Izwi rekuti "mhando" richireva hunyanzvi rinoshanduka kuita nharo nekuti hazvisi nyore kushandisa hunhu uhu nechiyero chakasimba kumabasa eunyanzvi uye kune nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinofunga nezve dialectic pamusoro penyaya iyi. Kubva kuGreece yekare, vazivi vakagadzira zvisingaverengeki zviratidziro zveaesthetics uye kusvika kunguva dzazvino, nzira dzinoverengeka dzakabuda maererano nezvinorehwa nemhando yehunyanzvi.
Saka, kupindura zvinogutsa mubvunzo we "quality inorevei mune art?" Muchinyorwa chino tichatora rwendo rupfupi rwePhilosofi uye Nhoroondo yeArt uye isu tichaongorora bhuku remareferensi nenyanzvi mundima: "chii chinonzi quality mune art?" naAlejandro Vergara Sharp.
Hunhu hunorevei mune unyanzvi?
Pfungwa yemhando kana tichitaura nezve art yagara iri nyaya inopararira uye shoma yakajekeswa kubva ipapo zvakaoma kutara miganhu kana zvasvika pakuronga basa serakanaka kana rakaipa. Iko kukakavara kunomuka kubva kune subjective overtones inogona kuitika mukuyerwa kwemabasa ehunyanzvi, pamwe nekusarura kana kusava neruzivo rwakasimba mune izvi.
Naizvozvo, kukosha kwekutonga kunoshanduka kuve kwakabatana uye ndipo panopindira Vergara mubasa rake. "chii chinonzi quality in art?", umo iye anotaura sepokutangira kugadzirisa nyaya iyi kuti ruzivo rwakanyatsorongeka rwenhoroondo yeunyanzvi hunotipa humbowo hunotibatsira kukudziridza nharo pamusoro pehutano muunyanzvi hunoenda kure nekungozviisa pasi.
Inokoka kufungisisa nekuita tsvakiridzo munhoroondo yese yehunyanzvi umo -mune yakasarudzika dhizaini yeSocratic- inoburitsa zvinhu zvinobatsira kujekesa izwi remhando mune art.
Kutsanangura art uye aesthetics
Kupindura mubvunzo wakaoma wekuti "hunhu hunorevei mune art?" Zvichave zvakafanira kutanga kunzwisisa kuti chii chinonzi art, kuti gare gare kuongorora kunaka kwayo.
Hazvina kuoma pane zviri pamusoro apa kutsanangura zvinorehwa nehunyanzvi. Kant akazviratidza mubasa rake "Kutsoropodza kweKutonga" , que art inomuka kuburikidza nekuratidzwa kwakarongeka kwekunzwa kwakachena uye izvo zvinoguma nebasa ratinoronga serakanaka. Izvi zvinomuka Aesthetics (kubva muchiGiriki "aishtetike": sensation kana maonero), bazi rechidiki rehuzivi rine chinangwa chekudzidza kwechinhu uye maonero erunako. Dzidza hunyanzvi nehunhu hwayo uye kusiyanisa iyo yakanaka kana yakaderera kubva kune yakashata kana dissonant.
Nekudaro, nhasi hapana tsananguro yakajeka yekuti chii chinonzi art uye kunyangwe ruzivo rwakakura rwuripo maererano neaesthetics nehunyanzvi hwayo, nzira uye masosi, hapana kubvumirana, izvo zvinotsanangura kuti kuenda nhanho imwe mberi uko - kuongorora hunhu hwayo - inova yakaoma zvikuru. .
Kuongorora mhando muunyanzvi naAlejandro Vergara Sharp
Alejandro Vergara Sharp ndiChiremba muArt History kubva kuNew York University uye mukuru wekuchengetedzwa kweFlemish pendi neNorthern Schools kuPrado Museum (Madrid) kwaakange atungamira kuratidzwa kwakawanda. Akadzidzisa Art History muNew York, San Diego (California) uye Madrid. Ndiye munyori wezvinyorwa zvakawanda zvakatsaurirwa kuFlemish pendi, mufananidzo waRubens uye hunyanzvi hwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX. Uye mubasa rake richangoburwa "Chii chinonzi quality in art" (2022) anoita ongororo yepfungwa yemhando muunyanzvi maanotsvaga mune zvehuzivi uye zvekunaka nyaya kuyedza kujekesa iyi pfungwa isinganzwisisike.
Uchishandisa nzira yeSocratic, iri a chinyorwa chakazara nemibvunzo kupfuura mhinduro, umo, kuburikidza nemibvunzo, anokumbira mutauriri kuti aratidze kuitira kuti asvike-kana zvichibvira- pane imwe mhinduro inogutsa. Mupfungwa iyi munyori anoti: “Hazvigoneke kuti mapeji aya anokwanisa kuzvitsanangura nenzira inogutsa. Pasinei neizvi, kuedza kuzvinzwisisa kunobatsira.”
Shoko rokuti "hunhu" rinorevei chaizvo? "Hunhu" rinofanana nezvakanaka, waita zvakanaka kana pedyo nekukwana. Izvo zvakare zvine hukama kune izvo zvinofadza kufungisisa nezve runako rwayo, nenzira imwechete iyo yakabatanidzwa kune yakanakisa kana elitist. Saka, zvinorevei unhu mune unyanzvi? Mumitsetse inotevera tichaita ongororo neruoko rwenyanzvi yedu nhamba yereferensi.
Munyori anotanga nekutaura kupararira kweizwi raanoedza kutsanangura kuti "Chero chine chekuita nekugona, kuita kwakanaka kana kugona kwehunyanzvi, asi zvakare nezvinotinyengedza nekutifambisa". Basa rinoenderera mberi nekutaura kuverenga kwakasiyana-siyana, mabasa, nhaurirano dzemhuri uye fungidziro dzemunhu pamusoro peiyo pfungwa, saka inyaya yemunhu oga iyo isingaudzwe sechinyorwa chehunyanzvi chakafanana nachiremba uyo ari Vergara.
Iko kungoyedza kutsanangura zvakadzama izvo munyori - semupepeti weEuropean pendi- anoedza kugovera nezve zvinoreva zvemhando muhunyanzvi. Pane imwe nguva munyori anosimbisa kuti mushure meimwe yemabasa ake akatanga kufunga nezvezvikonzero zvinoita kuti mamuseum abudise mamwe mabasa kwete mamwe: "Ndakabva ndatanga kufunga nezvezvikonzero nei tichiratidza mamwe mabasa mumamyuziyamu uye kwete mamwe".
Basa rake rakakamurwa kuva Zvikamu zviviri:
- El ndima yekutanga Ndezvehuzivi uye dzidziso. Anosimudza zvitarisiko zvake, mibvunzo isina kupindurwa uye zvinonetsa achitsvaga mhinduro mukuratidzira kwevamwe vanyori. Inoreva kuzviisa pasi kwezwi uye kuoma kwemuviri kuyera kunaka, sezvo chiri hunhu kana kuti hunhu, hachiyereki sehukuru hwemuviri.
- El ndima yechipiri inonyanya kushanda, inotora kutenderera kwese kupendiwa kweEurope kubva kuXNUMXth kusvika kuXNUMXth century (nguva iyo munyori anehunyanzvi). Apa ndipo paanowana mhinduro dzinogutsa, sezvo pfungwa yemhando panguva iyoyo yakanyatsotsanangurwa, nekuda kwevanyori vakaita saAlberti, Pliny Mukuru kana Cennino Cennini. Panguva iyoyo maartist aive pachena kuti basa rakanaka raifanira kutsinhirana pakati pechiyero norunako, panguva imwe chete seyechokwadi uye ichipfuura miganhu yekupenda pachayo, yakafanana neyekare. Nemaitiro aya, zviri nyore kusiyanisa pakati pemabasa emhando yepamusoro uye ayo asina kukosha kushoma, iyo yaanopa mimwe mienzaniso: imwe yacho inoreva tsamba kubva kuna Dürer kune mutengesi Jacob Heller muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX. izvo munyori anobvuma kuti "Ndaigona kupenda mifananidzo yakajairika ndokuwana mari yakawanda nayo kupfuura mamwe mabasa anonetsa zvikuru”. Mumwe muenzaniso naGoya, uyo sezviri pachena akabvunzwa nemumwe wevatengi vake muna 1805 kune shamwari yakewo kuti mupendi aite mufananidzo wake. “sezvaanoita kana achida”.
Mhedziso dzinogona kutorwa mushure meongororo yakaitwa nemunyori dzakawanda. Chekutanga ndechekuti ruzivo rwenhoroondo yehunyanzvi inopa nzira yechinangwa kune iyo pfungwa ye "mhando". Chechipiri icho "kuwedzeredza nzira yacho kunogona kuunza pfungwa yakarerekera yekupenda, nekurerutsa kukosha kwehumwe hunhu". Uye muchidimbu, izvozvo Kana zvasvika pakukodzera kunaka kwebasa, zvese zviri zviviri chinangwa (chinoyerwa) maitiro uye subjective maitiro ayo dzimwe nguva asingatsananguriki anobatanidzwa. (ndicho chakavanzika chikuru).
Uye chekupedzisira asi chisiri chidiki, kutaura chidzidzo mukuzvininipisa chinoumba chinyorwa ichi umo kuziva kunowanikwa kuti, mundima yehunyanzvi, ruzivo rwakadzama uye rwehunyanzvi haruitigonese nguva dzose kupa mhinduro kune zvinorehwa nemhando. mune art.