Pano tinoona nezvazvo Sangano rezvematongerwo enyika reIndia, mubatanidzwa weparamende weDemocratic Republic ine kupatsanurwa kwakajeka kwemasimba uye tichaziva kuti matangiro ayo ezvematongerwo enyika aive sei mushure mekumukira kwakatangwa naGandhi.
Sangano rezvematongerwo enyika reIndia: maitiro ayo makuru
Iyo yeIndia yezvematongerwo enyika sisitimu yakavakirwa paWestminster modhi, asi yakarongeka padanho remubatanidzwa. Hurumende yaro, kubva pakawana kuzvitonga, kunze kwenguva ingangoita makore gumi, iri mumaoko evadyi venhaka vezvematongerwo enyika veGandhi.
Kusvika sarudzo dzapfuura, nyika ino yaive neatomized multiparty system. Muna Chivabvu 2009, bato rezvematongerwo enyika rekare, Indian National Congress (INC), rakahwina vhoti yakawandisa rikashandura mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika, kunyange hazvo kushanda kwaro kwave kupokana.
Pana Nyamavhuvhu 15, 1947, India yakawana rusununguko rwayo uye yakabatanidzwa senyika inozvitonga yeBritish Commonwealth. Izvi zvakakonzera kupatsanurwa kwenyika mbiri: India uye nyika yechiMuslim yePakistan.
Mukutanga kwavo, vaviri ava vakasimbiswa sevanozvitonga, asi namambo weGreat Britain semukuru wehurumende uye gavhuna mukuru.
Pana Ndira 26, 1950, Bumbiro reMitemo reIndia rakatanga kushanda, richikurudzirwa nehuzivi hwerusununguko rwedemokrasi, uye narwo hurongwa hwekuzvitonga hwakapedzwa. Zvadaro, muna 1952, sarudzo dzekutanga dzakaitwa, kuitira kuti hurumende huru yehurumende munyika yose yakazogadzwa, nevanhu vayo.
Pari zvino pane mapato ezvematongerwo enyika akanyoresa anodarika zana nemakumi masere uye vakawanda vari kupinda muhurumende kuburikidza nehurongwa hwayo hwekumirira vanhu.
Hurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika
Sangano rezvematongerwo enyika reIndia nhasi rakavakirwa pamubatanidzwa wematunhu makumi maviri nemasere nenzvimbo nomwe, kuburikidza nehurongwa hwemubatanidzwa. Pabumbiro remitemo, inotsanangurwa se "socialist uye yenyika yedemocratic republic", ine paramende hurongwa hwehurumende.
Bazi repamusoro rinoumbwa nemutungamiri wenyika, mutungamiri wehurumende, uye dare remakurukota. Mutungamiriri wehurumende ndiye mukuru wehurumende, asi masimba chaiwo evakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende. Hutungamiri hwemutungamiri wenyika - munyaya yeIndia - inhamba inotsiva iyo yaMambokadzi weGreat Britain. Izvi zvinoreva kuti ine chiremera chekufananidzira uye chepamutemo uye simba shoma.
Nyika ino ine yechitatu hukuru hukuru hwemidziyo pasirese, 39,5% yemabasa aripo muIndia anobva mubazi rehurumende, uye veruzhinji vanoda mwero wepamusoro wevashandi vehurumende, zvekuti munyika ino Nyika. vakuru vakuru vanoonekwa sevanhu vepamusoro.
Parlament
Paramende yeBicameral yeIndia uye ine imba yepamusoro (Rajya Sabha) uye imba yepasi (Lok Sabha). Imba yepamusoro, iyo inozivikanwawo seKanzuru yeNyika, ine nhengo mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu dzakasarudzwa zvisina kunanga uye zvakaenzanirana nemagungano emutemo ematunhu ega ega.
Zera rekuve nhengo yeRajya Sabha imakore makumi matatu uye tembiricha ndeye 30 makore. Dare reLower House, iro rinozivikanwawo seHouse of the People, rinogona kuve nenhengo mazana mashanu nemakumi mashanu nembiri dzakasarudzwa kwemakore mashanu nemavhoti ane mukurumbira.
Mitemo inogona kuunzwa nematare ese uye inofanirwa kutambirwa nevese uye igova nemvumo yemutungamiri wenyika kuti zvidaro.
Kunze kwekuti mitemo ine chekuita nebhajeti, mitero uye mamwe masvomhu anofanirwa kuunzwa neimba yepasi, uye imba yepamusoro haigone kushandura mabhiri, inogona kungoita kurudziro uye kudzorera bhiri. mutemo mukati memazuva gumi nemana kubva pazuva rawachigamuchira.
Sarudzo yemutungamiri wenyika
Koreji yesarudzo, inoumbwa nenhengo dzakasarudzwa dzedzimba mbiri dzeparamende, uye maparamende ehurumende anosarudza mutungamiri nemutevedzeri wemutungamiri kwemakore mashanu.
Mutungamiri wenyika ndiye anosarudza mutungamiri wehurumende, anove mutungamiri webato kana mubatanidzwa nevazhinji veparamende mudare repasi. Sarudzo zhinji dzehurumende yepakati dzinoitwa neMutungamiriri, akamiririra Mutungamiriri, anove munhu wepamusoro-soro muhurumende yeIndia.
Paramende yeIndia inomisikidzwa pamuenzaniso unoshandiswa kuEngland, unosanganisira sangano rinozivikanwa seMubvunzo Hour, uko vamiriri veparamende yepasi vane awa imwe chete, pakutanga kwezuva rega rega, yekubvunza makurukota ehurumende nezvemabasa avo. , inoburitswa paterevhizheni.
Mapato netsika dzavo musimba
Hurongwa hwebato ndehwemapato akawanda uye hune huzhinji hwemapato ematunhu madiki; Mapato enyika ndeaya anocherechedzwa mumatunhu mana kana kudarika.
Hurongwa hwesarudzo iproportional representation system, zvinoreva kuti bato chero ripi zvaro kana mubatanidzwa unokwanisa kuwana ruzhinji mudare repasi uye kuita hurumende.
Kwenguva zhinji mushure mekusununguka, India yaitongwa nebato regutsaruzhinji uye mugari wenhaka wezvematongerwo enyika waMahatma Gandhi, anonzi Indian National Congress (INC).
Asi kubva muna 1977 bato iri raifanira kusangana nematambudziko akawanda ezvematongerwo enyika, zvekuti munguva dza1977-1980, 1989-1991 na1996-2004, masimba aive mumaoko emapato anopikisa, aimiririrwa zvikuru nebato. Nationalist Bharatiya Janata (BJP).
Chokwadi, zvematongerwo enyika zvemuIndia muma1990 hazvina kugadzikana kudzamara BJP yaumba National Democratic Alliance, ichibatanidza mapato madiki ematunhu, ikava mubatanidzwa wekutanga usiri weINC kupedza temu. makore mashanu. .
Gare gare, muna 2004, INC, iyo inozivikanwawo seCongreso-I kana kuti Partido del Congreso, yakawana zvakare rutsigiro rwesarudzo, izvo zvakaibvumira kuumba mubatanidzwa wehurumende weUnited Progressive Alliance (UPA), uyo unounza pamwechete mapato anopikisa uye anopikisa. BJP.
Saka, kubva muna Chivabvu 22 wegore rimwe chetero, Manmohan Singh akagadzwa Mutungamiriri, anoramba ari pachigaro mushure mekusarudzwa patsva muna Chivabvu 2009.
Kusikwa kwehurumende dzemubatanidzwa kunoratidza shanduko yezvematongerwo enyika eIndia, uko mapato madiki ematunhu ari kuwana simba rakawanda zuva nezuva.
Nechikonzero ichi, nhasi imwe yenhaurirano dzinopisa muIndia ine chekuita nekushandurwa kwebato iri kuita hurongwa hwemapato maviri, izvo zvinoderedza kuwanda kwemapato anotora chikamu mune zvematongerwo enyika, nekuda kwehurongwa hutsva hwesarudzo.
Yaive sei sangano rezvematongerwo enyika reIndia munguva dzakare
Munguva dzekare, nekuda kwekuti kune nhevedzano yematunhu aive pasi pehurumende yemadzimambo, rudzi rwehumambo hwemadzishe hwakagadzirwa.
Zvisinei, kwakanga kusati kuri kutozosvikira kuvhozhokerwa kweAryan uko vaHindu vakakuwana kuri madikanwa kuumba maguta ehurumende nokuda kwokuzvidzivirira, umo muzinda waRajah, ane chiremera chikuru kupfuura icho chavakuru vamapurovhinzi.
Zvisinei, mushure mekupindira kweAryan, simba rakapfuura kuti rigare muvarwi, kusvikira vaprista vakwanisa kutora kutonga, vachiisa chitendero cheBrahmanical uye sangano rakakamurwa kuva mapoka akavharwa eBrahmins neShahriar, mune izvi kureva, yakanga iri hurongwa. zvemakirasi emhuri, zvechitendero, izvo maererano nedzinza zvaive nesimba.
Naizvozvo, hutungamiri hwesimba mutsika yechiHindu hwaisanganisira mambo, somutongi mukuru; vabrahmin, avo vakanga vari rutivi rweboka ravaprista, vaiita ruramisiro uye vakaisa mitemo inonzi dharma, ine nheyo dzainongedzera kukuchena kwomudzimu kana kuti kusvibiswa; uye vanhu vepamusoro-soro, vakaumbwa nevakuru vakuru vaiva neminda mikuru.
Sangano rezvematongerwo enyika reIndia nhasi
Kutevera rusununguko kubva kuBritish muna 1947, nyika yakakamurwa kuita nyika mbiri: India nePakistan, kunyangwe pakutanga nyika dzese dzaive naMambo weGreat Britain semukuru wenyika.
Makore matatu gare gare Bumbiro idzva rakatanga kushanda, zvichibva pahurongwa hwemubatanidzwa hunotsanangurwa sehutongi hwegutsaruzhinji, hwegutsaruzhinji uye hwepasirese, hunopa sarudzo dzakasununguka uye kumiririrwa kwakaenzana.
Parizvino, sangano rezvematongerwo enyika reIndia rinoumbwa nemasimba ekutonga anoumbwa nemutungamiri wenyika, anosarudzwa makore mashanu oga oga nemaassemblies ehurumende neparamende yenyika, asi ari chiremera chekufananidzira chine simba shoma; Mutungamiriri wehurumende, uyo ari kutungamira, uye pakupedzisira, Kanzuru yeMakurukota.
Sezvataona, sangano rezvamatongerwe enyika reIndia, rave riri pasi pechitendero, nhasi rinofarikanya rusununguko rwakazara, zvisinei, gadziriro yekare yeboka, iyo yakawedzera nokudzorwa kweBritain, uye ingadai yakapedzwa norusununguko, inopfuurira kuva inoshanda mukukumbira hurumende.