Relief yeAmazon Jungle: Flora, fauna nezvimwe

El Relief yeAmazon Rainforest Inoumbwa nemapani makuru akafukidzwa nemasango anogara achinaya mvura ane unyoro uye nzizi huru, dzinoyerera dzichipinda muRwizi rweAmazon. Tinokukoka iwe kuti udzidze zvese nezve ino huru ecosystem reserve inoumbwa nenyika dzinoverengeka dzeAmerican kondinendi.

Musango weAmazon

IAmazon inonyanya kuumbwa nemapani akafukidzwa nesango rinopisa, iri kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweColombia uye inovhara madhipatimendi eAmazonas Putumayo, Guainía, Caquetá, Guaviare neVaupés, zvinoreva kuti inoenderana nekuchamhembe kweSouth America.

Inotsanangurwawo nenharaunda dzeGuayana neGran Chaco, uko kune nhamba huru yemasango anogara achinaya mvura uye nekuda kweichi chikonzero inowanzoonekwa sechikamu chakakosha chekuyamura kwesango reAmazon.

El kusunungurwa kwe amazon Inorongedzerwa sesango rakakura kwazvo rinodziya papasi, mune zvaro zvakakosha tinoona kuti amplitude yaro inosvika 7.000.000 km2, iyi nzvimbo yakakura yakakamurwa kuita 9 matunhu, pakati pawo tinogona kuwana zvinotevera:

  1. Borivhiya.
  2. Colombia
  3. Venezuela
  4. Ecuador
  5. Guyanese.
  6. France (French Guiana).
  7. Suriname.
  8. Brazil
  9. Peru

Iwo ekupedzisira ane chikamu chikuru che kusunungurwa kwenharaunda yeAmazon. Munyika yose, Amazon inozivikanwa nokuda kwechikamu chayo chikuru, nokuti inoonekwa senzvimbo yakakura kwazvo ine masango pasi rose.

Nzvimbo yeAmazon Region

Inowanikwa mu America kondinendi, the Amazon rainforest rubatsiro Kazhinji inoganhurwa kwazvo nekuti inosvika kumatunhu akasiyana, inonzwisiswa sezvizvi: Brazil, iyo ine huwandu hwe60% yemasango anopisa, Peru ine sango rakavharwa ne13%, Colombia ne10% uye 17 Vasara% yakakamurwa pakati peVenezuela, Bolivia, Ecuador, Guyana, Suriname neFrench Guiana zvichiri zvevaEurope.

Iri pakati peTropic yeCancer (kuchamhembe) neTropic yeCapricorn (kumaodzanyemba), paequator ine mutsara wekufungidzira unopfuura pakati penzvimbo dzinopisa, iyo inorondedzerwa sesango rinopisa.

Relief yeAmazon Rainforest

Hukuru hwenzvimbo idzi hune hunhu hwakasarudzika, sezvo iine nzvimbo dzisina kunyanya kusimudzwa, sezvakaita mamiriro emateru anogara akananga kumabvazuva; ichi ndicho chikonzero nei Amazon ichirongerwa seyakakura yakatwasuka amplitude, umo nzvimbo dzayo dzakakosha dzinonyanya Masango ane nyorova kana machakwi, nokuda kwenhamba huru dzenzizi dzinoyerera nepakati padzo padzinobva kumahombekombe adzo.

Nekuda kwekuchinja kwakasiyana kuripo muhuwandu hwemhepo inovhuvhuta munzvimbo dzakakwirira dzeGuayana neBrazilian Zócalo, nhamba huru yezvikamu zvakachengetwa munharaunda, ichi chiri chiitiko chechisikigo chekuora kwekuyamura kuri pedyo, by Kufanana netsvina inovamba mugungwa uye itsva dziva fluvio, maitiro aya chikamu chekudzidziswa uku.

Kazhinji, rimwe nerimwe rematanho echisikigo rakaparira boka renzvimbo dzakakwirira dzakaderera uko nhanho iri (pakati pe100 ne300 metres) uye inorondedzerwa senyika huru, saka ine basa rekudyidzana nemapani ealluvial. Semuyenzaniso, kana mamwe maratidziro ane matombo akaitika, anenge ari pamahombekombe ane nguva yakatarwa akakosha kwazvo kuti abudirire.

Mhuka dzedunhu reAmazon

Kuvapo kwemarudzi akasiyana-siyana ehupenyu kwakakonzera huwandu hukuru hwekutsvaira musango, zvichikonzera tsime rakakura rekuwana mari kune nyika, kunyanya Peru, Brazil, Bolivia neEcuador. Ongororo dzakawanda dzakaitwa mumatunhu nekuda kwekuvapo kwekusiyana kukuru kwezvipenyu.

jaguar amazon jungle relief

Sango reAmazon rinogara richigara kune mhuka dzakasiyana-siyana dzinopfuura 2.000, dzine marudzi anofungidzirwa 427+ emhuka dzinoyamwisa, mamwe marudzi 1.300 eshiri, 427 marudzi emhuka dzinogara mumphibians, 378 marudzi ezvinokambaira, uye mamwe marudzi 3.000 ehove.

Tinogonawo kuwana zvinopfuura mamiriyoni maviri emarudzi ezvipembenene mu Amazon rainforest rubatsiro. Imwe mumhando shanu dzeshiri dzinogara chete musango rino rinopisa, imwe neimwe yemhuka idzi dzine unhu hunoshamisa, pamwe nekukwanisa kukuru kugadzirisa kune zvakasiyana-siyana zvakavapoteredza.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kune mhuka chaidzo dzinogona kuwanikwa chete muAmazon Rainforest, semuenzaniso dzimwe dzinokambaira dzakaita saJesu lizard uye anaconda; makurwe nemakarwe; mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzakadai segolden lion tamarin, the howler monkey, jaguar, spider monkey, tapir neAmazon River dolphin; shiri dzakadai se<em>toucan ne<em>scarlet macaw, uye mhuka dzinorarama panyika mumvura dzakadai sedatya rine chepfu uye datya regirazi.

Tinogonawo kuwana pink dolphin, turtles yemumvura uye kamba. Pakati pemarudzi eshiri akatanhamara zvikurusa atinogona kuwana, macaw, toucans, gondo rine harpy; Kazhinji, mhuka dzenzvimbo iyi dzakawanda kwazvo. Mhando dzose dzakasiyana dzine mavara anoshamisa muminhenga yadzo.

Pamusoro pezvese, pave paine kufamba kwakawanda kwemhuka dzesango dzinonyanya kuzivikanwa, kusikwa kwepokugara nenzvimbo dzemhuka nechinangwa chekuchengetedza mhuka dziri mungozi, kudzichengeta kuitira kuti dziwedzere huwandu hwemhuka dzisati dzavadzosera kuhupenyu hwavo. .musango.

Zvinonzi hapana imwe yakasikwa biome papasi rose inogona kupfuura kana kuenzanisa hukuru hukuru hwezvipenyu zvinowanikwa muAmazon, izvo zvinoita kuti nzvimbo ino ishamise uye yakasarudzika.

Flora yedunhu reAmazon

La flora yeAmazon Inoda kufanana ne22% yezvirimwa zvepasi rose uye izvi zviri munzvimbo yese yeAmazon sango, mune iyi flora kunyanya, pane chirimwa chinonzi Victoria Amazónica chine zvinokatyamadza zvemhando yepamusoro, sezvo chine mashizha akatenderera kuti Vanogona kusvika kune mamwe. kupfuura 2 mamita muhupamhi.

Iyi nharaunda yekuzvarwa inoumbwa nemasango umo kune miti yakawanda yemarudzi ese uye inoiswa sezvizvi:

  • Caricari.
  • Misidhari.
  • Itahuba.
  • Tajibos.
  • Barcelona nzira.
  • Mandrillus (uye mamwe marudzi mazhinji).

Miti yenharaunda yeAmazon ine marudzi anopfuura zviuru makumi mana ezvirimwa, mu Amazon rainforest rubatsiro Inosvika 50% yezvinomera ndeyekunze uye inoumba chikamu chemhando yakakosha yezvipenyu zvepasirese nenyika dzese dzinoiumba.

Muboka guru iri remaruva edunhu reAmazon mune mamwe matunhu umo zvinomera zvekurapa kana kuporesa zvinotanhamara, nekuti zvine hunhu hunobatsira kurapa chero rudzi rwechirwere, tinogona kutaura kuti kubva kune yakapusa kusvika kune yakaoma zvakanyanya zvichienderana nechirwere. .

Zvinonakidza zvikuru kuti chikamu chiduku chezvipenyu izvi chakave chakadzidzwa, sezvo kune nzvimbo yakawanda yekutsvakurudza uye zvakawanikwa zvikuru, kureva kuti, kana paiva nekuongorora kwakanyanyisa, miti yakawanda nemiti ine kuporesa zvinhu zvinogona kuwanikwa. inogona kuiswa mumakwenzi emishonga aripo.

kusunungurwa kwezvinomera zveAmazon rainforest

El Mamiriro ekunze eTropical chiripo muAmazon ndicho chinhu chinonyanya kufarirwa nekukura kwemhando dzakakura dzezvipenyu uye kusiyanisa kwayo kunovimbisa kuti marudzi ese emiti anogona kukura mumwaka wakasiyana uye izvi zvinofarira kuvepo kwecanopies. Kugoverwa kwemasango emusango kunopa zvitubu zvehunyoro, zvokudya uye zvinogadzirisa mamiriro emusango, izvo zvakakosha zvikuru pakukura panguva yemaruva.

Munzvimbo dzine mamwe madhamu, kunewo kusiyana kukuru kwe liliaceae, izvo zvechokwadi zvinokatyamadza, sezvakaita Victoria Amazonica, iyo inoonekwa sechirimwa chikuru chemumvura papasi. Isu tinewo maruva emusango anoshamisa, ayo anomira kunze kwekunaka kwawo kunoshamisa uye nekusiyana kwemavara, neizvi ivo vane basa rekushongedza nharaunda yese nekukwezva kwavo.

Hydroography

Iyo Hydrografia yenzvimbo iyi yakakura uye pakati penzizi huru dziripo muColombian Amazon ndidzo dzinotevera:

  • The Caqueta.
  • The Putumayo.
  • The Guaviare.
  • The Apaporis.
  • The Amazon.
  • The Vaupes.

Idzi nzizi dzese dzinoratidza kugona kunoshamisa umo hunhu hwakadzitenderedza hunobuda pachena.

Climate

Mamiriro ekunze emusango rinopisa anoona mwaka wekunyorova kwegore rose, musango iri hapana mwaka wakajairika sezhizha, chando, matsutso uye chirimo; pasi penzvimbo dzinopisa. Kureva kuti, nzvimbo yese nezvinomera zviri pakati penzvimbo dzinopisa hazviiti mwaka uno.

Zvisineyi, sango remusango rinopisa zvikuru mukati megore rose, zvingangoita pakati pe26° ne30° centigrade, izvi zvinokonzerwa nemutsetse wekufungidzira weEquator unokanganisa kuenderana kwenguva yezuva nemaawa gumi nemaviri echiedza chezuva. gore.

Chii chinounza semhedzisiro yekuti kune nguva dzose kupihwa kwechiedza chezuva, ndosaka photosynthesis inoitika inovhenekera sango mukati megore, ndiko kuti, kuratidzwa uku ndiko kunochengetedza tembiricha inodziya kubva pasi pe22 ° kusvika pakakwirira. ye 34° C mune imwe neimwe yenzvimbo dzinopisa.

Kune rumwe rutivi, sango rinonyanya kunyorova nekuda kwechifukidziro chemasango makuru, ane makwenzi anopfuura mamiriyoni 390.000, mhepo inotonhora uye ine unyoro, saka kuenda kune imwe nzvimbo musango kunonetsa kumunhu.

Peruvian Amazone

Mune dzimwe nzvimbo, nzvimbo yakakura inoratidzwa musango rePeru nekumabvazuva, izvi zvinoratidza hukuru hwenzvimbo nemhando, imwe neimwe yezvikamu izvi inoshanda kureva Amazon, inozivikanwawo sesango guru rinopisa reSouth America. .

Amazon yePeruvia inoratidzirwa seimwe yenzvimbo dzine marudzi makuru ezvisikwa zvipenyu uye zvipenyu munyika, zvichiratidza kuti inharaunda yePeruvia biography ine vanhu vashoma kudarika vanhu, sezvinoratidzwa nekuongorora kwakasiyana kwakaitwa. , zvakafanana, inorondedzerwa seyakasiyana zvakanyanya anthropologically.

Ecuadorian Amazon

Nharaunda yeAmazonia yeEcuador inoumbwa nenzvimbo yakakura kwazvo, iyo inobva kunharaunda yeSouth America uye inoumbwa nenzvimbo inosvika 120.000 square kilometers yenyika yose. Amazon rainforest rubatsiro.

Iyi nharaunda ine nzvimbo yakakura inogara ichipararira pamusoro penzvimbo ine maruva akawanda, iyo inowanzojairika yemasango ane hunyoro uye anopisa, ine nhanho yakatsanangurwa inofananidzirwa ne48% yenzvimbo yeEcuadorian.

La mhuka dzeecuadorian amazon Zvakatinetsa kuwana, zvisinei, ino ndiyo musha wemhuka dzinoyamwisa dzakadai se; Capybaras, Tapirs, tsoko, agoutis, madolphin, otters uye zvikara zvakakura senge pumas, panthers uye nezvimwe. Huswa hwakakora zvikuru uye zvinogona kuitika kuti mhuka idzi dziri pedyo nevanhu vasingatombozvizivi.

Zvikara zvinowanzogara zvakavanda uye zvinoda kubuda kunovhima Noche. Zvakaoma kuwana dzakawanda dzemhuka idzi munzvimbo dzakagadzirwa nevanhu, nekuda kwekubatanidzwa kwekuvhima uye kuparadzwa kwekugara kwavo, izvo zvakamanikidza mhuka dzakawanda kuti dzipinde mukati-kati mesango reAmazon.

Venezuelan Amazon

Iri kumaodzanyemba kweVenezuela, chikamu chemapapu makuru ezvinomera papasi uye ndeimwe yenzvimbo shoma dzepanyika ichiri kuchengetedza mamiriro ekutanga ekusikwa kwayo. Kupinda mairi chiitiko chinonakidza chinogoneka chete kuburikidza nenzizi dzayo uye kuburikidza nemhepo kune dzakananga nzvimbo.

Mariri mune runako uye kunyarara kwenyika yesango, zvinofadza kukwanisa kuona nyeredzi dzemukaka pasina kusvibiswa kwechiedza kunoramba kuripo. Mvura inodziya yeAtabapo River iyo isina hupenyu hwemhuka; famba makiromita 320 emvura ine mhirizhonga yeCasiquiare yakabva kuRwizi rweOrinoco, kuti ubatane neRwizi rwaGuainía uye ugadzire Rwizi rweNegro, runoyerera muAmazon.

Colombian Amazon

Nzvimbo yeAmazon yeColombia ine 42% yedunhu renyika uye inozivikanwa semapapu epasirese nekuda kwenzvimbo yayo huru yesango. Ndiko kumusha kune hove zhinji dzemvura yakachena dziri panyika, pamwe chete nemhuka dzakasiyana siyana dzekunze dzakadai sepink river dolphin, manatee, jaguar, puma, giant otter, peccary, tapir, capybara. , simbe nemhara dzakasiyana-siyana.

La maruva nemhuka dzedunhu reAmazon yeColombia yakakura, ine huwandu hukuru hwemhando dzerudzi rwenyika uye dzinongoitika munzvimbo ino yenyika, ine marudzi anopfuura 130.000 emiti uye makumi ezviuru zvemhuka nezvipembenene zvinogara mairi.

MuAmazon parrot, 6.249 marudzi akanyoreswa, mhuka dzakasiyana dzeColombian Amazon inoumbwa ne674 marudzi eshiri, 158 amphibians, 195 zvinokambaira zvine endemism, 212 mhuka dzinoyamwisa uye 753 marudzi ehove. Kune marudzi makumi manomwe nepfumbamwe ari mungozi yekutsakatika, 79 mhuka dzinoyamwisa, shiri makumi maviri nenhatu, 24 zvinokambaira, 23 hove uye 15 amphibians.

Amazon yeBrazil

IAmazon yeBrazil inozivikanwa nehupamhi hwayo, iri kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kwedunhu, chaizvo mudunhu reNorth, inogumira nekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweColombia uye kuchamhembe neVenezuela kuburikidza nemutsetse unopatsanura weOrinoco River uye. Amazonas, inoganhura kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva neRoraima, kumabvazuva neParan, kumaodzanyemba inoganhurana neMato Grosso, Rondônia uye kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero neAcre.

Nyika ino inosiyaniswa nekupisa kwayo uye kunaya kwemvura zhinji, nharaunda yechinyakare uye mamiriro ekunze anoratidza munzvimbo idzi, izvi zvinokonzerwa nenzvimbo uye padyo nenzvimbo yeEcuador.

El Amazon rainforest rubatsiro yenharaunda iyi kazhinji yakadzikira zvakanyanya, nekuda kwemaitiro anobuda kubva mudunhu, umo nhanho iri pedyo ne85% inoratidzwa inodarika 100 metres ekukwirira. Nzvimbo dzepamusoro-soro muhurumende dzakarongwa nePico da Neblina, ine hurefu hunobudisa pachena hunofanirwa kugadzirisa kuumbwa uku.

Zvinokosha Zvimiro zveAmazon

Muzvinhu zvakakosha zveAmazon ndeye 6.7 miriyoni km2 yainayo, chiyero chinofungidzirwa kuti chakapetwa kaviri kukura kweIndia, ndokusaka ichinzi inzvimbo inoshamisa kwazvo yesango iripo pasi rose uye mumatunhu ayo. kusiyana-siyana kunosimbisa zvinhu zvinotevera:

  1. Inosanganisira nzvimbo yakakura, sezvo riri iro sango rinopisa zvikurusa pasi pano uye riine zviuru zvemarudzi.
  2. Inofungidzirwa kuve inzvimbo yegumi muzana yezvisikwa zvipenyu zvinozivikanwa pasi rose, kusanganisira huwandu hukuru hwemhando dzemvura yakachena.
  3. Rwizi rweAmazon runoyerera nemakiromita angangoita 6.600, inoonekwa seyakanyanya kuyerera, nekuda kweichi chikonzero kuyerera kwayo kweavhareji ine inosvika 22.5000 cubic metres emvura.
  4. IAmazon inoumba pakati pe90.000 ne140.000 miriyoni metric toni yecarbon.

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