibva zvaita kutenderera kwaitora makumi mashanu nembiri nziyo kana haabs iyo yakaumbwa nehama 18980, aive mazuva.
Nezve dhinominesheni yekuverenga kwenguva refu, yakashandiswa nerudzi rwetsika iyi mukarenda yeMayan kuti ikwanise kuziva kana chiitiko chakaitika pakati peTzolkin neHaab makarenda, sezvo maitiro avo aive vigesimal.
Iwo mayunitsi aive akawanda emakumi maviri zvichienderana nenzvimbo yawo mukarenda kubva kurudyi kuenda kuruboshwe munhamba inoenderana, mukuwedzera pakuburitsa chinzvimbo chechipiri chavakashandisa uye chaimiririra 18 x 20, yaive yakaenzana nemazuva mazana matatu nemakumi matanhatu.
Mukarenda iyi yeMayan mune zvinyorwa kana kuti hieroglyphs ndezvekuverenga kwenguva refu uye zvichibva pane zvavakaona seyemwedzi nhevedzano, yaive imwe almanac yakagadzira karenda yeMayan uye yakapa ruzivo maererano nezvikamu zvemwedzi.
Iri dzinza rakatobatsirwa mukarenda yeMayan nematenderedzwa ezuva anozivikanwa seequinoxes uye solstices mukuwedzera kune maVenusian cycles emazuva mazana maviri nemakumi matanhatu anoenderana nekuonekwa mudenga uye kubatanidzwa kwenyeredzi yeVenus zvese mambakwedza uye. usiku.
Saka, zviitiko zvavakadzidza muboka iri zvaizivikanwa sezvakaipa uye kunyange zvakaipa.” Nemhaka yeizvi, hondo dzakarongwa kuti dzienderane nezvikamu zvekutenderera uku kwekarenda yevaMayan.
Mutsika dzavo, aya matenderedzwa ekarenda yeMayan aienderana nevamwari vakasiyana-siyana uye nyaya dzemu cosmic, sezvakangoita zuva rechishanu rinoenderana neruzivo rwavo sematanho mashanu ayo nyika yaida kuumba maererano nerudzi urwu rweMayan.
Kuve nehukama nekutenderera kwemwedzi kutanga nguva inozivikanwa mukarenda yeMayan sezuva rechitanhatu, iro rine hukama nekudzoka kweKukulkan, saka nhoroondo yemwedzi ine gumi nesere mwedzi inosvika mazana mashanu nemakumi matatu neimwe. mazuva.
Munguva iyi yenguva, kutenderedza ina kuzere kwezuva uye kunyange kupera kwemwedzi kunogona kuitika, izvo zvinopindira panguva dzemwedzi mitanhatu yemwedzi.
Kubva pane zvavaiziva mukarenda yavo yeMayan kuti kuora kwezuva kunotevera kuchaitika kwakafanotaurwa muna Nyamavhuvhu 21, 2017, iri iyo yekupedzisira yequartet iyi yakaitwa mumwedzi gumi nemisere inoenderana naKurume 09, 2016.
Tzolkin calendar system
Iyi sisitimu inowirirana nekarenda yeMayan inoshandurwa sechiverengero chemazuva uye ine nguva yemazuva mazana maviri nemakumi matanhatu, inonzi inoenderana nenguva yekuzvitakura kwevanhu.
Vakawanda vanobvuma kuti ine chokuita nepasi reVenus, yaishandiswa kupemberera mitambo yechitendero mukuwedzera kukuzivisai kana mvura yanaya.
Ichi chikamu chekarenda yeMayan kunyange yakabvumira kuziva nguva yakakodzera yekuvhima nekubata hove, uye yakabatsirawo kuziva ramangwana riri pedyo revagari verudzi urwu.
Kune ava vadzidzi venyeredzi muchadenga, Venus, iyo nyika yechipiri muzuva, yakatora mazuva 224,7 kutendeuka, iri nguva yaro yegore, asi kubva kuNyika kutenderera kwemazuva mazana mashanu nemakumi masere nemana kunoonekwa, inoturikira mu2247 tzolkines.
Kuwanda kwayo mazana maviri nemakumi matanhatu, kunyangwe iri iyo saneti yeMars inotora mazuva mazana manomwe nemakumi masere mukutenderera kwayo, izvo zvakaenzana nenhambo nhatu dzemazuva mazana maviri nemakumi matanhatu, akaenzana netzolkines matatu.
Nokudaro, mukarenda yeMayan, nhamba yakareba inoumbwa nemakore 5126.36, iyo yakaenzana nekatun mazana maviri nemakumi matanhatu, aya anoumba 7200 tzolkines uye kuti aite gumbo guru iri, nhoroondo shanu dzakareba dzinodiwa, dzinosanganisira 25.626,8, iyo inoenzana ne1300 36000. katunes ichienzana neXNUMX tzolkines.
Zvichienderana nealmanac iyi yaive chikamu chekarenda yeMayan, zvinoratidzwa nhasi kuti kune nharaunda dzemunharaunda dzeGuatemala dzinoshandisa iyi date system kuita kurima kwechibage nemazvo, zvichiratidza kubatsira kwekarenda iyi yeMayan mu mabasa ekurima.
Iyi nguva yakagoverwa mumwedzi gumi nemipfumbamwe iyo yakaumbwa nemazuva makumi maviri ezuva rimwe nerimwe kuti rizivikanwe nemazita evamwari mwedzi wega wega, ari anotevera:
| nhamba yezuva | zuva rezuva rinonzi kim | Mwedzi inozivikanwa se uinal |
| 01 | imix | Pop |
| 02 | Ik | Uo |
| 03 | ak'bal | zip |
| 04 | Khan | Zotz |
| 05 | chikchan | tzec |
| 06 | cimi | xul |
| 07 | manik | Yaxin |
| 08 | Lamat | mole |
| 09 | muluk | Chen |
| 10 | Ok | Yax |
| 11 | chuen | Zac |
| 12 | Eb | eh |
| 13 | Ben | Mac |
| 14 | Ix | kankin |
| 15 | Men | muwan |
| 16 | kib | Pax |
| 17 | Jasi | kayak |
| 18 | Etz'nab | Cumku |
| 19 | kawak | uayeb |
| 20 | ahau |
Haab almanac system
Iyi almanac iri chikamu chekarenda yeMayan ine basa rekuyera nguva yegore rezuva uye yakakamurwa mumwedzi gumi nemisere imwe neimwe yemazuva makumi maviri uye mazuva mashanu ekupedzisira egore anozivikanwa nezita rekuti uayeb.
Vaionekwa semazuva anotyisa kurudzi urwu uye kunyange zvazvo vakanyorerwa misi, hapana zvinyorwa zvokuverenga nguva zvakaitwa mumazuva aya nokuti zvaiunza shuviro yakaipa kuvanhu maererano nekarenda yeMayan.
Kwezuva rega rega remwedzi wega wega mukarenda yeMayan, yaimiririrwa nechiratidzo zero nekuti yaive kutanga kwemwedzi iwoyo, iri hwaro hwekutanga hwekusimudzira mitambo yechitendero nenzira yeboka.
Kuratidza kuti ndeipi nguva chaiyo yakaitwa tsika dzenharaunda uye mazuva ayo nyanzvi dzakatora chikamu munyaya yaizorapwa, karenda yeMayan inoshandiswa.
Zvakakosha kuziva kuti kupatsanurwa kwemwedzi mukarenda iyi yeMayan kwakaenzana nekupatsanurwa kwekarenda yezuva uye kwete sezvatakajaira mukarenda yaGregory.
Saka kutenderera kwekarenda yeMayan hakugadzirise mafambiro echisikigo ePasi pakutenderera kwawo kwega asi kunobva pazviverengero zvinonzwisisika.
Yakagadzirwa nechinangwa chekuita kuti nguva dzekutenderera dzigoneke kuitira kuti dziwirirane, muenzaniso wavo ndeyeHaab almanac inobvumira iyo kalendari yeMayan kusvika mazana matatu nemakumi matanhatu neshanu mazuva akazara kuti akwanise kuwiriranisa nerimwe kalendari. ainzi Tzolkin.
Yakareba Kuverenga kana yekutanga nhevedzano yekarenda yeMayan
Ichi chikamu chekarenda yeMayan chaiva nemazita chaiwo emwedzi maererano nehurongwa hwayo hwevigesimal uye yakanga ine hama kana zuva rezuva sechikamu chayo chekutanga, uye dzimwe nguva dzenguva dzakasarudzwa maererano nekuwanda kwayo.
Sezvo iri uinal yaienderana nemazuva makumi maviri uye kuenzana kwayo yaive 20 hama, yakazoteverwa netun inoenderana nemazuva 360 uye yakaenzana nayo yaizivikanwa se18 uinal.
Gare gare, sangano iri mukarenda yeMayan rakateverwa nekatun, iyo inoenderana nemazuva 7200 20 uye yakaenzana nayo yaienderana ne360 tun kana 144.000 uinals, uye pakupedzisira, baktun, iyo yakaenzana nemazuva 7200 400 uye yakaenzana nayo yaive 20 uinals kana XNUMX tunes, uye kunyange zvichienzaniswa neXNUMX katuns.
Kuti ukwanise kuverenga mukarenda yeMayan, zvinodikanwa kushandisa kutevedzana kwenhamba dzakaparadzaniswa nemapoinzi, muenzaniso unotevera uri 6.19.19.0.0, izvi zvakaenzana ne6 baktuns, 19 katuns, 19 tuns, 0 uinals uye 0. kin.
Ipapo huwandu hweimwe neimwe yenhamba idzi inoverengerwa nekuenzana kwavo mumazuva ezuva, ayo akaenzana nehama, saka muenzaniso wekare unowedzerwa seizvi: 6 x 144.000 + 19 x 7200 + 19 x 360 + 0 .20 + 0 x 1 = 1.007.640 mazuva kana hama.
Paivawo nemamwe mazwi mukarenda yeMayan aitaura nezvenguva refu asi aisawanzoshandiswa nerudzi urwu, asi zvakakodzera kuaziva, ari anotevera: piktún, kalabtún, kinchinltún uye alautún.
Naizvozvo, mabhaktuni makumi maviri anozoita huwandu hwepiktun inotenderera mumakore 20 7890. Naizvozvo, kana ukawedzera huwandu hwemakumi maviri epiktun, ivo vanogadzira kalabtun inoenzana ne57.600.000 hama kana mazuva, ayo akaenzana nemakore 157.810. .
Zvinoenderana nekuferefeta kwakaitwa neGMT Goodman - Martínez - Thompson sangano, yakavambwa neanochera matongo anonzi John Erick Sidney Thompson.
Maererano nemuongorori uyu, mukarenda yeMayan nhamba 0.0.0.0.0 yakaenzana nenhamba yezuva raJulian 584.283, saka yakaenzana naAugust 11 wegore 3114 BC, ichiva nhamba yekubatanidza nguva dzose mumakarenda aGregory naJulian, inoshandiswawo mumazuva ekushandurwa kwekarenda yeMayan.
Kune izvo zvinoshandira kuchinjisa misi kubva kukarenda yeMayan kusvika kumazuva ekarenda yaGregorian naJulian pasina kukanganisa.
Chimwe chezvimiro zvechiverengero cherudzi urwu chinoenderana nenhamba dzehama dzinogona kushandurwa kuita denderedzwa dzinogona kuderedzwa, ndizvo zvakaita 9: 360 apo 3 + 6 = 9.
Nezve katuns, 7200 yakaenzana ne7 + 2 = 9 uye 144.000, nhamba dzinowedzerwa, kuwana 1 + 4 + 4 = 9. Kufanana ne1872000, yakaenzana nehuwandu hwehuwandu hwayo 1 + 8 + 7 + 2 = 18 nenzira imwechete nehuwandu hunotevera hunoenderana nepiktún uye kalabtún.
Sezvauri kuona, nhamba yepfumbamwe inoenderana nekarenda yeMayan uye inosimudzira cosmology yerudzi rweMayan nekumiririra Vanashe Vapfumbamwe veNguva.
Maererano nengano dzayo, inotova yeMatanho Mapfumbamwe eTemberi yeZvinyorwa, iri muguta rePalenque mudunhu reChiapas rerudzi rweAztec, riri guva remumwe wemadzimambo eMayan anonzi k'inich. Janaab'.
Nezvekureba kuverenga iyo iri chikamu chekarenda yeMayan, inoenderana neshanu cyclical layers ibasa rekuyera nguva nenzira dzakasiyana, iri inotevera: imwe nhanho inoreva 13 baktuns, imwe nhanho inotumirwa ku260 katuns, ichiteverwa neimwe layer inoreva 5200 tunes.
Yechina layer pa7200 tzolkines, yechishanu ichiratidzwa muahau, iyo inovhara huwandu hwegumi nematatu katuns kana 13 kin kana solar mazuva. Nhamba idzi dzinogona kurerutswa kusvika papfumbamwe, kuwana 93.600 tzolkines mukarenda yeMayan.
Nezvekutenderera kunonzi ahau, inoumbwa ne256.27 makore epasi, saka iyi yakareba kuverenga inoumbwa makumi maviri ahaus.
Nekuda kweizvi, zuva regore ra2012 rinoenderana nechikamu chechishanu chekarenda yeMayan uye kubva ipapo kutenderera kwevhiri guru kunotangwazve, saka gore ra3211 retsika dzechiHebheru rinoenderana nepakati pechikamu chechishanu chenhoroondo. .yakareba inoenzana nemakore 550 nguva yechiKristu isati yatanga 550 BC
Gumbo guru rekarenda
Nezve tzolkin nehaab almanacs, ivo vaive vasiri kutungamira kunyora makore mukarenda yeMayan, sezvo kusanganiswa kwemazuva aya pakati peaviri masisitimu ealmanac kwakabvumira zuva rekushanda remazuva ese echiMayan tsika, sezvo kusangana kwemazuva kwaive kwega kwega. makore makumi mashanu nemaviri.
Kuburikidza nekusanganiswa kwemaalmanacs maviri aya, kutenderera kwepamusoro kunogadzirwa kunozivikanwa mukarenda yeMayan ine zita reKarenda Round sezvo maMayans vaive varume vesainzi pamwe nevarwi vakanaka kana nechinangwa chekutonga matunhu.
Iri vhiri rekarenda rakagadzirwa nemadenderedzwa matatu izvo zvakakonzera kutenderera kwemazuva gumi nemasere,18.980, ari mashoma akajairika akawanda e260, ari ekarenda yeTzolkin, uye 365, inoenderana neHaab almanac.
Nekuremekedza kutenderera kwekarenda, denderedzwa rekutanga rinoumbwa nenhamba gumi nenhatu, ichiteverwa nedenderedzwa rechipiri rehukuru hwepakati, ichitsvaga zviratidzo makumi maviri zvinoumba mazuva makumi maviri eMayan eTzolkin almanac, kozoita denderedzwa rechitatu rakakura uko haab. almanaki nemazuva mazana matatu nemakumi matanhatu nemashanu.
Kutsvaga mwedzi gumi nemisere yemazuva makumi maviri uye mwedzi mudiki unosanganisira mazuva mashanu ekupedzisira egore. Maererano nekuverenga mukarenda yeMayan, zuva rekusika raive 4 ahau 8 cunkú.
Kutenderera kwega kwega mukarenda yeMayan yemazuva 19.980 yaive yakaenzana nemakumi mashanu nembiri makumbo ehaab anoenderana nealmanac yezuva yemazana matatu nemakumi matanhatu neshanu kana mazuva ezuva, izvo zvakaenzana nemakumi manomwe nenhatu tambo dze tzolkin. almanaki inoenderana nekarenda inoera yehama mazana maviri nemakumi matanhatu.
Pakupera kwemaalmanacs ese, makumi mashanu nembiri anotendeuka anopiwa mukarenda yeMayan, kupemberera mhemberero kana mutambo wechitendero wemoto mutsva, wakaenzana nezana ramakore mutsika yeMayan.
Mhemberero dzechitendero dzaipembererwa mumwedzi wega wega wekarenda yeMayan
Kutenda kune zvakanyorwa zveumwe wevafiri ainzi Diego de Landa, uyo ainyatsozivikanwa nezita rake Relation of Yucatan Things, anorondedzera mhemberero dzakasiyana-siyana dzaive nebasa rekupemberera mukarenda yeMayan maererano nemwedzi wega wega kana uinal iyo yaiva nguva. kuti rudzi urwu rwaiwanzoreva mwedzi.
Iyi mitambo yechitendero yaiitwa maererano nengano dzavo uye neizvi vaikudza vamwari vakasiyana-siyana, pakati pavo iyo uinal pop inomira, iyo yaizova yakafanana negore idzva, umo midziyo yeimba yavo yakavandudzwa, yakadai semahwendefa; zvigaro, magirazi, kuwedzera kune zvipfeko nemagumbeze.
Imwe yetsika dzavo pazuva iri rekarenda yeMaya yaive yekutsvaira dzimba dzavo uye marara aiunganidzwa aiendeswa kunze kweguta, asi mitambo iyi isati yasvika vaichengeta mazuva anosvika gumi nematatu ekutsanya, vairegawo kuita bonde. uye kudzivirira kushandiswa kwekudya kwemunyu uye chili.
Kwakanga kune kunyange vanhu veboka redzinza vakawedzera iyi nhambo yokurega kuva mipimo mitatu pashure peiyi nguva varume vakasangana nomupristi mukuru kunze kwetembere ndokuisa chidimbu chechimwe chinhu chavaidana kuti copal uye chakanga chiri rudzi rwetsvina yokupisa mumoto. brazier
Nezvemwedzi wainzi mhemberero dzemazuva ose kana dzechitendero dzaiitwa muzita revaprista kana vafemberi, izwi iro raizivikanwa naro mutambo uyu raiva popocam uye vainamata vachipisa copal muzita raKinich Ahau Itzamná, uyo akanga ari muprista wavo wokutanga.
Vakabva vauya nemvura yemhandara mugomo maive musina munhukadzi akapinda uye nemvura iyoyo vakageza tafura yemabhuku zvekuti gare gare mufundisi vakaita maporofita egore idzva iri kuti ritange, vakaitawo dhanzi raizikanwa ne zita re okotuil.
Kumwedzi wainzi uinal zip, vaprista vaigona kubatana nevakadzi, vaishandisawo zvidhori zvidiki zvamwarikadzi Ixchel, mutambo wechitendero uyu waizivikanwa nezita rokuti Ibcil Ixchel, umo vanamwari vaitungamirira utano nemishonga, vakadai saItzmná. , vakakumbirwa. , Citbolontun naAhau Chamahez.
Pamusoro pekuvanamata, pakaitwa rimwe dhanzi rekuremekedza ravo rainzi Chantunyab uye pazuva rechinomwe rezip yeuinal ndivo vaitungamirira kudaidza vamwari vaiona nezvekuvhima kunonzi Ah Camcum.
Zuhuyzib Zipitabai pamwe chete navamwe vamwari, saka muvhimi mumwe nomumwe aitarisira kutora museve nomusoro wenondo. Vese vainge vakazorwa polishi yebhutsu yeblue ivo vachiona nezvekutamba vakabata miseve mumaoko.
Munzeve nendimi dzakaitwa maburi, zvino mashizha manomwe emushonga wainzi Ac akadarika nepaburi twuya. Mangwana acho kwakasvika vanamazvikokota vehove ndokuisa bhitumini pamidziyo yavo yekuraura asi havana kubaya nzeve kana rurimi.
Vakangoisa maharpoons vachitamba Chochom mushure memutambo uyu vakaenda kumahombekombe kunoraura sezvo vari vamwari vainamata mazita avo vaiti Abkaknexoi, Ahcitzamalcun naAbpua.
Zvino, mumwedzi unonzi zotz nekarenda yeMayan, yaienderana nevapfuri nyuchi vaitarisira kugadzirira mitambo yechitendero yaizopembererwa mwedzi waitevera ichinzi uinal.Munguva iyi, vaprista nevakuru vakuru vaitsanya. pamwe chete nevamwe vanozvipira.
Nezvemwedzi zec mukarenda yeMayan, ropa raisagona kuteurwa uye vamwari vavainamata mumwedzi uno vaive vana bacab vakanyanya kuna Hobnil.
Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi vakapa vamwari vengano ava ndiro dzaive nemifananidzo yakashongedzwa nouchi.Kuwedzera pane izvi, vagari verudzi urwu rweMayan vakanwa waini yaizivikanwa nezita rekuti Balché.
Waini iyi yakaitwa pachishandiswa makwati emuti unozivikanwa seLonchucarpus violaceus uye vachengeti venyuchi vakapa uchi huzhinji kune vamwe vagari nokuda kwezvipiriso zvaiitwa.
Imwe yemwedzi yainzi yaxkin yaive mutambo wechitendero wainzi Olob-Zab-Kamyax, nepo chiitiko ichi chemhemberero chaifanira kuzora zviridzwa zvese zvaive nemaburi nebhitumini yebhuruu, yaive pati yevacheche, vakomana nevasikana.
Vaipiwa tumatepi twaive pamakumbo emaoko kuti vagova nyanzvi dzemabasa aiitwa nevabereki vavo.Kubva musi uyu vakaitwa vaviri vaviri kuti vapemberere mhemberero yekutanga yeMol.
Zvino, mumwedzi wekarenda yeMayan yainzi xul, yakatsaurirwa kuna mwari Kukulcán, saka boka redzinza raifanira kutsvaga mukuru wevarwi, ainzi Nacom, pavakanga vakamugara mutemberi, vakapisa moto. resin chinhu chinozivikanwa secopal, mukuwedzera kukudziridza dhanzi remurwi.
Mumutambo uyu vaifanira kubaira imbwa, vakatambawo nevarwi vaizivikanwa nezita rekuti Holkanakot vakapedza mutambo nekupwanya hari dzakagadzirwa nevhu nechinwiwa, vakadzokera nerukudzo rukuru kumukuru wevarwi veNacom. kumba kwake.
Nezvemhemberero iyi, yaipembererwa mukarenda yeMayan munzvimbo dzose kusvikira Mayapán yaparadzwa, mushure mokunge yangopembererwa muguta reManí, iyo yaiva nharaunda yeTutul Xiúes.
Pano pakapiwa mireza mishanu yeminhenga vakaenda kutemberi yaKukulcán ikoko vakanamata mukati memazuva mashanu kuti mwari wengano aburuke kubva kudenga agamuchire zvipiriso mutambo uyu wainzi Chikabán.
Kana uri mwedzi wainzi uinal mol mukarenda yeMayan, vapfuri nyuchi vaitarisira kunyengetera kuna vamwari nechinangwa chekuti maruva akawanda atumbuke kuti nyuchi dzive nekugadzirwa kwakanakisa, sezvo mumwedzi uno vaive nebasa rekugadzira zvidhori nezvidhori. yakagadzirwa nematanda.
Iyi mifananidzo yakakomborerwa nevapristi uye mutsika yakaitwa, nzeve dzevagari vetsika dzeMayan dzakaitwa kubuda ropa. Nezvema<em>chen kana kuti yax uinals, mumwe mutambo wechitendero unozivikanwa se<em>ocná waiitwa, shoko iri rinoreva kugadziridzwa kwetemberi.
Yakanga yakakumikidzwa kuna vamwari veminda yezviyo uye zvipiriso zvaipirwa mumabraziers mavaipisa copal resin uye kunyanya mumhemberero iyi zvidhori zvavaigadzira muvhu nembariro dzavaishandisa kupisa copal zvakavandudzwa.
Watova mumwedzi unonzi zac mukarenda yeMayan, muprista muboka ravavhimi aifanira kuita mutambo worudzidziso kuti anyaradze vamwari vehasha mukuwedzera kukuita kupfidza nokuda kweropa ravakanga vateura mukati memwaka wokuvhima.
Zvakanaka, kune vagari veMayan tsika zvaityisa kuteura ropa kana zvisiri zvechinangwa chekuita chibayiro. Nokudaro, panguva yekuvhima vaifanira kukumbira mwari wekuvhima, kupisa copal uye, kana zvichibvira, kusvibisa chiso che statuette neropa kubva pamwoyo wemhuka yavakanga vavhima.
Pakasvika mwedzi unozivikanwa pakarenda yevaMayan souinal ceh, mutambo mukuru wechitendero wakaitwa, waiva musi waitakurika wakatora mazuva matatu, kopi yacho yakapiswa.
Fray Landa akazviona sezvinonhuwira zvaipisa copal resin, zvipo zvaiitwa uye doro rakadhakwa. Vapristi ndivo vaitarisira mavhiza kare vaine chinangwa chokuti vagari vemo vatsanye mutambo uyu usati waitwa.
Zvino, mumwedzi mac wekarenda yeMayan, vanhu vakura vakaita mhemberero mumwedzi uno inozivikanwa nezwi rokuti tupp kak, iro rinoturikira mumutauro weSpanish sekuuraya moto.
Kwaitungamirirwa navamwari vaPanes naItzamná, vakagadzira mwoto uye mukati mawo vakapisa mwoyo yeshiri pamwe chete nedzimwe mhuka uye padzakapiswa, mwoyo yaidzima moto nezvirongo zvizere nemvura.
Vanhu vakaungana pedyo nevapristi uye vaitarisira kuzadza nhanho dzokutanga dzaienda kutemberi dzavo nedhaka nebhitumini yebhuruu.Pazororo iri, vapristi chete ndivo vaitsanya sezvaitaurwa maererano nekarenda yeMayan.
Nezvemwedzi wekutanga weKankin, Fray Landa haana kuita chero tsanangudzo yevamwari vainamatwa panguva iyi yekarenda yeMayan.
Zvino mumwedzi wemuán unocherechedzwa mukarenda yeMayan kuti waienderana nevarimi vecocoa, wavaiitira mhemberero dzechitendero kune vamwari vaienderana vaive Chac Ek chuah naHobnil, nekuda kweizvi vaifanira kubaira imbwa yaive yakasvibiswa. neruvara rwekoko .
Vakabva vapisa zvinonhuwira uye ndivo vaiva nebasa rokupira maguana eblue nokuti akanga akapendwa nebhitumini pamwe chete neminhenga yeshiri.Pakapera mutambo vanhu vakadya zvipiriso zvavakanga vauya nazvo mushure memutambo waizivikanwa nokuda kwevaMaya. calendar.
Vaiitawo mitambo yechitendero yaizivikanwa sepacum chac mumwedzi wepax kweusiku hushanu.Madzishe ebatab, avo vaiva vatongi vepamusoro-soro vedzinza reMayan, vakabatana nevapristi vechi ah kin vemumataundi epasi anozivikanwa sebatabil.
Mumaguta makuru, Cit Chac cob yakanamatwa, uyezve, rukudzo rwakapihwa kumukuru wevarwi vainzi Nacom nekupisa resin yecopal uye kutamba kwakaitwa nevarwi vanonzi Holkanakot kwakaitwa kwemazuva mashanu nechinangwa chekukunda. vavengi.
Ipapo vaifanira kubaira imbwa, kumhuka iyi vakaburitsa moyo mushure mekunge vaputsa hari dzevhu dzaive mukati mechinwiwa chavaipembera nadzo, zvichibva zvaita mabiko, ndokuzodzokera kwavakabva kunoenderera mberi nemabasa ayo. zvinoenderana nekarenda.
Pakati pekayab uye cumkú mwedzi muguta rimwe nerimwe reMayan tsika, mitambo yaiitwa iyo yainzi zabaltzen, iyo vanhu vakaungana kuti vape zvipo zvakasiyana-siyana.
Pamusoro pechikafu nezvinwiwa, vakagadzirira uayeb, waiva mwedzi mupfupi pakarenda yeMayan uko kwakawanikwa mazuva mashanu enjodzi kana kuti anozivikanwawo semazuva mashanu asina rombo rakanaka.
Pakasvika mazuva enjodzi aya, ayo aizivikanwa nezita rekuti mwedzi waayeb, vanhu verudzi urwu havana kugeza kana kuita chero basa chero ripi zvaro nekuti vaityira kuti kana vaita chimwe chinhu chaigona kushata sekutaura kwavaiita. Mayan calendar.
Historical Explorations
Iyi tsika yeMayan yakanga iine basa rekugadzira stelae nechinangwa chekukwanisa kupemberera mhemberero dzinokosha zvikuru, ndicho chikonzero nharaunda dzine nhamba huru yematombo kana zviyeuchidzo zvakanyoreswa, zvakadai se Tikal uye Uaxactún, mabasa aya anoenderana nezvinomiririra. nguva yekare.
Maererano nekarenda yeMayan, nguva yaro yakanga iri cyclical uye muKatuns, iyo yaiva nguva yemakore makumi maviri, zviitiko zvinogona kuitika munguva yemberi iri pedyo zvinogona kufanotaurwa, saka rimwe remazuva apo hondo yaigona kufanotaurwa yaiva katun 8 ahau. .
Kuve zuva rinorondedzerwa muChilam Balam weChumayel serimwe remazuva akakosha echiMayan tsika yakananga maItzáes.
Saka yekutanga katun 8 ahau yakaitika mugore ra415 kusvika 435 AD apo maItzáe aya anofanira kunge akasvika kuBacalar iri munzvimbo inozivikanwa seQuintana Roo, zvino mune imwe katun 8 ahau panguva ino kubva panguva 672 kusvika 692 dc. Itzáez aifanira kutiza kubva kuChichén Itzá achisvika kuChakán Putúm.
Gare gare zvinoitika kuti mune imwe katun 8 ahau kubva kunguva ye928 kusvika 948 AD, guta iri rinodzokera kuChichén Itzá uye mune inotevera katun 8 ahau pakati pemakore 1185 kusvika 1205 AD The cocomes inotarisana nevanhu veItzàes yavanofanira kutizira. kunzvimbo dzePeten Itza.
Sezvo iri cyclical, karenda yeMayan inodzokororwa zvakare pa katún 8 ahau pakati pemakore 1441 na 1461 AD Apo rimwe remadzinza anonzi Tutul xiúes anotarisana nemakome aanofanira kutiza achisiya maguta makuru ari muYucatan peninsula.
Mukudzoka kwekupedzisira mukarenda yeMayan ye katún 8 ahau, iyo inoenderana nemakore 1697 kusvika 1717, vanhu vakasara veItzàes muguta reTayasal vakakundwa nekorona yeSpain.
Nezvenguva yekare mukarenda yeMayan, boka redzinza rakashandura dombo rekare pakarekodhwa zviitiko zvenguva, zvinotsiviwa nemakodhekisi ari mabhuku echiMayan akanyorwa pamapepa akaitwa kubva pamakwati emuti wakafanana. kumuonde unonzi amate.
Asi mabhuku aya panguva yekukundwa kwekorona yeSpain akapiswa nemamishinari nevafundisi vaiti vaive vapanduki uye mana chete emabhuku aya anokosha aigona kununurwa kubva padanda uye anomiririra pfuma yerudzi urwu rweMayan.
Apedza kukunda kweSpain, manyoro anoverengeka akaitwa uko zviitiko zvakaitika uye zvakanga zviri zvoukoshi hukuru zvakarondedzerwa muudzame hukuru, izvo zvinozivikanwa pasi pezita rokuremekedza raKirami Bharami.
Aya marekodhi anodzokera kutsika yemuromo yemadzitateguru avo muboka reMayan, saka Chilam ishoko rinoturikira se:
“…Uyo ari muromo nebharamu zvinoreva muroyi kana jaguar…”
Nokuda kweizvo Kiramu baramu rakanga riri zita romupristi aishopera munharaunda yeManí uye aizivikanwa zvikuru nokuda kwamashoko ake, pane zvinyorwa zvinoverengeka zvine chokuita nomuprista uyu uye anokosha zvikuru anozivikanwa nezita raChumayeri.
Aya magwaro anounza ruzivo rwakabatana neuporofita hweMayan maererano neiyo cyclical periodicity yekarenda yeMayan.
Mazuva ekurevera kukuru kwerudzi rweMayan
Zvinoenderana nepostclassic nguva, iyo yakanyorwa zvinoenderana nekarenda yeMayan 10.9.0.0.0 uye inogona kuturikirwa ichinzi 2 ahau 13 mac, inofanana nekarenda yaGregory saNyamavhuvhu 15, 1007.
Iko Ah Suytok Tutul Xiu ari mutungamiri wemweya werudzi urwu akavamba musha weUxmal inova imwe yematemberi ekare echiverengero ichi.
Nezve gore 10.10.0.0.0, iro rakanyorwa kuti 13 ahau 13 mol, rinoreva Chivabvu 02, 1027, apo inozivikanwa seLeague yeMayapán yakatanga, iri mubatanidzwa une mukurumbira wevanhu veMayan muPostclassic. nguva inokosha zvikuru.
Zvino rimwe zuva rakakosha zvikuru igore 10.18.10.0.0 mukarenda yeMayan inoturikirwa ichinzi 9 ahau 13 uo uye izvi zvakafanana nekarenda yaGregory semusi wa22 Mbudzi wegore 1194.
Pane humbowo hwekupokana kwaHunac Ceel ndiro zuva iri apo zviri pachena kuti macomes ari kutungamira kubvisa maItzáes muguta rakanaka reChichén Itzá uye neiyi ligi rinoremekedzwa reMayapán rinoonekwa rakapera.
Zvadaro mugore 10.19.0.0.0, iro rinoenderana negore 8 ahau 8 mol cumhú, iro rinoshandura kubva pakarenda yeMayan kuenda kukarenda yaGregory yaSeptember 30, 1204, uko kunoratidzwa hukuru hweMayapán, rimwe remaguta ekuchera matongo. . Mukuita uku vanobatsirwa neah canul.
Rimwe zuva rakakosha zvikuru mukarenda yeMayan i11.12.0.0.0, iyo inoenderana ne8 ahau 3 mol uye inoreva mukarenda yaGregory kusvika Ndira 06, 1461.
Panguva ino munhoroondo, varwi veTutul Xiúes vari kutarisira kuparadza guta reMayapán, saka maguta makuru anofanira kusiiwa nechinangwa chekuchengetedza hupenyu hwevagari vemo.
11.13.0.0.0 nderimwe remazuva ane basa guru mukarenda yeMayan anogona kuturikirwa achiti 6 ahau 3 zip uye anoenderana nekarenda yaGregory kusvika Gunyana 23, 1480.
Panguva ino munhoroondo yeMayan inoreva dutu guru rakaparadza vanhu mukuwedzera kune denda iro rakazouraya vazhinji vevagari varo.
Nezvegore 11.15.0.0.0, iro rakaenzana mukarenda yeMayan na 2 ahau 8 zac, iyo inoreva mukarenda yaGregory kusvika kuna February 27, 1520, uko nzendo dzeHernández de Córdoba dzatova chokwadi, pamwe chete ne yeGrijalva uye yeCortés.
Ndiyo panguva iyoyo munhau apo mumwe wevaSpain akaunza kuNyika Itsva denda rechibhokisi rakaparadza vanhu veboka reMayan, zvichiita kuti nhamba huru yenzufu pakati pevanhu nokuti vakanga vasina kudzivirirwa nechirwere ichocho.
Kwegore 11.17.0.0.0, iro mukarenda yeMayan inozivikanwa se11 ahau 8 pop, iyo inoreva mukarenda yaGregory kusvika Nyamavhuvhu 1, 1559, apo vakundi veSpain vakatumidza Francisco de Montejo pamwe nemwanakomana wake nemwanakomana wake. muzukuru.
Mukuwedzera kuvarume vaitungamirira, vakatora basa rokukunda peninsula yeYucatan uye kutanga maguta matsva eSpain, akadai seValladolid neMérida.
Imwe yemazuva aya anocherechedzwa mukarenda yeMayan i12.4.0.0.0, inofambirana ne10 ahau 18 uo, iyo mukarenda yaGregory inoreva 27 Chikunguru, 1697 panguva ino munhoroondo.
Mukundi weSpain anonzi Martín de Ursúa ndiye anotarisira kuparadza nevarume vake nharaunda yeTayasal, iyo yaive nhare yekupedzisira yerudzi urwu rweMayan.
Mhedziso
Iyi karenda yevaMayan yaikosha zvikuru kuboka redzinza iri nokuti vainyatsoona zvaiitika mudenga uye nemhaka yemamwe macodex akadzivirirwa, akadai seParis Codex.
Iyo inoratidza nyeredzi dzakasiyana-siyana dzakagadzirwa nemaMayans nekumiririra mhuka dziri mudenga kuburikidza nekudzidza kwenyeredzi nemamwe mitumbi yekudenga.
VaMayans vaive nyanzvi mukuranga kwekuongorora nyeredzi nemasvomhu, kwavakagadzira karenda yavo yeMayan inoshanda iyo inoratidza huchokwadi hwayo muzviitiko munhoroondo.
Kwakadaro ndiko kukosha kwaivepo kune tsika dzeMayan maererano nekudzidza kutenderera kwenguva kwakagadzira karenda yeMayan nekukwana kukuru.
Iyo yaive yakagadzirwa nehaab uye tzolkin almanacs, iyo yakareba kuverenga iyo yakabvumira kubatanidzwa kweakapfuura almanacs, izvo zvakapa mukana wemakore makumi mashanu nemaviri kutenderera kwakabva kwazvidzokorora pachayo.
Zvidzidzo zvake zvichishamisa zvekuti kuverenga kwakareba kunosanganisira zvikamu zvishanu kunopera musi wa21 Zvita 2012, zvichifambirana nenguva yechando yegore reGregorian.
Naizvozvo, pari zvino kucherechedzwa kuti chikamu chekarenda yeMayan ichi chichiri kushandiswa munyika dzeYucatan munyika yeAztec uye munharaunda yeGuatemala, kunyangwe kubata pamuviri kwevakadzi vari mumamiriro ekusununguka.
Vanouya kuzoshandisa iyi almanac yemazuva mazana maviri nemakumi matanhatu inova tzolkin sezvo ichinyatsoenderana nemapfumbamwe eMwedzi.
Mhemberero dzemhemberero dzine chekuita nekarenda yeMayan dzichiri kupembererwa muGuatemala, senge Wajxaqib 'B'atz', uko kutenderera kutsva kunogamuchirwa.
Kana iwe wakawana chinyorwa ichi chinonakidza, ndinokukoka iwe kuti ushanyire anotevera malink: