Chokwadi wakambonzwa nezve ecosystem uye kukosha kwazvinazvo kupasi. Asi waiziva here kuti kune mapoka akasiyana-siyana avo? Hongu ndozvazvinoita. Kuti akubvise pakupokana tichazotaura pamusoro pemhando dzakasiyana dzeecosystems dziripo, achipa mumwe muenzaniso.
Kana uchifarira nyaya yacho, ndinokurudzira kuti urambe uchiverenga. Tichadzidza kusiyanisa marudzi akasiyana eecosystems maererano nemamiriro ayo chaiwo uye maererano nekwaakabva, zvikamu zviviri zvakakosha zvakasiyana.
Mangani ecosystems?
Kana tichitaura nezve ecosystem, tinotaura nezveseti yezvisikwa zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana uye nharaunda yazvinowanikwa. Iyo inonyanya kuvhurika uye ine simba sisitimu umo zvipenyu zvakasiyana zvinodyidzana munzvimbo yakapihwa yemuviri. Izvi zvine zvimwe zvemamiriro ekunze uye mamiriro enzvimbo akafanana nemamwe ecosystems emhando imwe chete.
Kune akawanda ecosystems semhoteredzo papasi rino. Nekudaro, isu tinogona kuaisa mumapoka maviri makuru, umo mune akati wandei akakosha mapoka:
- Ecosystems zvinoenderana nekwavanogara: Yepasi, yemvura, yegungwa uye yakasanganiswa.
- Ecosystems zvinoenderana nekwaakabva: Artificial uye zvakasikwa.
Ecosystems: Mhando zvinoenderana nekwavanogara
Zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti ecosystems inokura parudzi rwe substrate kana nharaunda yemuviri. Naizvozvo, ichi ndicho chinogadzirisa maruva nemhuka zvinogona kugara muhurongwa uhu. Naizvozvo tinogona kutaura kuti nharaunda yemuviri ine basa rekupa mamiriro uye, nekudaro, rudzi rwezvipenyu zvinogona kurarama mune iyo ecosystem.
Sezvatakambotaura kare, imwe yemhando huru inogona kugadzirwa yemaseti aya zvinoenderana nekwavanogara. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvepasi, zvemumvura, zvemugungwa uye zvakasanganiswa zvipenyu. Tevere tichataura pamusoro pemhando idzi dzeecosystems dzakaita sei.
Zvisikwa zvepasi
Ngatitangei neakanyanya kuongororwa uye anozivikanwa kupfuura ese: Yepasi. Sezvinoratidzwa nezita racho, Zvinotora nzvimbo pamusoro pePasi zvisinei nenzvimbo (dombo, jecha, chando kana ivhu rakajairwa). Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti zvinomera zvatinogona kuwana mumapoka aya ndizvo zvakasiyana-siyana uye zvakawanda. Mukati menzvimbo dzepasi tinokwanisawo kusiyanisa marudzi akasiyana:
- Alpine kana makomo ecosystems: Ndidzo dziri pamusoro pegomo umo miti isingachakuri. Mienzaniso mishoma yeiyi seti ingave makomo eAndes, ari pakakwirira 3500 metres, uye Himalayas, anopfuura 6000 metres.
- Xerophytic scrub: Muzvirongwa izvi zvinonyanya kunakidza, shrubs uye magueyes munzvimbo dzakaoma. Muenzaniso weizvi ungave dunhu reCataviña, rinova chikamu cheBaja California.
- Masango kana masango anopisa: Dzinowanikwa uko kune mvura yakawanda uye tembiricha iri pamusoro pe24 degrees mukati menguva zhinji yegore. Pakati pavo pane Los Tuxtlas muVeracruz uye sango reLacandona muChiapas.
- Desert ecosystems: Pane izvi zvinomira pamusoro pezvinomera zvaro zvidiki uye kuoma kwayo. Mimwe mienzaniso ingave magwenga eSonoran neChihuahuan eMexico.
Zvipenyu zvemumvura
Kunze kwezvipenyu zvepanyika, isu tinewo zvemumvura (uye zvemugungwa, izvo zvisingafanirwe kuvhiringwa). Izvi zvinokura mumadziva, hova nenzizi dzine mvura yakachena. Vanopa kusiyana kukuru kwemaruva nemhuka, izvo zvinosiyana zvichienderana nerudzi rwenzvimbo:
- Lagos: Imhando yedhamu remvura yakachena rinowanikwa pamusoro peNyika.
- Nzizi: Iwo ndiwo makosi emvura yakachena. Izvi zvinoyerera kubva kumatunhu akakwirira kuenda kunzvimbo dzakaderera.
Zvisikwa zvegungwa
Ukuwo isu tine marine system ayo Dzinokura mumvura ine munyu, kureva mumakungwa nomumakungwa. Mavari tinogona kuwana maruva nemhuka zvakanyanya kuenderana nemamiriro akapihwa nerudzi urwu rwenzvimbo. Marine ndiwo makuru ecosystems papasi redu uye anogona zvakare kukamurwa kuita mapoka akati wandei:
- Coral reef: Iwo rudzi rwechimiro chakagadzirwa neasina vertebrates anonzi makorari. Kudyidzana kwakasiyana-siyana pakati pemakorari, algae, crustaceans, hove uye kunyange ma dolphin, pakati pezvimwe zvipenyu zvakawanda, zvinoitika mazviri.
- Macroalgae Forests: Mugungwa rakadzika unogona kuwana masango akasiyana-siyana akaumbwa nealgae. Iwaya anoshanda soutiziro nokuda kwezvizhinji zvemhuka dzomugungwa uyewo sezvokudya.
- gungwa rakashama: Sezvo makungwa akafukidza chikamu chikuru chePasi, saka chinodaidzwa kuti "blue planet", hazvishamise kuti kune hukuru hwakasiyana hwezvose abiotic uye biotic zvikamu. Izvi zvinoenderana zvakanyanya nekudzika kwemvura uye latitude.
Yakasanganiswa ecosystems
Sezvinoratidzwa nezita ravo, zvakasanganiswa zvipenyu iwo musanganiswa wemasvikiro maviri kana matatu akasiyana. Naizvozvo, tinogona kusiyanisa zvinotevera:
- Zvepasi-aquatic ecosystems: Inogadzirwa munzvimbo idzo nzizi dzinozadza nyika. Vangave, semuenzaniso, machakwi nemadhamu.
- Marine-terrestrial ecosystems: Anowanikwa munzvimbo dzine matombo umo mafungu anoyerera achiyerera.
- Marine-aquatic-terrestrial ecosystems: Dzinoumba pamuromo wenzizi, panosangana mvura yegungwa nerwizi.
Ecosystems: Mhando zvinoenderana nekwadzinobva
Kana tichiisa mumapoka ecosystem maererano nekwaakabva, tinogona kusiyanisa natural neayo ekugadzira. Ekutanga ndeaya atovepo ega, asi kupindira kwevanhu kunogona kuzvishandura. Izvi zvinosanganisira masango anogara achinaya mvura, magwenga, xerophytic shrublands, coral reef, machakwi, estuaries, uye polar nzvimbo.
Ukuwo, isu tine artificial ecosystems. Izvi zvakavakwa nevanhu uye, kazhinji, zvakashandura zvisikwa zvagara zviripo. Kuve seti dzakagadzirwa nesu, dzinogona kuwanikwa pasi rese uye dzakasiyana siyana. Mamwe eiyi ecosystem ecosystem angave, semuenzaniso, magadheni ebhodhoro, masisitimu ekurima, mapaki ekuvaraidza, magreenhouse uye minda yemasango, pakati pezvimwe. Kunyangwe magadheni ega, minda yemichero nenzvimbo dzemumaguta zvinogona kutorwa sechikamu cheboka iri.
Pakutaura, isu tinotoziva kuti ndeapi marudzi eecosystems aripo uye maitiro ekuasiyanisa. Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti zvakanyanya kukosha kuzvichengetedza, sezvo zvichidikanwa kuchengetedza chiyero paPasi uye kuchengetedza zvakatipoteredza.