Nhoroondo yeGreek Sculpture uye maitiro

Girisi yekare yakaita mupiro wakakura mukusimudzira tsika dzepasirese. The Chivezwa chechiGiriki Hunhu hwekare hwakasimukira hwakaita kuti zvikwanise kuratidza maonero akazara uye anowirirana epasirese nevanhu vekare, kuratidza hutsika uye kukwana kwemuviri wemunhu mumuenzaniso wemativi matatu.

CHIFIKIRO CHECHIGIRIKI

Chivezwa chechiGiriki

Budiriro huru yeGreek yakazotsanangurwa nevanyori venhoroondo sebudiriro yechiGiriki yakazvarwa muzana ramakore rechisere BC kubva mukubatana kwevamwe vanhu vaipinda nechisimba vakadai semaDorian avo, mushure mehondo dzehutsinye uye dzechisimba, vakagadzika zvine chokwadi muzana ramakore rechigumi nemaviri BC munharaunda ye Peninsula yeGreece uye vagari vemo izvo zvishoma nezvishoma zvavakasangana nazvo munzira yavo.

Iyi budiriro yekare yakaumbwa nekufamba kwenguva yakatanga kukura nekukura muzvikamu zvakawanda zvakaita semugungwa, zvekutengesa uye zvemagariro. Mhedzisiro yakanaka yakanaka yakapihwa pamusoro pezvose neiyo art field nekuda kwebasa uye tarenda yevakakurumbira uye vakasiyana maartist.

Muchikamu cheunyanzvi, imwe yemhando dzakashandiswa zvikuru dzeunyanzvi apo vanyori vechiGiriki vakanyatsomira kusvika pakukwana kwaiva chivezwa icho pamwe chete nemifananidzo yavo yakakurumbira, nerufaro yakasvika kumazuva edu, yakaunza budiriro yeGreece yekare kuOlympus. ye art.

Inyanzvi yeGreece yekare yakava mbiru uye nheyo iyo budiriro yese yeEurope yakakura. Chivezwa cheGreece yekare inyaya yakakosha. Pasina chivezwa chekare, pangadai pasina hunyanzvi hunoshamisa hweRenaissance, uye zvakaoma kufungidzira kuenderera mberi kwehunyanzvi uhu.

Zvidhori muGreece zvakaita basa rinokosha muupenyu hwevanhu. Dzakaiswa munzvimbo dzinokosha zvikuru, dzaishandiswa kushongedza temberi, dzakavakwa mukukudza vakundi veMitambo yeOlympic. Dzakaiswa pamakuva mukurangarira mufi, dzaishandiswa kushongedza zvivakwa zvevanhu. Izvi zvivezwa zvechinyakare uye zvechiHellenistic zvakapesvedzera zvakananga chivezwa cheRoma uye kunyangwe chivezwa chekuMadokero mumafashoni nhasi.

Girisi yekare, kufanana nedzimwe tsika, yakapfuura nguva dzakasiyana mukukura kwayo. Mumwe nomumwe wavo airatidzwa nekuchinja kwemhando dzose dzeunyanzvi, kusanganisira chivezwa. Nokudaro, zvinokwanisika kutsvaga matanho makuru ekuumbwa kwechimiro cheunyanzvi, kutsanangura muchidimbu maitiro echivezwa chechiGiriki chekare munguva dzakasiyana-siyana dzekuvandudzwa kwenhoroondo yenyika ino.

Mhedziso yebasa rekuveza mumatatu emakadhi enhoroondo yeGreek art inoratidza kuenderera mberi kwekuvandudzwa kwemaitiro uye maitiro ekugadzira, kubva pakusafamba kuenda kune kufamba. Ndiyo muenzaniso wakakodzera kune vavezi vanoda kuzvitsvakira nzira yavo pabasa, vachitora zvidzidzo kubva pakudzidza kwechiono chemuviri wemunhu nenyanzvi dzekare dzechivezwa chechiGiriki.

Zvizhinji zvezviumbwa zvemabhura zvakaparadzwa, zvebhuronzi zvakanyungudutswa apo maKristu akatsvaka kuchenesa Girisi yechihedheni. Zvina zvezvinomwe zvinoshamisa zvepasirese, Chifananidzo chaZeus, Tembere yaAtemisi, Colossus yeRhodes uye Lighthouse yeAlexandria zvaive zviyeuchidzo zvechiGiriki. Nhasi havapo, hatigone kuonga ukuru hweaya mabasa eunyanzvi. Asi zvivezwa zvakawanda zvechiGiriki zvinoramba zviri mumaberere ane mukurumbira pasi rose.

nguva yekare

Nguva yeArchaic ndiyo nguva yekutanga munhoroondo yemifananidzo yekare yechiGiriki, kutanga muna 700 BC. C. uye yakapera muna 480 a. C. Izwi rokuti” archaic” izwi rechiGiriki rinoreva kuti “pakutanga-tanga”. Inoshandiswa kutsanangura zviitiko zvakawanda muunyanzvi zvakaitika mukutanga kwetsika dzechiGiriki. Nokudaro, zvivezwa zvepanguva iyi zvinoratidza unyanzvi hwokutanga hwairatidzwa nevavezi vechiGiriki. Danho iri idanho rakamira apo zvidimbu zvakasikwa pasina kufamba kana kuchinjika.

Zvidhori zvake zvairatidzwa nekuenzana uye kuomarara kwemafomu. Zvinhu zvakakosha zvechimiro chemunhu zvinoratidzwa. Zvimiro zvechirume zvakanga zvisina mushwi, zvivezwa zvinozivikanwa nezita rekuti Kuros figures zvakanga zviri mushwi nekuti vatambi vainge vasina kupfeka panguva yemaOlympics.

Vaive negumbo rekuruboshwe kumberi. Kune rumwe rutivi, zvivezwa zvechikadzi zvinonzi Korai (mhandara) zvakanga zvakapfeka zvizere. Zvimiro zvezviumbwa zvake zvakavezwa zvaisanganisira kumira, kupfugama, uye kugara. VaGiriki vainyanya kuveza mifananidzo yevamwari nevakadzikadzi mumufananidzo wevarume, vakadzi nevana. Vavezi vemazuva ano havawanzoshandisa mhando dzeKuros neKorai dzezvivezwa.

Nekuda kwekushaikwa kwehunyanzvi hwekuvandudza, zviumbwa zvake hazvina kuratidzwa sezvazviri. Muchishuwo chavo chekuona kunyemwerera, maGiriki akapa miromo yavo kutaura kwakakombama, iyo inodaidza vatsoropodzi vehunyanzvi "kunyemwerera kwechinyakare." Yakanga iri nzira yekunyemwerera yakaratidzwa pachiso chezvivezwa nekuda kwekushaikwa kwehunyanzvi hwekuveza.

CHIFIKIRO CHECHIGIRIKI

Nguva yekutanga yezvakaitika kare zvechiGiriki chivezwa chakakanganiswa nechifananidzo cheEgypt yekare. Zvivezwa zvechinyakare zvechiGiriki zvenguva iyoyo zvairangarirwa sezvisiri zvomusikirwo uye zvisingachinjiki. Mutumbi wechivezwa chenguva ino unoshoropodzwa nekuunganidzwa sekunge kubva kuzvidimbu.

Zvinogona kuonekwa kuti zvidhori zvave zvakavezwa kubva rectangular block. Iyi yakanga isiri mifananidzo, asi mufananidzo wokufananidzira wamwari. Dzimwe nguva, chaishandawo sechifananidzo chemunhu akafa kana sechiyeuchidzo chevakundi vemitambo yeOlympic.

Muenzaniso unoshamisa wezviumbwa zvechikadzi zvechinyakare ndiMwarikadzi ane Damba (580-570 BC) uye Mwarikadzi ane Tsuro (kumakore angangoita 560 BC). Pakati pemifananidzo yechirume, boka rekuveza Cleobis naBiton rinomira pachena, iro musiki ane mukurumbira muvezi Polimedes de Argos (pakupera kwe560th-550th century BC). Kujeka, kunatsiridza uye kutamba kunosiyanisa mabasa ekare eIonia masters. Muenzaniso wakakurumbira unoonekwa seShadow Apollo, yakagadzirwa muna XNUMX-XNUMX BC

Monumental sculpture inotora nzvimbo yakakosha muunyanzvi hwenguva yacho. Yakanga iri tsika kuratidzira mukuzorodza ngano dzinoda kuziva uye dzinokosha dzeGreece Yekare. Kunyatsofunga nezve kuumbwa kweiyo pediment yeTemberi yaAtemisi (munenge muna 590 BC) inobvumidza iwe kunakidzwa nechiratidziro chekukurumidza kukura uye kunonakidza chirongwa cheyakakurumbira ngano yeMedusa, Gorgon uye inobwinya Perseus.

Classical nguva

Munguva yekare (pakati pezana remakore rechiXNUMX nerechina BC) mifananidzo yakaratidza kufamba kwakadzora uye kuwirirana pakati pemakakatanwa nekuzorora. Iyo contraposto yakashandiswa kune izvi: chimiro chechisikigo, chakasununguka chinotakura uremu hwako pagumbo rimwe kuitira kuti hudyu yakatarisana inosimudzwa kuti ibudise yakasununguka curve mumuviri.

Kumashure kwakakombama zvishoma munzvimbo iyoyo. Maonero akasiyana aive zvino akatariswa: chifananidzo chaigona kutariswa kubva kumativi ese, chaive chisisatarisirwe kungoonekwa kubva panzvimbo yepamberi. Munguva iyi, unyanzvi hwechiGiriki hwakasvika pakakwirira. Chivezwa chakacherechedzwa nekuda kwekuchinjika uye kudzidza kwakazara kwekumiririra kwekufamba.

Kutarisisa kwakadzama uye kuongororwa kwechimiro chemunhu kwakatungamira pakusikwa kwezvivezwa muuchokwadi hwakazara uye mukuenzana kwavo kwakarurama. Mukati menguva yekare yezvivezwa zvechiGiriki, mabasa ekare anozivikanwa zvikuru akaitwa. Dombo nebhuronzi zvakava sarudzo dzakakurumbira dzezvinhu panguva iyi. VaGiriki vekare vakapa zvidhori izvi zvakawanda zvinoshanda.

CHIFIKIRO CHECHIGIRIKI

Chivezwa chekare cheGreek chenguva yechinyakare chinogona kunge chakanangana nekufamba, asi zviso zvezviumbwa izvi zvaive zvakanyanya stoic. Vatorwa chete ndivo vaitendwa kuratidza manzwiro avo paruzhinji. Hunhu hwakaratidzwa hwakanangana mumifananidzo yekare yechiGiriki. Iwo masterpieces echinyakare Girisi anosiyaniswa nekubatana, yakaringana zviyero, izvo zvinotaura nezve yakanakisa ruzivo rwechimiro chemunhu, pamwe nemukati zvemukati uye simba.

Munguva yezvinyakare, zvivezwa zvine mukurumbira seAthena Parthenos, Olympian Zeus, Discobolus, Doryphorus nevamwe vazhinji vakagadzirwa. Nhoroondo yakachengetedza mazita evavezi vakatanhamara venguva iyoyo: Polykleitos, Phidias, Myron, Scopas, Praxiteles nevamwe vakawanda. Iyo yekirasi nguva inoratidzirwa nekuonekwa kweyekutanga mushwi manhamba echikadzi (iyo Yakakuvadzwa Amazon, iyo Aphrodite yeCnidus), iyo inopa pfungwa yekunaka kwerunako rwechikadzi muzuva rekare.

Iyo pediments yeTemberi yaAthena Aphaia (500-480 BC), ichibvumira kuronda shanduko kubva kune archaic (western pediment) kune mitsva mitsva (yekumabvazuva pediment), inozivikanwa semuenzaniso unoshamisa wezvisikwa zvakaitwa muEarly Classics. stage. Iko kuwirirana kusanganiswa kwesimba rekufamba uye hukuru hwechimiro chinoratidza nguva iyo zera remakirasi makuru rinopfuura archaic classical nguva.

Chinonyanya kukosha cheshanduko iyi kusikwa kwechifananidzo chePoseidon (kukapoteredza 450 BC). Zvichida chimwe chezvivezwa zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa uye zvine mukurumbira pasi rose kubva panguva yechinyakare ndeiya yeMyron's Discus Thrower, inova mufananidzo wakakwana weiyo yakanakisa mumhanyi modhi yakaonekwa nevaGiriki vekare.

Ichi chifananidzo chinoratidza mutambi wechidiki ave kuda kukanda discus. Iwe unogona kuona kukakavara kwenhengo dzese dzemuviri kunotangira kupfurwa chaiko. Kudzikama kwomuviri kwakakwana kunofanira kuratidzira ukoshi hwetsika hwomutambi amene, anodisa kupfuura ganhuriro dzake ndokuwedzera kunaka kwake.

nguva yehellenistic

Iyi inguva yechitatu uye yekupedzisira munhoroondo yezvivezwa zvekare zvechiGiriki, kutanga muna 323 BC. C. uye yakaguma muzana remakore rokutanga. Shoko rokuti “chiGiriki” rinoreva unyanzvi hwakatanga pasi pesimba reGirisi munyika dzeMediterranean panguva yaitonga Alexander Mukuru. Mukati menzvimbo dzetsika dzenyika dzechiGiriki, zvikoro zvakati kuti zvakamuka zvaibata nenzvero yakakomba yenzvimbo dzakasiana-siana, kubatanidza unyanzvi, mabhuku, uye mishonga.

Zvinyorwa zvakagadzirirwa kutonga kunaka kwechivezwa. Izvi zvakaita kuti kuwedzere kufarira mune chikamu masisitimu mune zvivezwa. Mabasa acho airatidzwa neuchokwadi, manzwiro akanyanyisa, majeti emagetsi, tsandanyama uye maumbirwo. Mafambiro ekufambisa akarurama, mhepo inovhuvhuta nemumapapiro emapapiro uye kupeta kwechipfeko kunogona kuoneka mune zvisingatsananguriki. Vavezi vakaongorora mafambiro emativi matatu.

Imwe yekufambira mberi kwekutanga mukuvezwa panguva iyi yaive kufarira kukuru kwemufananidzo. Kufanana kwega kwega kwaive kusipo mune zvese zviri zviviri zvechinyakare uye zvechinyakare sculpture, asi yaive yakanyanya muchiGiriki chivezwa chechiGiriki. Haasi munhu wese anogona kuona mutsauko uripo pakati pechivezwa chekare chechiGiriki chenguva yekare uye zvechinyakare zvechiGreek zvivezwa zvenguva yeHellenistic.

Chinyakare chekare cheGreek chinoratidzwa nekusimba kwakasimba kwekumabvazuva mune ese art muhuwandu uye kuvezwa kunyanya. Complex foreshortenings, exquisite drapery, inoonekwa mune yayo yakawanda yakawanda. Manzwiro uye hunhu hwekumabvazuva zvinopinda mukudzikama uye hukuru hwemakirasi. Aphrodite weCyrene, izere nehupenzi, kunyangwe imwe coquetry, kopi inogona kuyemurwa muVatican Museums.

Iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa sculptural kuumbwa kwenguva yeHellenistic ndiLaocoön nevanakomana vake naAgesander yeRhodes (iyo nyanzvi yakachengetedzwa mune imwe yemamuseum yeVatican). Kuumbwa kwakazara nedhirama, iro zano pacharo rinoratidza manzwiro akasimba. Kushamisa kunoshamisa uye chokwadi, pamwe chete nemanzwiro akasimba, anofadza uye anofadza vataridzi vemazuva ano.

Zvose izvi zvine chinangwa chekupa mabasa emanzwiro uye hunhu, zvisingawanzoitiki zvachose kune unyanzvi hweGreece yekare munguva dzakapfuura.Ichi chivezwa chakakurumbira chinoratidzika kunge chakabata zvakanyanya pamwero wepedyo, kunyange mukuru Michelangelo Buonarroti munguva pfupi yapfuura.

Kutaura zvazviri, chivezwa cheLaocoön chakawanikwa muRoma panguva yekuchera matongo uye wechidiki Michelangelo akafadzwa nemufananidzo uye kufamba kwayo chaiko kunoratidza manzwiro akasimba zvekuti akatanga kufarira chivezwa chechiGiriki chekare. Uye tinogona kuona idzi pesvedzero patinoyemura mamwe mabasa omuvezi mukuru.

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