Ziva maitiro eOlmec Tsika

Tsika yeOlmec inoonekwa seamai veMesoamerican civilizations uye inomiririra mumwe wevanhu vekare vakawedzera nekutora nzvimbo idzi kweanopfuura zviuru zvitatu zvemakore. Kana iwe uchida kuziva zvakawanda nezve Hunhu hweOlmec Tsika, tinokukoka kuti ugare uchinakidzwa nebhuku iri. Usazvipotsa!

ZVINHU EZVAKAITIKA YEOLMEC

Mavambo uye Hunhu hweOlmec Tsika

Tsika yeOlmec ndeimwe yekare budiriro, inoumbwa nenzvimbo yakakura yeMesoamerican. Kubudirira kwayo munharaunda iyi kwakaitika pakati pe1200 ne1400 BC, zvisinei; mavambo emadzinza enhengo dzawo ari kusvika iyezvino chakavanzika chakakwana, hazvina chokwadi kuti vakazvidaidza sei kana kuzvidaidza uye nekudyidzana kwavo chaiko munyika ino, nekuti ishoma ruzivo rwakanga rwakachengetedzwa pakati penhengo dzavo. uye tsvakurudzo kunyika yazvino.

Kutaura kweOlmec kwakagamuchirwa nevatsvakurudzi vakasiyana-siyana vezvokuchera matongo muzana remakore rechiXNUMX, kuitira kuti varatidze zviratidzo zvetsika yekare iyi, uye mumutauro weNahuatl unogona kushandurwa se "vanhu vanobva kunyika yerabha kana rubber". Kana paine chinhu chinosiyanisa Olmec nzanga, ndiko kuomarara kwayo kukuru, kunoonekwa kwete chete mune zvinoshamisa zvisikwa zvetsika senge yakakurumbira misoro mikuru, maatari, uye zvinhu zvejade, asiwo mukukwanisa kwayo kupfuura nharaunda yayo yekutanga uye kuva wekutanga muMesoamerican. tsika..

Kunyangwe zvichizivikanwa kuti, nekuda kwehunhu hwakawanda hwetsika yeOlmec yakachengetwa pakati pemapoka eMesoamerican ekupedzisira, inoonekwa se "tsika yaamai", chokwadi ndechekuti kubudirira kwayo kunofanirwa kuonekwa semhedzisiro yekushanduka-shanduka. budiriro. Ngazvive zvakadaro, maOlmec ane nzvimbo yakakosha munhoroondo yeMesoamerican, uye sangano ravo rezvematongerwo enyika uye maonero enyika zvakasvika pakuoma kusati kwamboitika kusvikira panguva iyoyo.

Kubva pakuoma uku kunomuka kwakati wandei kwetsika nemagariro izvo kubva zvino zvichienda mberi uye kusvika kukundwa kweSpanish kuchatsanangura ese pre-Hispanic societies; Pakati pehunhu hweOlmec tsika tine:

  • Kuvakwa kwezvivakwa zvemhemberero zviri maererano nehurongwa hwakanyatsotsanangurwa.
  • Misoro mikuru inorema matani.
  • Polytheism muchitendero chavo, ine zvimwe zvakafanana nengano dzakazotevera dzakadai seMayan kana Aztec.

ZVINHU EZVAKAITIKA YEOLMEC

  • Zvekurima nekubata hove aive masanhu ehupfumi hwayo uye kutengeserana nevamwe vanhu.
  • Kuitwa kwechinyakare kwetsika dzakadai semutambo webhora, kuvandudzwa kwekarenda uye maitiro ayo ekunyora.
  • Kugara kwehurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika hwaive hweubati ushe hwaMwari, uye mumagariro chikamu pakati pemapoka maviri: epamusoro neakaderera.

Nzvimbo 

Tsika dzeOlmec dzakatangira kumaodzanyemba kwemahombekombe eGulf of Mexico, iyo parizvino ine chekuita nematunhu eVeracruz neTabasco. Iine makiromita angangoita 125 kureba uye makiromita makumi mashanu yakafara, yaive munzvimbo dzakaita se:

  • San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan
  • Lagoon of the Hills
  • mazana matatu
  • The sale

Kuzopedzisira nekukunda kubva kumadokero mumakomo eTuxtlas kuenda kumabvazuva nebani reChontalpa.

Olmec maguta

Kubudirira kweOlmecs pakutanga kwaive nekuda kwekushandiswa kwenyika dzinobereka pamhenderekedzo yeGulf yeMexico. Kuma 1200 BC C. Matenhu akakosha emudhorobha akavakwa mu:

ZVINHU EZVAKAITIKA YEOLMEC

  • San Lorenzo (mukuru),
  • La Venta, iyo Laguna de los Cerros,
  • Vatatu Zapotes uye;
  • Marimu.

San Lorenzo yakasvika pakakwirira peapogee uye pesvedzero pakati pe1200 ne900 a. C. apo nzvimbo yayo yakanaka uye chengetedzo pamafashamo yakaibvumira kudzora kutengeserana kwenzvimbo; uye pane humbowo hwekuti San Lorenzo kutenderedza 900 a. C. yakatambura nedebacle yakarongeka, nepo La Venta yakatanga kubudirira mukuwirirana, ikava guta guru uye iine huwandu hwevanhu ve18.000. Idzi nharaunda nhatu zvakare dzaive nekudyidzana kwenyika mbiri mukuronga kwavo, uye muLa Venta piramidhi yekutanga muMesoamerica yakavakwa.

Chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kushamisa dhizaini yakarongwa yenzvimbo dzechitendero dzemataundi aya, semuenzaniso, muLa Venta zvivakwa zvinowanikwa zvakaenzanirana pamwe neakisi yekuchamhembe-maodzanyemba ine misoro mina inokura yakatendeudzirwa kunze kunzvimbo dzakakosha; sekunge ndivo vachengeti vepacomplex.

Ichiteverwa nepiramidhi hombe yakatsikwa (yava murwi), nzvimbo yakanyura yakakomberedzwa nembiru dzebasalt-mamita-mamita, uye mapiramidhi maviri madiki, ndezvimwe zvezvinhu zvaizoteererwa nenzvimbo huru dzechinyakare cheMesoamerican icho. vakanyatsobatanidza zvivakwa zvavo. Vese La Venta neSan Lorenzo vakatambura kuparadzwa kwakarongeka uye nemaune kwezviyeuchidzo zvavo, pamwe pakati pe400 ne300 BC. c.

Chitendero 

Sezvimwe chikamu chemaitiro etsika yeOlmec, ruzivo rwechitendero chavo runoramba rusina chokwadi; asi nokuvapo kwoufakazi hwekare, kunobvira kuvaka mamwe mativi anokosha zvikuru orudzidziso rwavo.

MaOlmec anoita kunge akafunga ruremekedzo rwakakosha kune nzvimbo dzakakomberedzwa nezvisikwa zvakabatana nedenga, pasi uye nepasi. Semuenzaniso weizvi aive mapako, ayo neimwe nzira aigona kutungamirira kune ivhu uye zvikomo zvaive nematsime emvura, achipa musuwo wekupinda munzvimbo nhatu dzisinganzwisisike. Pakati pezvikomo zvakakosha zveOlmecs ndezvi: El Manatí, Chalcatzingo uye Oxtotlitán.

Hapana ruzivo rwezvinomiririra uye mazita evamwari vainamatwa neOlmec, asi zvinozivikanwa kuti zvakawanda zvaimiririra zviitiko zvemusikirwo zvakaita semvura uye chibage; Nechikonzero ichi, vamwari vanozivikanwa muOlmec hunyanzvi kutaura vanozivikanwa nenhamba panzvimbo pezita.

Saizvozvowo, zvinozivikanwa kuti maOlmecs akapa chirevo chakakosha kumhuka dziri munzvimbo yechisikigo, kunyanya kune zvikara mucheni yechikafu senge jaguar, makondo, alligators, nyoka uye kunyange shark; vachivaita kuti vave nevanhu vaMwari uye zvichida vachidavira kuti vatongi vane simba zvikuru vanogona kuva vanhu vakadaro.

Pamusoro pezvo, vakakwezvwawo pakusanganisa mhuka kuti dzigadzire zvisikwa zvisinganzwisisike uye zvinoshamisa senge were-jaguar, muchinjiko pakati pemarudzi maviri angave anga ari mwari wavo mukuru. Isu tinoziva zvakare kuti vainamata dhiragoni uye vakatenda mune zvidiki zvidiki zvakasimudza denga, pamwe zvichimiririra mana emakadhinari ayo, sevamwe vamwari veOlmec, aive akakosha zvakanyanya kune akazotevera Mesoamerican zvitendero.

Economy 

Hupfumi hwaive humwe hwehunhu hwakakosha hwetsika yeOlmec, hwaive hwakavakirwa pakurima kwainyanya kushanda pazvirimwa zvezvigadzirwa zvakaita sechibage nebhinzi izvo zvaiwanzodyarwa nekukohwewa mumwaka miviri yegore; Vakadyarawo manhanga, magwavha nesapodilla.

Vakaunganidzawo zviwanikwa zvakawanda zvemudunhu iri zvakaita semiti, nzungu, kunyange zvipenyu zvemugungwa zvakaita sekamba nembambaira. Nenzira imwecheteyo, zvigadzirwa zvakajairwa senge obsidian, jade, serpentine, mica, rabha, ceramics, minhenga uye yakakwenenzverwa ilmenite uye magineti magirazi aivepo mune ino budiriro. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti zvigadzirwa zvayo zvese, pasina kusarudzika, zvakazotengeswa kumaguta akavakidzana.

ZVINHU EZVAKAITIKA YEOLMEC

Mutauro 

Kunyangwe zvisingazivikanwi chaizvo, vanyori vezvakaitika kare vanotenda kuti mutauro wacho waiva madzitateguru kutsika yeOlmec uye yakabva kuMixe-Zoque mutsara. Panyaya yemutauro, ivo vaifungidzirwawo kuti ndivo vakanyanya budiriro yeMesoamerican society.

Kunyora

MaOlmecs anogona kunge ari ekutanga budiriro yekuMadokero kugadzira nzira yekunyora; izvi zvakawanikwa muSan Andrés de Tabasco 2002 uye muSan Lorenzo 2006, pachayo yaive inomiririra zviratidzo izvo maOlmecs akatsanangura munharaunda yenguva 650 uye 900 BC. C. kare kusati kwanyorwa kwekutanga kwetsika dzeZapotec dzegore ra500 a. c.

Iyo 2002 yakawanikwa panzvimbo yekuchera matongo yeSan Andrés de Tabasco inoratidza shiri uye zviratidzo zvakafanana neyakazotevera Mayan hieroglyphs. Saizvozvo, zvakaitika mune inozivikanwa Cascajal Block, iyo yakawanikwa padyo nenzvimbo yeSan Lorenzo muna 2006 uye inopa muunganidzwa wezviratidzo makumi matanhatu nembiri, makumi maviri nemasere ayo akasiyana uye akanyorwa pane serpentine block.

Nhamba huru yevanotungamira vanochera matongo vakafunga kuwanikwa uku se "chinyorwa chekare-pre-Columbian". Vamwe vanoramba vasina chokwadi pamusoro pechikonzero chekusiyana kwebwe iri, iro riri kubviswa kubva mune ino yezvokuchera matongo mamiriro ezvinhu, sezvo isina kufanana kwakajeka kune imwe nzira yekunyora yeMesoamerican.

Kune zvakare zviratidzo zveOlmec zvinozivikanwa seEpi-Olmec; kunyange zvazvo vatsvakurudzi vakawanda vezvokuchera matongo vane pfungwa yokuti chinyorwa cheEpi-Olmec chinogona kufananidzira chinyorwa chinopfuura pakati peOlmec, iyo yekare, uye Mayan; zvisinei, maonero aya haabvumirwi nevose vakadzidza tsika iyi.

Sangano remagariro nezvematongerwo enyika 

Pane ruzivo rushoma rwakananga nezvesangano remagariro nezvematongerwo enyika reOlmecs; zvisinei, nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinofungidzira kuti misoro mikuru uye zvimwe zvakavezwa zvinomiririra vatongi vavo, mutsika iyi hapana chinhu chakadai sechibwe cheMayan panodudzwa mazita evatongi vavo chaivo uye nemazuva avaitonga.

Kunyange zvazvo sangano reOlmec, kufanana nedzimwe tsika dzepamberi peColumbian muMesoamerica, dzinogona kunge dzakatungamirirwa neboka rinoratidzwa nehukuru hwakadai sehupirisita hunorwisana (hurumende yehurumende), avo vakachengetedza simba ravo zvichienderana nemirairo yaMwari yevamwari vavo.

unyanzvi

Art ndeimwe yeakanyanya kudarika maitiro eOlmec tsika, ine zvinhu zvakawanda zvichiri kuongororwa; asi zvinoshamisa zvikuru kuratidzwa kwakakosha kwehunyanzvi hwake ndeaya anozivikanwa zvikuru Olmec misoro mikuru, iri muenzaniso wezvivezwa zvakakura uye rimwe remabasa ake akanakisa ehunyanzvi. Zvinotendwa kuti izvi zvinomiririra varwi kana vatungamiriri, parizvino 17 mienzaniso inozivikanwa, iyo yese yakagoverwa pakati peXalapa Museum yeAnthropology neLa Venta Museum Park.

Chinhu chinonakidza chemisoro mikuru iyi kutaridzika kwakasiyana kwezvinhu zvemuAfrica, izvo zvakakonzera kufungidzira kwakasiyana. Imwe dzidziso yakarambwa gare gare yakatsanangurwa, ichiratidza nzira dzeinterceanic munguva dzekare.

Misoro mipfumbamwe yekutanga yakawanikwa yaive muSan Lorenzo iyo yakazotamiswa kuLa Venta, kwavakavigwa; kunodavirwa kuti vaigona kufananidzira misoro yemhandu, nokudaro kuvigwa, kana kuti misoro inovigwa pavakafa. Pamusoro pezvo, pane chitendero chekuti vaigona kunge vakanakisa maficha emhuka uye nekuda kweichi chikonzero vane chitarisiko ichi.

Pamusoro pezvo, pane pfungwa yekuti ava vanomiririra varwi kwete vamwari, nekuda kwengowani dzavanopfeka. Kurongeka kwayo kwakaitwa nebasalt yakaunzwa kubva kure kure, inorema matani akati wandei uye kuyera kusvika pamamita matatu nemana kureba, uye yakawanikwa mune zvinotevera zvakasara:

  • San Lorenzo: 10 mikuru misoro
  • Kutengeswa: 4 misoro mikuru
  • Tres Zapotes: 2 misoro mikuru
  • Rancho La Corbata: 1 musoro wakakura

MaOlmec akagadzira zvimwe zvivezwa zvakaita seizvo zvinomiririra murwi weOlmec, izvo zvinoratidza munhu ane ndebvu nemakumbo ake ese akachinjika, izvo zvinomupa chimiro chakasiyana chechokwadi mune ese pre-Hispanic art. Kunewo mamwe mabasa anokosha akadai sejadeite dwarf kana ishe wemafaira; chivezwa chekupedzisira ichi chinotakura mumaoko mwana uyo anotendwa kuti ndimwari, ane chimiro chemurume jaguar anonzi "mwana kumeso", uye pamwe anomiririra kuzvarwa kwamwari wejaguar.

Pane imwezve chimiro chezvivezwa mumiyevedzo iyo iri trapezoidal blocks, ine zvisinganzwisisike mumativi uye buri panobva pabuda mufananidzo weshato kana muromo wejaguar, pamwe zvichiratidza kusikwa kwamwari. Munzvimbo imwe chete, zvinhu zveceramic, nhamba uye zvimedu zveceramic zvakawanikwa zvichifambidzana kubva panguva yezvinomera pakati pe1500 ne1150 BC.

Ceramics ndiyo tsika yehurombo, kazhinji monochromatic uye isina yakakura siyana typologies; Izvo zvinogadzirwa mumatema uye pasina chero rudzi rwekushongedza. Kunenge panguva imwe chete iyi, kushandiswa kwebasalt uye obsidian kwakatanga kukwezva kutarisa; Uyezve, kushandiswa kwequartz, pyrite uye matombo ose akaoma anomira kunze, pamwe nekushandiswa kwejade inoshandiswa kugadzira masikisi ekuviga.

Basic architecture yeOlmec civilization

MuMesoamerica madziro ese uye kunyanya muGulf, aisanganisira musimboti wezvimedu zvematombo kana kuzadza zvakakomberedzwa nemadziro anochengetedza, matanda akasimba estucco aiwanzovhara madziro aya, ayo akazoshongedzwa nemifananidzo, zvivezwa kana stucco.

Zvose zvezvivakwa zvezvivakwa izvi zvakagadzirirwa semashure emitambo uye zvakashongedzwa zvakashongedzwa, muhuwandu hwayo zvivakwa zvechitendero uye zvemitambo zvakavambwa uko kufora uye kuratidzwa kunoshamisa kwechitendero kuburikidza nekuvakwa kwemapiramidhi, nhandare dzekutamba uye matare ebhora sezvinangwa zvekutanga.

Olmec Astrology

Iyi inoshamisa uye inoshingaira budiriro yaive neruzivo rwakadzama rwekuongorora nyeredzi, izvo zvaive zvakakosha kune gwara rekurima uye nemimwe misoro yakakosha kune iyi tsika. Ava vakanga vakangwara zvikuru uye vane tsika, vakadzidza kutarisa denga uye neizvi vakakwanisa kugadzira karenda chaiyo yaitarisa nguva yegore, mwedzi wemwedzi, kutenderera kwekurima uye mazuva emitambo yechitendero yavaiita. Kubva pane izvi vakatonga zvinenge zvese zvakavapoteredza. Vakachengeta basa ravo kuburikidza nemapoka enyeredzi.

Kupera kweOlmecs

Vanochera matongo vachiri kuunganidza zviratidzo zvinoburitsa chakavanzika chezvakakonzera kuderera kwebudiriro iyi ine simba uye inoshamisa, ingangove yaive musanganiswa wekuchinja kwechisikigo kwezvakatipoteredza uye zviito zvevanhu zvakakonzera kurasikirwa kwekutanga kwetsika iyi. Kurasikirwa kunosuruvarisa kwenhoroondo yeOlmecs.

Pane nyaya dzisingaverengeki dzekubata nazvo maererano nekudzikira kwayo, izvo kuburikidza nezvazvino zvawanikwa zvakaedza kutsanangura kupera kwebudiriro iyi. Zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti kuti vave vanhu vakangwara zvakadaro munguva dzekare, kunyangarika kwavo kunoratidza zvikonzero zvisati zvajekeswa.

MaOlmec aivimba nezvirimwa zvishoma kuti vawane chekurarama nacho, kusanganisira chibage, squash, uye mbatatisi. Kunyange zvazvo vachidya kudya kunovaka muviri nechikafu chishoma ichi, chokwadi chekuti vane zvakawanda chinoita kuti vapinde munjodzi yekusanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Semuenzaniso, kuputika kwegomo kunogona kuvhara dunhu nemadota kana kushandura mafambiro erwizi: njodzi ingadai yakave yakaipisisa kune Olmecs; Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kushoma sekusanaya kwemvura kunogona kukanganisa zvakanyanya zvirimwa zvaunofarira.

Zviito zvevanhu zvichida zvakaita basa rinokosha se: hondo pakati peOlmec yeLa Venta uye imwe yemarudzi akawanda emunharaunda inogona kunge yakakonzera kuparara kwevanhu; kurwisana kunogonawo kuitika. Zvimwe zviito zvevanhu, sekurima kana kuparadzwa kwemasango ekurima, zvinogona kunge zvakakanganisa kugarika kwenharaunda iyi.

Yakave yakasimbiswa kuti matambudziko pakati pavo uye zvichida kurwiswa kwakasimba kwakagamuchirwa nehondo, iyo chaiyo, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, yakavatungamirira mukuderera nekufamba kwenguva. Pane zvimiro zvebudiriro iyi zvakaita kuti zvikwanise kuongorora shanduko dzakaitika mumvura nekudyarwa kwavo, nekuti zvinozivikanwa, kuti mune mamwe maguta, zvakave zvisingaite kugara, izvo zvimwe zvakaita kuti vaende kune dzimwe nyika, zvichikonzera kufa mune mamwe maguta. munzira, izvo zvaive zvakakosha mukuchengeta budiriro iri pamberi.

Zvinotarisirwa kuti nezvitsva zvitsva, zvichabvira kubvisa kusava nechokwadi kwakavakirwa pane dzimwe mhedziso dzakatungamirira iyi budiriro yakakosha kurasika nekufamba kwenguva.

Kana iwe wakawana chinyorwa ichi chinonakidza nezve akasiyana Zviratidzo yeOlmec Tsika, tinokukoka iwe kuti unakirwe neaya mamwe malink anozonyatso kufadza kwauri:


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