Kwakabva Aymara Tsika, nhoroondo yayo uye nezvimwe

Parizvino, guta iri rekuAndean rekuSouth America rine vagari vanosvika mamirioni matatu munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzekondinendi ino, nhoroondo yaro inotangira makore angangoita 3 sevazukuru veInca. Kuburikidza nechinyorwa chino, tinokukoka iwe kuti udzidze zvimwe zvishoma nezveguta rino uye Aymara tsika.

AYMARA CULTURE

Aymara tsika

Zvakare saAimara kana Aymará, idzinza kana dzinza remuSouth America rakagara chaizvo munzvimbo yeAndean Plateau yeLake Titicaca kwemakore angangoita zviuru gumi (pre-Columbian nguva), ichikura pakati pekumadokero kweBolivia, chikamu chekuchamhembe. yenharaunda Argentina, kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kwePeru uye kuchamhembe kweChile; Ivo vanonziwo maCollas, asi havafanirwe kusanganiswa nedzinza rezita rimwe chete iro rinogara kuchamhembe kweChile nekuchamhembe kweArgentina, kana neshoko rekuti Colla rinoshandiswa kutsanangura vagari vekumadokero kweBolivia.

Kutanga kubva mukunamatwa kuna Pachamama, uye nepfungwa yakasimba yekunyorerana kwaari; Iyi ndiyo nzira iyo tsika iyi yakave iyo tsigiro yemagariro nehupfumi yeInca Empire. Kutaura idi, ava vakaberekerwamo vakashandisa gadziriro ye<em>ayni, mutoo webetsero yokugoverana pakati pamadzishe eAymara, anoumbwa nemhuri huru; uko kunaka kunosanganisira kupa kwete kuunganidza, izvo zviri pachena kuti zvinoumba pesvedzero munzanga.

Upfumi hwetsika iyi hwakatsanangurwa nekuzvitsaurira kwahwo kumafuro, kugadzirwa kwemucheka uye kurima, izvo zvavakagadzira tsika yechuño kana mbatatisi yakasvibiswa, chikafu chinogona kuchengetwa kwemakore anopfuura gumi nemashanu; Saizvozvo, vakakwanisa kurarama nanhasi, nekuda kwekugara kwemutauro wavo wechiAymara.

Denomination

Pfungwa yeizwi rekuti "Aymara" yakanyatso buda panguva yekoloni, uye kunze isingawanzo shandiswa kuratidza magariro nezvematongerwo enyika boka revanhu munharaunda ino yeAndean. Kurongeka kwezvematongerwo enyika nezvematongerwo enyika, nyika dzechokwadi muzana remakore rechigumi neshanu neregumi nematanhatu (umambo hweAymara), dzakaiswa pasi pechiziviso "Aymara", nokuda kwezvinangwa zvehupfumi, asi kuchengetedza mazita ekutanga kutsanangura, semuenzaniso, mamwe masangano ezvematongerwo enyika akakodzera maererano nekushanduka-shanduka. zvido zvehupfumi. , zvechechi kana kutonga kwekoloni.

Kunyangwe kana "Aymara" encomienda ichifungwa yekutonga kwekoloni yeLa Paz, magadzirirwo enzvimbo dzechivanhu se: Carangas, Soras, Casallas, Aullagas, Uruquillas, Azanaques neLas Quillas, anoshandiswa kutonga kweLa Plata uye kunyangwe. Muzana ramakore regumi nemasere hapana chikamu chezvematongerwo enyika chakazivikanwa se "Aymara" nekoloni. Zvichakadaro panguva iyoyo, bhishopi weLa Paz anochengetedza sangano rekutonga, iro rinoshandisa mazita ekutanga eSicasica, Pacajes, Omasuyos, Larecaja, Paucarcolla uye Chucuito.

AYMARA CULTURE

Kwakanga kune nzanga dzinoverengeka dzinokurukura nemutauro wemadzitateguru aya, uye dzaivewo chikamu cheumambo hweInca. Saizvozvo, ivo vakagamuchira chitupa chavo nepseudonym qullasuyu (inozivikanwawo se collasuyo). Aya mataundi aiva: Aullaga, Larilari, Charcas, Umasuyus, Quillaca, Pacasa, nemamwewo. The Bolivian anthropologist Xavier Albó, akataura:

"Kusarudzika kwevaAymara semhuri yakajairika, ine nharaunda yayo yemitauro, inosanganisirwa, yaive pamwero mukuru kutorwa kwemamiriro matsva ekoloni, ayo "akaisa" ayllus uye nzanga dzakatenderedza nyika, nekuda kwemari, zvishoma nezvishoma. kuderedza hukama hwavo nekufambira mberi kwayo mune mamwe ecologies uye kukurudzira mamwe "general or lingua francas", kufambisa evhangeri.

Nokudaro kubatanidza nharaunda mbiri huru dzemitauro, imwe Quechua uye imwe Aymara; iyi nzira yekuchinja kuzivikanwa pamutauro nenharaunda yakajairika yakashandiswa zvakanyanya muzana remakore rechiXNUMX. "

Nhoroondo yeAymara Culture

Nhoroondo yekusimuka kana kutanga kwetsika yeAymara yakavhiringika, uye mapepa akasiyana uye fungidziro zvakaitwa pamusoro payo, asi mushure mekuongorora kwakadzama uye kuzivikanwa neanthropologists, vadzidzi vezvidzidzo, vanyori venhoroondo uye vanochera matongo vakadai saCarlos Ponce Sanginés naMax Uhle, zvakasimbiswa zvakabudirira kuti boka rekuzvarwa iri raizove mutsivi wetsika yeTiahuanaco, dzimwe dzenharo dzayo huru ndedzinotevera:

1. MuTiahuanaco, vaitaura mumutauro weAymara, iri rakanga riri shoko guru; naizvozvo, fungidziro yokuti mutauro wePuquina waitaurwa muTiahuanaco ichabva paidi rokuti munyori wenhau Reginaldo de Lizárraga aimirira chiverengero chavagari vapasi chePuquina. Zvisinei, akaita chikanganiso mukunyora kwake kwakanyorwa, achimiririra vanhu vePuquina sevakabudirira, agronomists uye ranchers, vachitsigira iyi pfungwa, sezvo kurima uye kubereka kwemombe kwakagadzirwa muTiahuanaco.

Zvisinei, vamwe vanyori vepepanhau vakadai saGuamán de Poma Ayala vaizoratidza kuti dzinza remutauro wepuquina rakanga rakazvininipisa zvikuru zvokuti vakatoshaya zvipfeko, uku ndiko kuratidzwa kwokuti Tiahuanaco akanga asingadzore mutauro wepuquina, sezvo muzuva rayo guru. budiriro yaizoratidza kune hupfumi, sekufungidzirwa kwayo mumakeramiki, effigies uye machira.

Yakasimbiswawo mukutsvaga uye kuongorora kwakaitwa naMax Uhle nevamwe vanyori pakuwedzera kweAymara mutsika yeTiahuanaco; Saizvozvo, iyo huru seti yemazwi eAymara mumasango eBolivia anotongwa neTiahuanaco aizoratidzwa.

2.Zvisaririra zvekuchera matongo zvakawanikwa naCarlos Ponce Sangines zvinoratidza kuti Tiahuanaco angadai akasangana nehondo yevagari vemo, hondo yaizokonzera kupararira kwehumambo uhwu mumataundi madiki ematunhu eAymaras, zvichiratidzwa nekugadzwa kweTiahuanaco muCaquiaviri (Capital of the Aymaras). Señorío Aymara Packages).

Munguva yekusimuka kweTiahuanaco, yakachengetedza vanhu vashoma, asi pakupera kweTiahuanaco ingadai yakawedzera mukuzivikanwa uye huwandu hwevanhu, sezvakaratidzwa nekeramics yayo, iyo panguva yeAymara Empire, yaizova nechirevo cheAymara pottery - Tiahuanaco. , asi shanduko iyi yaizochinja kubva muhari yeunyanzvi kuenda kuhushe hweAymara, izvo zvinoratidza kuti vanhu veTiahuanaco vangadai vakatama uye vakagadzira humambo hwematunhu nezwi rinobva patsika yeAymara yeTiahuanaco.

3. Maitiro ekugadzirisa akadzidzwa naJordán Albarracín, kubva panguva yakatevera Tiahuanaco, anoratidza kutama kweTiahuanacotas kuenda kunogara vavakidzani, izvi zvakazosimbiswa zvakare naAlan Kolata muongororo yekuchera matongo yakaitwa muna 2003, ichiburitsa zvidimbu zvehari zvinoenderana nemadzishe eAymara. , ine chimiro chakajeka cheTiahuanacota uye pasina maitiro ekunze, iyi yehari yaizopfuura munguva yekuchinja pakati peAymara ceramics uye manors.

AYMARA CULTURE

Tiwanaku Foundation

Tiahuanaco yakavambwa kutenderera 1580 a. C., semusha mudiki uye wakashanduka kuita uwandu hweguta pakati pe45 ne300, kuwana simba rakakosha mudunhu rekumaodzanyemba kweAndes. Pakukwidziridzwa kwaro, guta raive rinenge 6 km², uye raive nehuwandu hwevanhu vangangoita zviuru makumi maviri nevagari vemo.

Chimiro chayo checeramic chaive chakasiyana, kubva kune chakawanikwa kusvika 2006 muSouth America. Matombo makuru anowanikwa panzvimbo iyi chinhu chinokosha; anenge matani gumi, ayo avakacheka kuita sikweya yakavezwa kana kuti rectangular shape. Nekudaro, yakadonha kutenderedza 1200, uko guta rakasiiwa uye chimiro chayo chehunyanzvi chakanyangarika nacho.

Kuonekwa kweAymaras

Nekunyangarika kweTiahuanaco Empire, dunhu rakakamurwa kuita madzinza eAymara. Ava vakaonekwa nemakuva avo akagadzirwa nemakuva ari muchimiro chechullpa towers; kunewo zvakavharirwa zvinonzi pucará.

Iyo paradigm iyo madzinza aya akadzorwa nayo ndeye yakatwasuka kana kutonga pamusoro peiyo ecological floors inochengetedza hupfumi hwavo hwekusingaperi. Izvo hazvina kuratidzwa mune akasiyana budiriro kana tsika, kudiwa uye kubatanidzwa kwacho kwakaratidzwa maererano nehukama nemahombekombe nemipata sezvakaita vanhu veAymara venzvimbo dzakakwirira, ndosaka imwe neimwe nzvimbo yepuna inodzorwa ne colonization yenzvimbo dzeparutivi dziri munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana uye nemamiriro ekunze akasiyana.

Mwari mukuru werudzi urwu runotaura chiAymara akanga ari Tunupa, mwari anotyisa wemakomo anoputika. Mukuremekedzwa kwavo noruremekedzo, vakaita zvipiriso navanhu uye mabiko makuru. Muzvidzidzo zvekuchera matongo zvebudiriro iyi muAkapana, zvinhu zvakaita sezvipo, ceramics, zvimedu zvemhangura, skeletons emhuka dzekamelid uye kuvigwa kwevanhu zvakawanikwa; Zvinhu izvi zvakawanikwa muchikamu chekutanga uye chechipiri chepiramidhi yeAkapana, uye hari ndeye Phase III yeTiahuanacota.

AYMARA CULTURE

Pazasi penhanho huru yaAkapana, varume nevakomana vakagurwa nemadehenya asipo; marangwanda evanhu aya akawanikwa pamwe chete nemapfupa emakamelid akatsemurwa, pamwe chete nehari. Pachikamu chechipiri, hunde yemunhu yakatsemuka zvachose yakawanikwa; Zvimwechetezvo, pakavigwa vanhu gumi, vapfumbamwe vavo vaive varume. Mipiro iyi inonzi ndeyezvipo zvakatsaurirwa kuvaka piramidhi.

Kukombwa kwevaInca

Pakati pezana ramakore rechi 9, humambo hweColla hwakachengeta nzvimbo yakakura yevhu neguta rayo guru Hatun-Colla. Inca Viracocha akapinda munzvimbo iyi, asi aitonga aive mwanakomana wake Pachacútec, mutongi wechipfumbamwe weInca. Sezvakangoita vanaCollas kuchamhembe, kumaodzanyemba kwaiva neboka reCharca, raiva nemapoka maviri: vaCarangas nevaQuillacas vakapoteredza Lake Poopó, uye vaCharcas vakatora kuchamhembe kwePotosí uye chikamu cheCochabamba. Charcas naCollas vaitaura chiAymara.

Tsika inobatika yeCarangas inoratidza makuva akakura kana chullpares, mamwe acho achine mavara emavara pamadziro ekunze. VaInca pavakangotora vaCaranga, Huayna Cápac akavatora kuti vashande mubani reCochabamba se mitimaes. Imba inonzi Charca, iyo Cara-cara yakasungirirwa, yakakomberedzwa neIncas munguva yeTupac Inca Yupanqui uye yakatungamira mukukunda kweQuito. Nekuda kwavo, vagari veCara-cara vaive varwi seCharca, vachiri kurwa munharaunda yavo inonzi "Tinkus".

Iyo Inca Lloque Yupanqui yakatanga kutorwa kwenzvimbo yeAymara mukupera kwezana ramakore regumi netatu, iyo yakawedzerwa nevateveri vake kusvika pakati pezana ramakore rechigumi neshanu, uye pakupedzisira yakapedzwa naPachacútec paakakunda Chuchi Cápac. Chero zvazvingava, zvinodavirwa kuti vaInca vaiva nepesvedzero huru pavaAymaras kwenguva yakati, sezvo mavakirwo avo ayo maIncas anosanozivikanwa, akachinjwa zvakajeka mumutauro weTiahuanaco, uye pakupedzisira vaAymara vakachengeta imwe rusununguko pasi peInca. empire.

Kudzorerwa kweAymara

Gare gare, vaAymara vanobva kumaodzanyemba kweTiticaca vakasimuka uye pashure pokuramba kurwisa kwokutanga kwaTupac Yupanqui, akadzoka nemamwe mauto uye pakupedzisira akavakurira.

AYMARA CULTURE

Vagari varo vanofungidzirwa pakati pe1 kusvika 2 miriyoni panguva yeInca Empire, vaive guta guru reCollasuyo richikunda kumadokero kweBolivia, kumaodzanyemba kwePeru, kuchamhembe kweChile neArgentina. Mushure mekutonga kweSpain mumakore asingasviki zana, vangangosvika zviuru mazana maviri vakapona kana vashoma vakamanikidzwa; mushure mokuzvitonga, vanhu vayo vakatanga kuwanazve.

Parizvino, vaAymara vakawanda vari munharaunda yeLake Titicaca uye vakaungana kumaodzanyemba kwedhamu racho. Dzimbahwe remuguta renzvimbo yeAymara iEl Alto, iguta revagari ve750.000, uye zvakare muLa Paz pakati pekutonga kweBolivia; Zvakare, vaAymara vazhinji vanogara uye vanoshanda sevarimi munzvimbo dzakatenderedza Altiplano.

Zvinofungidzirwawo kuti kune vanhu 1.600.000 300.000 500.000 vokuBolivia vanotaura chiAymara. Pakati pe48.000 neXNUMX vePeruvia vanoshandisa mutauro munzvimbo dzePuno, Tacna, Moquegua neArequipa. MuChile, kune zviuru makumi mana nezvisere zveAymara munzvimbo dzeArica, Iquique neAntofagasta, nepo boka diki rinowanikwa mumatunhu eArgentina eSalta neJujuy.

VaAymaras vaishandisa rudzi rweprotokhipus, hurongwa hwekuverengera hwekuverenga mabhuku hwakajairika kumarudzi akasiyana-siyana asati atanga kuColumbia, akadai seaya eCaral-Supe neWari (maAymara asati avapo), uye maIncas. Hakusati kuri kwechokwadi kuti ivo vakafarikanya mutauro unonyorwa, pasinei zvapo neidi rokuti vamwe, vakadai saWilliam Burns Glynn, vanopanikira kuti Inca khipus yaigona kuva yakanga iri chimiro chayo.

Huwandu hwevanhu

MaAymara anowanikwa mune akati wandei ekumaodzanyemba kweAmerica, pazasi pezvidzidzo zvedemographic zvakaitwa pabudiriro iyi munyika dzakasiyana dziri chikamu chenharaunda nenzvimbo yekugara zvicharatidzwa, pakati pavo tine:

Aymara muArgentina

The Complementary Survey of Indigenous Peoples (ECPI) 2004-2005, kuwedzera kuNational Population, Household and Housing Census ya2001, yakave nerubatsiro pakuzivikanwa uye/kana kuongororwa kwevana vekutanga vezvizvarwa zveAymara 4.104. Kwegore ra2010, kuverengwa kwevanhu munyika kwakaratidza kuvapo kwevanhu 20.822 vakazviti vaAymara munyika yose, kusanganisira:

  • 9.606 muguta reBuenos Aires,
  • 6.152 mumatunhu eBuenos Aires,
  • 773 muna Jujuy,
  • 358 muNeuquen,
  • 326 muTucuman.

Kune nzanga imwe chete ine chinzvimbo chepamutemo chinozivikanwa neNational State, iyo Rodeo San Marcos Luján La Huerta dzinza rekuzvarwa, iro rinozivikanwa nevanhu veAymara, Kolla neOmaguaca, uye iri muguta reSanta Victoria Oeste mudunhu iri. yeJump.

Aymara muBolivia

Vanhu vakazviti vaAymara pakuverenga vanhu muBolivia muna 2001 vaiva 1.277.881 1.191.352 2012; nhamba iyoyo yakaderera kusvika paXNUMX mukuverenga vanhu kwaXNUMX.

Aymara muPeru 

Census yenyika ya2017 yakawana kuti 2.4% yevagari vane makore gumi nemaviri zvichikwira (12) vakazvizivisa sevanobva kuAymara. Idzi dzinowanzoungana munharaunda imwe chete yezvemutauro; zvisinei, nharaunda dzakasiyana dzinogona kuzivikanwa, pakati peiyo lupacas, urus uye pacajes inomira.

Munharaunda dzemadzinza eAymara muPeru, kune zvakare nharaunda mbiri dzekuzvarwa dzakaparadzaniswa nezvizvarwa zveAymara vanogara munzvimbo dzakatenderedza Collao plateau. Aya mapoka edzinza ndiJaqarus nevaKakis, vanogara mumakomo eruwa rweTupe, ruwa rweYauyos, munharaunda yeLima; Mutauro weaya mapoka edzinza wakadzidzwa kekutanga muna 1959 naMartha Hardman, achiaronga mumhuri yeAru kana kuti Aymara.

Social sangano 

Sangano remagariro evanhu retsika iyi rinobva pakuberekwa kwejaqi, iyo inoumba munhu wese (varume nevakadzi), kuburikidza newanano kana jaqichasiña vanogadzira axis yekutanga kuburikidza iyo nhevedzano yezvisungo inoumbwa nenharaunda inobatanidzwa mune izvi zvinoreva. hukama hwakaenzana ne ecosystem, vanamwari uye mhuri.

Zvisinei, kuti vawane izvi vose varume nevakadzi vanofanira kupinda nomunguva yekugadzirira nokudzidza inotangira kumba, kureva kuti, kubvira pauduku. Saka pakutanga nokutarira vabereki vavo, vanodzidza kutarisira mhuka duku; uye mukuyaruka, murume wechidiki anotanga kudzidzira mabasa ekurima uye machira, apo mukadzi wechidiki achidzidzira kuruka vhiri, kuruka, kubika uye kufudza.

Kana vose vava vanhu vakuru, vanenge vatova neruzivo rwehupenyu hwemumaruwa; semuenzaniso: murume anotonga zvakanaka kwazvo hunyanzvi hwekurima nehwekutengesa, nepo mukadzi akakwanisa kunatsa kuruka kuti abudise chero rudzi rwejira. Nenzira iyi, nzanga yeAymara inofunga kuti yakatogadzirira kuroora uye, saka, inogona kuumba musimboti unobatsira budiriro iyi.

Sangano remagariro evanhu reAymara rakaita sei?

Muchivanhu cheAymara kune marudzi akasiyana-siyana, ayo anosiyaniswa mumitauro uye nemagariro, asi kazhinji muenzaniso wehutano hwemagariro evanhu hunotarwa nemarka, kureva, nharaunda iyo dzinza rimwe nerimwe rinoshanda.

Mupfungwa iyi, muAymara social organisation pakange paine kupatsanurwa kuri pachena pakati pechikamu chezvekurima uye chevafudzi, uye nenzira yakafanana, yakaratidzwa nekusaenzana kwehunhu hwemagariro hunogoneswa nevatengesi, vapristi nevarwi, maererano nekushanda. class.

Zvisinei, izvozvi zvachinja, sezvo kunofungidzirwa kuti 80% yevaAymara vanogara mumaguta makuru vachiita basa risina kurongwa.

Chinhu chakakosha chechimiro chemagariro evaAymara vari muminda ndechekuti vanhu vakabatanidzwa muwanano chete ndivo vanogona kutevedzera zvinzvimbo zvesimba uye pesvedzero, asi iyi hurongwa hwemurume nemukadzi hune chimwe chiono, nekuti chakabatana zvakanyanya nechisimba. zvebasa romunhu; kana ari iye, mukadzi ane hukama nesimba risinganzwisisike reruzivo uye anogara achionekwa semudiwa anoremedza uku kuenzana.

Mushure mezvose, kurongeka kwemagariro eAymaras chikamu chakakosha chepuzzle mukugarisana kwakaringana pakati pemunhu nenharaunda.

Sangano Zvematongerwo enyika

Padanho renzvimbo, sangano rezvematongerwo enyika reAymara chikamu chebasa rehurumende nhatu dzaitonga mamwe matunhu madiki; zvisinei, pakanga pasina kumbove nemubatanidzwa wezvematongerwo enyika pakati pavo, nekuda kwekukwikwidza kusingaperi. Neiyi nzira, iyi rondedzero yesimba yakaumbwa neanotevera masimba:

  • nekiresi: Mukutonga kwaMambo Cari weguta guru reHatun Colla, uhwu hwakanga huri humambo hwekutanga hweAymara munzvimbo yekumadokero kweLake Titicaca.
  • girazi rinokudza: Iri pamhenderekedzo yekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweLake Titicaca uye inorayirwa naMambo ane mukurumbira Course, yakakamurwa kuva guta guru Chucuito nedzimwe nharaunda nhanhatu dzakadai seÁcora, Ilave, Yunguyo, Pomata, Zepita neJuli, dunhu rimwe nerimwe rakakamurwa kuita maviri. nharaunda dzakaumbwa neayllus akati wandei. Kunyangwe ivo vari ivo vasina kurongeka, vanopa mukuchengetedza mamiriro ehondo pakati pehumambo hwechiAymara tsika.
  • Packages: Iri kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweLake Titicaca, pakati pemadzishe eCollas neLupacas, guta guru rayo raive Caquiaviri, richiparadzanisa nharaunda mbiri idzi.

Magadzirirwo esangano rezvematongerwo enyika

Muchikamu chepamusoro chekugoverwa kwezvematongerwo enyika kweAymara mushure memadzimambo, kwaiva neboka duku revanhu vakasiyana-siyana vaiva nerubatsiro rwavo, vakadai sevaMitani vaisungirwa kushanda mamwe mazuva egore, vaYana vaipa basa ravo kweupenyu hwose, uye maaurochs aive akaderera mumagariro kune ekare. Sezvo imwe neimwe ayllu kana mhuri yemhuri yakarongwa maererano nemadzitateguru, sezvatinoona pazasi:

  • Jach'a mallku: akashandisa chinzvimbo chemutungamiri mukuru weayllu, aine mauto, ehurumende uye asinganzwisisike magadzirirwo.
  • Mallku: akazadzisa mubatanidzwa wevashandi, manejimendi uye kunyangwe mabasa ezvematongerwo enyika.
  • jilakata: kuita kwake kwakabatana zvakanyanya nehupenyu hwemagariro eiyo ayllus.
  • kuraka: aive nesimba rekutungamirira hondo kana kudzivirira vanhu.
  • yatiri: Aiyemurwa zvikuru munharaunda yeAymara, akanga ari nyanzvi yeguta racho.
  • Amawt'a: Nouchenjeri hwake, akashandisa dzidziso dzake.
  • Suri: Achirangarirwa somutongi, aitonga nyaya dzepfuma neminda dzine chokuita nenhaka.

Naizvozvo, sangano rezvematongerwo enyika reAymara harina kuita shanduko huru payakaparara pasi pehutongi hweInca, izvo zvakabvumira kukura kwayo munzvimbo dzeEcuadorian neChile.

Tsika dzeAymara Tsika

Kana paine chimwe chinhu chinopfuura mutsika yeAymara, ndiyo tsika dzayo dzinotenderedza hupenyu murunyararo uye nekuwirirana nezvose zvakaipoteredza. Mukuwedzera, idzi dzine tsika dzakati wandei dzakachengetwa nanhasi, dzinosanganisira:

wifala

Mutauro waro mutauro wechiAymara; zvisinei, vazhinji vavo vanoshandisa kutaura kweSpanish semugumisiro weSpain colonization. Tichiwedzera zvishoma kubva mukukakavadzana kwenhoroondo, nhasi nharaunda zhinji dzeAymara uye dzakasiyana siyana dzemagariro dzinoshandisa wiphala mukuratidzira uye zvido zvezvematongerwo enyika, pamwe nemitambo yechitendero nemhemberero dzetsika. Iyo nhaurirano yekuti kana kushandiswa ikozvino kwewiphala kunoenderana nenyaya saka inoramba yakavhurika.

Kushandisa mashizha eCoca

Vamwe vanhu vanodzidzira acullico, tsika inopindirana nekudyiwa kweshizha rinoyera recoca (Erythroxylum coca). Nekuda kwechimiro chayo seshizha rinoyera panguva yeInca Empire, kushandiswa kwayo kwakaganhurirwa kuvaInca, vanokudzwa uye vaprista pasi pechirango cherufu; Mukuwedzera pakutsenga, vanoshandisa mashizha ekoka mumishonga, uyewo mumitambo.

Munguva pfupi yapfuura, marudzi aya ezvirimwa akaunza kukakavara nevakuru, kudzivirira kusikwa kwezvinodhaka cocaine. Zvisinei, coca ine mupiro mukuru kuchitendero chevaAymaras, sezvayakaita kare nevaInca, uye zvino yava chiratidzo chetsika chokuzivikanwa kwavo. Zvinamato zveAmaru, Mallku uye Pachamama ndiyo nzira dzekare dzekupemberera dzichiri kuitwa neAymara.

mumhanzi 

Semufambidzani akakosha wetsika dzavo, mhemberero nemhemberero, hunhu hwayo ruzha rwunopihwa nezviridzwa zvakaita secharango, quena, zampona, bombo, quenacho uye rondador.

Mureza

Kunyange zvazvo kwawakabva kusina kujeka, mureza weAymara wakagadzirwa nemifananidzo ine mavara manomwe akasiyana, chiratidzo chinozivisa iri dzinza. Imwe neimwe yemavara manomwe anoiumba inomiririra kubata pamuviri:

  • Red: inyika, shoko remunhu weAndean;
  • Orange: inharaunda netsika, kuchengetedza nekugadzirwa kwemarudzi evanhu;
  • Amarillo: iri verve uye simba, chirevo chezvakakosha nheyo; chinangwa inguva, chirevo chekufambira mberi kwesainzi uye kushandiswa kwesainzi, pamwe nehunyanzvi uye basa renjere;
  • girini: iAndean inogadzira uye yehupfumi maitiro, kuwanda kwechisikigo kwenyika, nharaunda uye zvipenyu zvayo;
  • Azul: inzvimbo yekudenga, isingaperi, chirevo chemaitiro eparutivi uye zviitiko zvechisikigo;
  • Violeta: ndiyo chirango cheAndean chezvematongerwo enyika uye cheuzivi, chirevo chenzvimbo inoenderana yenharaunda yeAndes.
  • White: ndiyo nzira yenguva uye shanduko inounza kukura kwehungwaru uye nehunyanzvi. Uyewo chiratidzo cheMarkas (matunhu) uye Suyus (matunhu).

Textiles

Nehunyanzvi hwemadzitateguru uye nehunyanzvi hukuru mukugadzira zvipfeko zvavo, vanorukwa nemavara kubva mukuona kwavo kwenyika.

Aymara Culture Calendar

Aymara New Year

Hapasati pasati pave nenhoroondo yekuona kuti gore reAymara rinopembererwa musi waChikumi 21 kana kuti kumisa kuverenga chaiko kwegore rinopedzwa (semuenzaniso, muna 2017 raizosvika kugore rekarenda reAymara 5525; zuva rakataurwa (Chikumi 21) inopindirana nenguva yechando solstice, iyo yaipembererwa nemadzitateguru nevanhu veQuechua mumutambo weInti Raymi.Zvakakosha kuziva kuti kubva muna 2013, Chikumi 21 i "zororo renyika risingachinji" muBolivia.

gamuchira zuva

MuTiahuanaco, June 21 asati asvika, nhengo dzenharaunda uye vashanyi vanoziva uye vanogovana mutambo uyu wekare musi waChikumi 20, vanoita rinda rakafanana neGore Idzva rechinyakare zvakare kutaura zvakanaka kune gore rapfuura.

Kubva na6:00 mangwanani na7:00 mangwanani, vanogadzirira nemimhanzi yechinyakare uye tsika dzechinyakare kuti vagamuchire Gore Idzva pamberi pePuerta del Sol, nekupinda kwemwaranzi yekutanga yezuva, pamwe nekusvika kwe. solstice yechando.

Aymara Culture Beliefs

Ruzhinji rwevagari vetsika yeAymara parizvino maKatorike. Asi pane kupindirana kwezvitendero zvavo zvekare zvechivanhu nemaitiro akatangwa nechiKristu. Izvo zvinoratidzwa mumhemberero dzechitendero dzakasiyana seIsita kana Zuva revakafa.

Mukuona kwepasi rose kwetsika yeAymara, chinangwa chikuru ndechekuwana kuenzanisa pakati pevanhu nemasikirwo; kutangira papfungwa yekuti zvisikwa isvikiro rinoera uye rinowedzerwa nekugarisana kwemunhu.

Nenzira imwe cheteyo, nokuda kwavaAymara, chinhu chiri chose chakapetwa kaviri, ndiko kuti, murume nomukadzi, masikati kana kuti usiku; mapango akapesana aya haarwe, asi anopindirana kuti aumbe imwe. Zvakare, ivo vanogadzirisa kuvepo kwenzvimbo nhatu dzemweya:

  • Arajpacha: idenga kana chadenga, inoburitsa mutemo wemvura, kuvapo uye pekugara kwechadenga.
  • Akapacha: inomiririra nzvimbo inodarika yeAymaras. Misiyano inonyanya kukosha ndeyekuchengetedza chiyero chechisikigo, kwavanogarawo:
    • Mallkus: Ndiyo mweya inodzivirira inowanzowanikwa panhongonya dzine sinou.
    • Pachamama kana mai pasi: ndiye mwari mukuru weAymaras.
    • Amaru: Sezvo iri nyoka, inofananidzira midzimu ine chokuita nenzizi nemigero inodiridzwa.
  • manqhapacha: inofanana nepasi pasi panogara mweya yakaipa kana mhirizhonga.

Maererano nemaonero enyika ekare eAymara, vanamwari vepakutanga vakaita saTata-Inti (zuva) uye Pachamama (amai pasi), simba rinomiririra kupona kwavo.

Kana iwe wakawana chinyorwa ichi cheAymara Culture chinonakidza, tinokukoka iwe kuti unakirwe nezvimwe izvi:


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