Dzidza mune ino chinyorwa nezve hupenyu nebasa re Martin Luther, murume akakurudzira chechi yechiKristu kuti idzokere kudzidziso dzayo dzepakutanga, zvichiratidza chiitiko chinokosha munhau nokusiya nhaka somutsigiri mukuru weChinjo yePurotesitendi.
Martin Luther
Martin Luther aive mumongi wechiGerman uye wezvechitendero munguva dzepakati. Kurongeka kwemamongi kwaive kuri kwemurume uyu kwaive kwemamonki eAugustinian Katurike.
Zita raMartin Luther rakakwanisa kudarika nhoroondo nekuva mumwe wevanokurudzira shanduko yechitendero munyika yake, iyo yakapararira kupfuura miganhu yeGermany. Uye ane mirairo kana kuti miitiro yakasimudzira chinjo yechiPurotesitendi; pamwe chete neyaizozivikanwa sedzidziso yebhaibheri yeLutheranism.
Mune zvirevo zvakatumirwa naLuther mukuchinja kwake, akakurudzira Chechi yeKaturike kuti idzokere munzira yekutanga yemirairo yakapihwa naMwari, yakanyorwa muBhaibheri. Kupfuurirazve nharo dzese dzakaburitswa naMartin Luther dzakakonzera kurongwazve kweungano dzechiKristu muEurope.
Pamberi pese kumukira kwePurotesitendi kwaLuther, simba reKaturike reRome harina kutora nguva kuti riite, rikatanga kupokana. Imwe yedzidziso dzakasiiwa nemonaki wekuchinja iyi yaive imwe yeshanduro dzakanakisa dzeBhaibheri kubva muchiLatin kuenda kumutauro wechiGerman.
Nhoroondo yaMartin Luther
Martin Luther, zita rake muchiGerman uye anozivikanwa saMartin Luther, akaberekerwa muguta reGerman reEisleben munaNovember 10, 1483. Vabereki vake vaive Hans Luther naMargarethe Luther, makore ekutanga emwana Martin aigara mutaundi reGerman re Mansfeld.
Nzvimbo yakatamirwa nemhuri yaLuther muna 1484 uko Hans aishanda semuforomani wemigodhi yakawanda yemhangura. Achivimba kuti mwanakomana wake achadzidziswa uye asingagutsikane nekuve murombo sababa vake, Hans Luther akanyoresa Martin muzvikoro zvakasiyana munzvimbo nenzvimbo nemaguta ari pedyo.
Dzidzo yepamusoro
Mudiki Martin akapinda muYunivhesiti yeErfurt muguta guru redunhu reGerman reThuringia muna1501, aine makore gumi nemasere. Luther akatumidza zita remadunhurirwa rekuti "Muzivi" mune ino imba yezvidzidzo, akapedza kudzidza sebachelor mugore ra18.
Gare gare muna1505 akasvika padhigirii raTenzi, achive wechipiri wekirasi yevadzidzi gumi nevasere. Martín nechinangwa chekuzadzisa zvido zvababa vake anoenderera mberi nezvidzidzo zvake achipinda muFakhalthi yeMutemo weYunivhesiti yeErfurt.
Nekudaro, chiitiko chine chiitiko chechisikigo chinoita kuti achinje nzira yake. Musi waChikunguru 2, 1505, mune dutu remagetsi, mheni yakarova padhuze neMartín, uye akasheedzera Batsirai Santa Ana! uye anozvipira kuve monki, Luther anopinda mumamongi evaAugustinian vafriya muguta reErfurt musi wa17 Chikunguru wegore rimwe chetero.
Hupenyu hwake semonaki
Kubva aine makore makumi maviri nemaviri, Martín akatanga uye akakumikidza nguva yake kurarama hupenyu hwehutongi, achizvipa iye zvakakwana kufadza Mwari. Kune izvi akaita mabasa erudo uye akazviisa pabasa revaya vainyanya kuda kuburikidza neminamato yake yemazuva ese.
Luther akanga akatsunga kufadza Mwari zvokuti paakaramba achidaro, aibva atowedzera kuva nemhosva uye achitadza. Somuuyo, akanyura zvikuru munhambo refu dzokunyengetera nokutsanya, mukuwedzera kukuzvipa mireza nokureurura nguva dzose kuna Mwari.
Mongi uye abbot wepaVon Staupitz monastery, achiona maitiro aLuther, akakurudzira murume wechidiki uyu kuti atange basa redzidzo, kuitira kuti azokanganiswa nehunhu hwake hwechitendero hwakanyanyisa. Saka Luther, akambogadzwa semupristi, akatanga basa redzidziso yezvouMwari paYunivhesiti yeWittenberg muna1508.
Mugore rimwe chetero akapihwa degree reBachelor muzvidzidzo zveBhaibheri, gare gare akawana doctorate muBhaibheri muna1512 uye makore matatu gare gare akagadzwa semutevedzeri wegadziriro yaAugustinian. Izvo zvinomupa mamonasteri gumi nerimwe pasi pehutongi hwake, panguva iyi Luther akazvipira pakudzidza mitauro yakaita sechiGreek neChihebheru.
Mitauro yaizokubatsira iwe kuwana tsananguro irinani yemagwaro matsvene eBhaibheri. Dzidzo dzese idzi dzakabvumidza monk mune ramangwana kushandura Testamente Yekare yechiJuda.
Martin Luther nedzidziso yenyasha
Martin Luther ane shungu yekudzidza zvakadzama magwaro matsvene eBhaibheri uye kubvunza kune ruzivo rwechechi yekutanga yechiKristu.
Zvinoenderana nemusoro wenyaya uyu, tinokukoka zvine mutsindo kuti musangane pano.Ndiani akatanga kereke ChiKristu uye chakaitika rini?
Nekuti muchokwadi kunyangwe kuvanhu vazhinji uyu mubvunzo kusava nechokwadi, uye pamwe kushayikwa kwezivo yeshoko raMwari kunowedzerwa kwairi. Naizvozvo, tevera ichi chinyorwa chinonakidza kuti udzidze nezve kutanga kwechechi yechiKristu.
Luther paakadzamisa kudzidza kwake kwebhaibheri, akawana zvirevo zvitsva mumazwi akadai sekuregererwa uye hunhu hwemunhu. Mumonaki akagona zvakare kuona kuti vakuru vechechi vakanga vatsausa nzira yepakati pechiKristu zvichienderana nechiratidzo chechokwadi chakadzidziswa mumagwaro matsvene eBhaibheri.
Chinhu chakakosha ndechekuti zvakaongororwa naLuther yaive meseji yekururamiswa nekutenda kwete nemabasa, sekudzidzisa kwainge kwaita kereke. Kubva ipapo mumonki akatanga kufambisa dzidziso yekuti ruponeso chipo chinopihwa chete naMwari, kuburikidza neNyasha dzaJesu Kristu uye kuti ichi chinogashirwa nemunhu kuburikidza nekutenda chete.
Martin Luther akasimbisa dzidziso yeNyasha nekuisa mutsauko pakati pewaive mutemo waMosesi neshoko reevhangeri. Kuti kumumongi iyi yaive nzvimbo yekunzwisisa kweshoko raJesu uye kuti kushaikwa kweruzivo irworwo kwakakonzera kereke yenguva yake kuita zvikanganiso zvakakosha zvedzidziso.
Zvinyorwa 95 zvaLuther
Zvinyorwa 95 zvaLuther zvaive mugumisiro wegakava rakamuka pamusoro pekanganwiro iyo Chechi yeKaturike yaipa nekutendera vanhu kutenga ruponeso rwavo. Izvi zvakatsamwisa monki uye ndokumutungamira kuti agadzire zvinyorwa zvakanyorwa muzvinyorwa 95 uye ndokuzviroverera kumusuwo wechechi yeWittenberg Palace musi waGumiguru 31, 1517.
Panguva iyoyo yaive fomu kana chinodikanwa icho Yunivhesiti yaida kuti gakava kana gakava ritange pane imwe nyaya kana musoro wenyaya.
Luther akasimbisa kuti kwaiva kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba nechechi nokutengesa kanganwiro, kubira vakatendeka nenhema. Uyo nokuwana kuregererwa kwapapa akanzvenga masakaramende ekureurura nokutendeuka kwechokwadi.
Martín akaperekedza zvirevo makumi mapfumbamwe nezviviri nekuparidza katatu kwedzidziso kwakaitwa semharidzo pakati pemakore a95 na1516. Mune imwe yemharidzo idzi akazvipira pakuverenga chikamu chemuBhaibheri che:
VaRoma 1:16-17 (KJV 1960): 16 Nokuti handinyari neevhangeri, nokuti isimba raMwari ruponeso kune wese anotenda; kumuJudha kutanga, uye nekumuGirikiwo. 17 Nekuti muevhangeri Ruramisiro yaMwari inoratidzwa nekutenda uye nekutendasezvazvakanyorwa zvichinzi: Asi vakarurama vachararama nekutenda.
Mundima iyi Luther yakavambwa kuti isimbise iyo yaizozivikanwa seChinjo yePurotesitendi. Zvinyorwa 95 zvaMartin Luther zvakateedzerwa nekuprindwa nenzira huru, zvichipararira munyika yese uye gare gare muEurope.
Mhinduro yapapa wenguva yacho kumishumo makumi mapfumbamwe nemapfumbamwe yaive yekuzivisa Luther semunyengeri uye ndokunyora kushandurwa kuchiramba zvakanyorwa nemamongi weGerman.
Kudzingwa kwaLuther
Muna 1521 Martin Luther akadzingwa naLeo X kubva pachinamato cheKaturike achishandisa bhuru repapa rakaburitswa muna Ndira 3 wegore iro. Gare gare mumusangano wemachinda eVatsvene hweRoma Humambo hwakaitirwa muWorms, inozivikanwa seDhivhiti yeWorms musi waNdira 22, 1521, Luther anosangana nekuramba kana kusimbisa dzidziso yake.
Pashure pemisangano inoverengeka Luther akasimbisazve dzidziso yake pamberi pezviremera, mukupindura Mambo Charles V akanyora Chirevo cheWorms pana May 25, 1521. Muuyu murayiro Marin Luther akaziviswa kuva mupanduki anotiza uye kuparadzirwa kwamabasa ake kwakarambidzwa.
Kutapwa muWartburg Castle
Charles V asati ataura chirevo cheWorms, Muchinda Frederick III weSaxony akahwanda Martin Luther munhare yeWartburg muEisenach, State yeThuringia, Germany. Ikoko akagara kwerinenge gore, achitora mukana wenguva ino yekumanikidzwa kuvharira mukududzira Testamente Itsva yeBhaibheri, achiriprinda munaGunyana 1522.
Nenzira imwecheteyo, kugara kwake muWartburg castle kwakashandira Luther pakudzidziswa kwake semhare uye mushanduri. Pakati pezvinyorwa zvakati wandei panguva yekuvhara, akanyora gwara pane reururo kwaanoudza vapristi kuti hazvifanirwe kunge zvichimanikidzwa asi nekuzvidira.
Panguva ino akaitawo kufambira mberi mukutarisa kwake pahukama pakati peMutemo waMosesi uye chibvumirano cheNyasha dzaMwari kubudikidza naJesu cheruponeso rwezvitadzo.
Kuroora uye mhuri yaMartin Luther
Martin Luther muna Kubvumbi 1523 ave kuda kubatsira gumi nemaviri masista aida kusiya hupenyu hwemamongi muguta reNimbschen, padyo neGrimma muSaxony. Iye anokwanisa kuvaburitsa kunze kwekonji nekuviga ivo mumabhiramu makuru.
Mumwe wevaya gumi nemaviri masista ainzi Catherine wekuBora, uyo akazopedzisira aroora Luther musi wa13 Chikumi, 1525. Vaviri vakatamira kunogara Luther mumusha wemamonk wekare waAugustina kuWittenberg, vaviri ava vakaita nhumbu vana vatanhatu.
- Johannes, (7/6/1526): Akadzidza zvemutemo uye aive mukuru wedare, akafa muna 1575.
- Elizabeth, (10/12/1527): Uyu musikana akashaya nguva isati yakwana musi wa 3/08/1528.
- Magdalena, (5/05/1529): Akafa aine makore gumi nematatu uye kufa kwake kwakarwadza kwazvo kuvabereki vake.
- Martín, (09/11/1531): Akasarudza basa redzidziso, akafa mugore ra1565.
- Paul, (28/01/1533): Akadzidza zvemishonga, akafa muna Kurume 1593.
- Margaretha, (17/12/1534): Uyu mukadzi mudiki akaroora anokudzwa George von Kunheim, akafa aine makore makumi matatu nematanhatu. Dzinza roga raLuther riripo nhasi rinobva mudzinza rake.
Bhaibheri raLuther reGerman
Muna 1534 Luther akaita imwe yeshanduro dzakanakisa dzeBhaibheri mumutauro wechiGerman. Panguva iyoyo ruzhinji rwevanhu veGerman vakaramba vari padanho rekusaverenga. Vanhu vakadzidza veGerman vaive nhengo dzechechi.
Vanhu vasina kuverenga vakagamuchira ruzivo rwechitendero nemuromo, vachibata nemusoro nekudzokorora mavhesi eBhaibheri. Neshanduro yakashandurwa yeBhaibheri muchiGerman uye yakadhindwa mumakopi akawanda, Luther anobudirira kuita kuti magwaro matsvene awanikwe nevazhinji mururimi rwaamai.
Neichi chinyorwa chakadhindwa cheGerman Bhaibheri, zvinobatsira kufambisa dzidziso yeChinjo yePurotesitendi, ichikwanisa kupatsanura Chechi yeKaturike kuGerman. Chinangwa chikuru chaLuther chekushandura Bhaibheri ndechekuti vanhuwo zvavo vanokwanisa kuwana magwaro pasina kudikanwa kwekuziva mutauro wechiLatin.
Sezvo Bhaibheri raivepo panguva iyoyo raizivikanwa seLatin Vulgate, iyo yakanga yashandurwa naSanta Jerome kubva muchiHebheru, Aramaic nechiGiriki kuenda muchiLatin. Luther anobva atanga kubva pazviri ndokurishandurira muchiGerman kuti riwanikwe kune vanhuwo zvavo.
Chekutanga pane zvese, akangoturikira Testamente Itsva uye panguva iyi, Luther akasvika kumaguta nemisika zviri pedyo. Nechinangwa chekushandisa yakajairika slang yemutauro wechiGerman uye nekudaro kugona kunyora yako dudziro mumutauro unowirirana.
Zvimwe zvinyorwa zvaMartin Luther
Basa rekunyora raMartin Luther rakakura kwazvo, kunyangwe mamwe mabhuku ake, sekutaura kwevanoongorora nhoroondo, aive mifananidzo uye shamwari dzakapa pamberi peiyo shanduko. Izvi sezviri pachena zvakaitwa mukutsvaga kuwana vateereri vakawanda, pakati pezvinyorwa zvakatanhamara zvaMartin Luther zvinotevera zvinogona kutaurwa:
- Weimar Ausgabe, muunganidzwa wakazara wezvinyorwa zvemunyori une mabhuku zana nemakumi mapfumbamwe asina kunyorwa.
- Mabhuku anotsanangurwa nemunyori kuumbwa kwetsamba dzeBhaibheri, maererano necanononic, hermeneutics, exegesis uye kutsanangurwa. Pamusoro pekutsanangura mavari nzira iyo zvinyorwa zvemuBhaibheri zvine hukama nazvo.
- Zvinyorwa zvine chekuita nehurumende uye echechi manejimendi, pamwe neimba yevaKristu.
Kufa kwaMartin Luther
Mumakore ekupedzisira ehupenyu hwake, Luther akaita akateedzana nzendo kuguta rehudiki hwake uye hudiki, Mansfeld. Idzi nzendo dzaiwanzoitika dzaive nekuda kwehanya kwaLuther kuhama dzake nehanzvadzi.
Iko varume vemhuri vaive vaenderera mberi nebasa raMadzibaba Hans Luther mumigodhi yemhangura yemuno. Panguva iyoyo migodhi yaive pasi pekutyisidzirwa naCount Albrecht de Mansfeld, kudzora manejimendi avo kuti abatsirwe.
Luther akabva aenda kudhorobha kunotsvaga kupindira munhaurirano kuti asvitse chibvumirano nenhamba ina dzeMansfeld. Pakupera kwegore ra1545 akaita maviri eiyi nzendo dzekutaurirana uye pakutanga kwegore rakatevera akaita kushanya kwechitatu kuguta rehama dzake, kupedza nhaurirano zvinobudirira musi waFebruary 17, 1546.
Luther paaive muEisleben nevana vake vatatu, panguva yehusiku humwe akanzwa kurwadziwa kwakanyanya muchipfuva chake. Anofunga kuenda kunorara uye imomo anonamata kuna Mwari achidanidzira mazwi anotevera:
Ndinosiya mweya wangu mumaoko enyu; Makandidzikunura, Ishe, Mwari akatendeka ».
Mangwanani-ngwanani kurwadziwa kwepfupa kunowedzera uye hama dzake dzinoputira muviri wake mumachira anopisa. Luther akanzwa kuti kufa kwake kwaive padhuze uye munguva idzodzo akasimudza munamato kuna Mwari achimutenda nekuda kwehupenyu hwemwanakomana wake Jesu Kristu waakatenda maari.
Martin Luther akafa panzvimbo mbiri-nhatu mangwanani muna Kukadzi 18, 1546, mutaundi rekumusha kwake reEisleben, akazovigwa mukereke yeWittenberg Palace, munzvimbo iri padyo nepurupiti.
Nhaka yaMartin Luther
Nhaka huru yakasiiwa naLuther ndeyekuve mutsigiri mukuru weShanduko yePurotesitendi kuGerman. Kubva kwayakapararira muEurope yose, nekuda kwemusiki wedhinda rekudhinda wenguva iyoyo.
Saka zvinyorwa zvake zvakanyorwa zvakatanga kuverengwa muGermany uyezve muEurope yose. Manyoro ose aya akabatira senyanduro yokuumbwa kwavamwe vachinji vakuru, vazivi navazivi vakaparira kuumbwa kweungano dzakasiana-siana dzePurotesitendi kwete bedzi muEurope, asiwo munyika yose.
Shanduko yePurotesitendi yakasimudzirwa naLuther neCatholic Counter-Reformation mukupindura, yakamiririra zviitiko zviviri zvakakosha zvakakosha mukusimudzira kwehungwaru kweEurope panguva iyoyo.
Makore zana mushure mekuratidzira kwaLuther, hondo yemakore makumi matatu yakatanga muBohemia nekuda kwekukakavadzana pakati pechitendero cheKaturike nemaPurotesitendi.
Enderera nesu kuverenga nezve hupenyu hwevatambi vemuBhaibheri muzvinyorwa: Saint Paul weTaso: Hupenyu, kutendeuka, kufunga uye nezvimwe. Zvichizoitika Gidheoni: kubva pamunhu asina kusimba kuenda kune akashinga murwi.
