Colombia inyika ine tsika dzakawanda uye imwe yetsika chikamu chekuzivikanwa kwerudzi urwu, ndiyo Tsika dzeAfro-Colombian. Kuburikidza nechinyorwa chino, tinokukoka iwe kuti udzidze zvishoma nezve maitiro, tsika netsika, zvitendero, uye zvimwe zveiyi tsika inofadza.
Tsika dzeAfro-Colombian
Izwi rokuti maAfro-Colombian rinoreva vanhu vanobva muAfrica vanogara munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzeColombia; asi nenzira imwecheteyo, kune mamwe mataurirwo emunharaunda anowanzo kutaurwa se: vatema, morochos, brunettes, costeños, vanhu vakasununguka, vanhu vane ruvara uye veAfro-descendants.
Vatema muColombia vazukuru vevaAfrica, avo vakatanga kuunzwa senhapwa munguva yehutongi. Kutarisa kunyanya pamatunhu matatu: Pacific coast, Caribbean coast uye Valle del Cauca; Mukuwedzera, vazukuru veAfro vakatamira kumaguta akadai seBogotá neMedellín. Vanhu vose veAfro-Colombian vanotaura chiSpanish, kunze kweguta reSan Basilio de Palenque, kwavanotaurawo Palenquero.
Iye zvino hongu, kana tichitaura nezvetsika dzeAfro-Colombian, tinoreva seti yetsika nemagariro evanhu veColombia vane Afro-descendants; Munyika, vagari veAfro-decendant vanomiririra 10,6% yehuwandu hwehuwandu hwenyika ino. Nechikonzero ichi, ivo chikamu chakakosha chehuwandu hwevanhu veColombia, sezvo mipiro yavo nerumbidzo yanga yakakosha kutsika.
Kusvika kwenhamba huru yevaAfrica muColombia kwakavamba mukuvamba kwezana ramakore rechi 300, apo vafambisi vezvikepe vokuBritain vakatengeserana varanda neHurumende yeSpain mune yainzi panguva iyoyo New Granada. Muitiro uyu wakaenderera mberi kwemakore anoda kusvika 1851, zvichiita kuti Colombia ive musimboti wekutengeswa kwevaranda muSouth America. Pashure pokubviswa kwouranda muna XNUMX, vagari vomuAfro-Colombia vakakuwana kwakaoma kubatanidzwa munzanga yenyika. Kakawanda, vakaramba vari munzvimbo dziri mumhenderekedzo yegungwa mavakamhara kana kuti pazvitsuwa zvaiva pedyo.
Pasinei nekurambidzwa kwekutanga kuratidza tsika dzavo pavhu reColombia, tsika dzeAfro-decendants dzakapona nguva, dzimwe dzakagadziridzwa mushure mekugadzirisa tsika dzeColombia uye dzimwe dzakabatanidzwa munhaka yenyika.
Nhoroondo wongororo
Munguva dzevakoloni, nekuda kwekunyangarika kunowedzera kwevagari vemo, Mambo weSpain Carlos V akabvumidza kuunzwa kwevaAfrica kuti vashande basa rechibharo muAmerica. Nokudaro, muna 1518, varanda vanenge 200.000 80.000 vakasvika vachibva mungarava yokutanga vachibva Angola, Senegal, Guinea neCongo; iyo yakakamurwa pakati peEcuador, Venezuela, Panama, Peru neColombia. Pamari iyoyo, XNUMX XNUMX bedzi vakapinda nepachiteshi chengarava cheCartagena, kwavakatengwa ndokuendeswa kumisika yenyika; pakati pavo paiva naPopayán, Santa Fe de Antioquia, Honda, Anserma, Zaragoza neCali.
Muchirevo chechinyorwa ichi, maAfrica aishandiswa kuita zvicherwa, zvekurima uye basa revaranda. Mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, vaSpain vakakunda mhenderekedzo yegungwa yePacific, zvichiita kuti ive nzvimbo inokosha inogashira nhapwa.
Naizvozvo, hutsinye hweuranda hunosiyana munzvimbo nenzvimbo, uye muranda ane mukana wokuzvishandisa kuti zvimubatsire, zuva rimwe pavhiki. Vamwe vaigona kutenga rusununguko rwavo, rwavakanga vapiwa naforomani wavo, uye vamwe vakapukunyuka apo nzvimbo dzakanga dzisina kudzivirirwa; varanda vakapukunyuka vakanogara mumisha yakakomberedzwa yainzi quilombos kana kuti palenques, kuti vazvidzivirire pamisheni yeSpain. Nzvimbo idzi dzakasimba muzana remakore rechiXNUMX uye dzakabvumirawo vanhu veAfrica kuti vapinde muhondo yerusununguko.
Pakasvika Colombia yakasununguka muna 1819, kukosha kweuranda kwakanga kwadzikira munzvimbo dzakawanda, kunyange zvazvo kwakanga kuchiri kukosha munzvimbo dzePacific neCauca. Gare gare, pana Chivabvu 21, 1851, uranda hwakabviswa muColombia uye somuuyo, varanda vakava vashandi vomugodhi uye haciendas dzavaichimbova vatenzi vavo, zvikurukuru muAntioquia neCauca. Mudunhu rePacific, vanhu verudzi rweAfrica vave kuzvishandira.
Nharaunda dzeAfro-Colombian
Vanhu veAfro-Colombia vakagara munzvimbo dziri pedyo nechiteshi chavo chikuru. Nokuti gungwa riri kuchamhembe kweColombia rakakamurwa nePanama; zvisinei, mapoka ezvizvarwa zveAfrica ari pamhenderekedzo dzePacific Ocean uye pamhenderekedzo dzeGungwa reCaribbean.
Madhipatimendi eChocó (82%), Bolívar (27%), Cauca (22%) neAtlántico (20%) ari pakati pematunhu eColombia ane huwandu hwakanyanya hwevaAfro-decendants. Mataundi ane vanhu vatema vakawanda anoti Santander de Quilichao (97.7%), María la Baja (97.1%), La Tola (96%) neVilla Rica (95%).
Zvakare kumadokero kweGungwa reCaribbean kune zvitsuwa zveSan Andrés, Providencia neSanta Catalina; rinova rimwe remadhipatimendi makumi matatu nemaviri eColombia uye vagari vemo veAfrica i32% pamwe chete. Idzi nharaunda dzeWest Africa-America dzinozivikanwa seRaizales.
Palenque yeSan Basilio
Nekuda kwechinzvimbo chavo sevaranda, vanhu vemuAfrica vekuAmerica vaisabvumidzwa kuratidza tsika dzavo kana kutora chikamu mutsika dzeko. Munguva iyi, varanda vakatungamirirwa naBenkos Biohó vakakwanisa kutizira kuColombia ndokugadzira nharaunda yavo: Palenque de San Basilio.
Palenque inodaidzwa nevagari vayo se "guta rekutanga rakasununguka muUnited States", nekuti rakavambwa mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, apo mazhinji emakondinendi akange achiri makoroni. Parizvino, vakwanisa kuchengetedza tsika dzavo nemutauro wavo; Inzvimbo nhasi inonzi Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.
Hunhu hwetsika
ID
Izwi rokuti Afro-Colombian iboka revanhu vose rinoreva vanhu vane zvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvevaAfro-zvizvarwa vanogara munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzeColombia. Mune mamwe mazwi, mukati meAfro-Colombians kune akasiyana subcultures, ivo havana tsika yakabatana.
Semuyenzaniso, vagari vekuzvitsuwa zveSan Andrés, Providencia, neSanta Catalina munhoroondo netsika ndevenzvimbo yetsika yeWest Indian yakaumbwa pasi pesimba reBritish colonial, asi vakaiswa muColombianization yakawedzera kubva pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX. zana ramakore rechimakumi maviri. .
Chinzvimbo chisina kurongeka nechiremera zvinowanwa kuburikidza nehukuru uye hunhu hwemunhu. Semuenzaniso, hunhu, ruzivo, kubudirira mukuunza zvinhu, kugona kwehutungamiriri. Zvimwe zvisarudzo uye kutonga kwekunetsana kunotungamirwa padanho iri.
mhuri network
MaAfro-Colombians anowanzo kuve nehukama hwehukama hwakasununguka, umo vanhu nemhuri vanobatanidzwa mukati memutsara usina kutsanangurwa, unowanzonzi semhuri. Zvikamu zve "cousin" kana "tete" zvinogona kusanganisira hama dzakawanda.
Mutauro
Nekuda kwezvido zvavo zvekutaura, vanhu verudzi rweAfrica vakaumba mitauro yechicreole. Mutauro wechiCreole mutauro unosanganisa matauriro akasiyana; Mukuwedzera, izvi zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa pakati pevaranda veAfrica muAmerica, avo vaifanira kujairana nemutauro wevakoloni.
Vangosvika kwavaienda, varanda vaipatsanurwa kuitira kuti vanhu vaviri vedzinza rimwe chete, mhuri kana nharaunda vasagara pamwe chete. Kutenda kune izvi, vazukuru veAfro vakashandura mitauro yavo yakasiyana-siyana, kuwedzera kune Spanish, Portuguese, French kana English inotaurwa nevatengesi vavo, nokudaro vachigadzira mutauro weCreole.
MuColombia, mutauro wechiCreole muchiSpanish iPalenquero Creole, iyo inonyanya kutaura muPalenque de San Basilio. Mutauro uyu une vatauri 3.500. Saizvozvovo, muColombian archipelago ine San Andres Creole semutauro wayo, mutauro wakatorwa kubva muchiRungu unodaidzwa nevaRaizales.
Geographic maitiro
Sezvambotaurwa pamusoro, tsika dzeAfro-Colombian dzakadzika midzi mumatunhu matatu anokosha; Zvadaro, mumwe nomumwe wavo acharondedzerwa nemaitiro avo:
Pacific
Nzvimbo dzinonyanya kugara dzemuAfro-Colombian mudunhu rino irwizi, mahombekombe egungwa, kana mahombekombe, uye kazhinji dzakapararira. Dzimba dzacho dzakavakwa nemapuranga ane makona makona pamatanda uye dzine matenga emichindwe. Mamwe emaguta makuru eAfro-Colombian tsika anosanganisira Quibdó, Tumaco uye Port yeBuenaventura.
Cauca
Kazhinji, misha yeAfro-Colombia muValle del Cauca iri mumapurazi madiki, mataundi, nemisha. Ichi chiverengero chavagari vapasi chinodyisa vashandi veindasitiri yenzimbe; zvisinei, vazhinji vavanhu vamwe navamwe veiyi nharaunda vakatamira kumaguta akadai seCali neMedellín, uko ivo vanowanzogara munharaunda dzakavakwa ivo vamene.
Caribbean
Inomiririra dunhu iro nharaunda yeAfro-Colombian yakanyanya kuwanda. Vanowanzo kugoverwa mumhenderekedzo yegungwa, vanogara mudzimba dzakagadzirwa nematanda ane rectangular design; dzimwe nzvimbo dzekugara dziri mukati menyika kubva mudunhu, mumaguta kana munzvimbo dzakadzikira dzakadai seBarranquilla neCartagena.
Basa rehupfumi
Panyaya dzehupfumi, mabasa anoshandiswa nevagari veAfro-Colombian ava anosiyana zvichienderana nedunhu rega rega kunowanikwa nzvimbo yavo.
Zviitwa zvehupfumi mudunhu rePacific zvinosanganisira kurima mabhanana kana chibage, kurima nguruve, hove, kuvhima, uye kuchera migodhi. Mumakore achangopfuura, kutema matanda kwave kuchikosha sezvo vatemi vematanda vachitengesa matanda acho kune vepakati; Saizvozvowo, mamwe makambani ekutema matanda akazvimbawo munharaunda, achishandisa vashandi veko.
Kusiyana neizvi, nekugadzwa kwemakambani emarudzi akawanda, migodhi yave kunyanya kushandiswa, vachishandisa nzira huru yekuchera. Imwe yemakakatanwa munharaunda iyi inyaya yekuti muridzi wevhu haana kudzorwa zviri pamutemo; Nenzira iyi, nyika inochengetedza maAfro-Colombian sevagari vemunyika zvisiri pamutemo, izvo zvinoguma nekushaikwa kwemabasa kwevemabhizinesi.
Munharaunda yeCauca, kukura kwemaindasitiri enzimbe kwakaguma nedzvinyiriro huru yokuti varimi vatore munda zviri pamutemo; sezvo varimi vadiki vachiri kurima cocoa, kofi nezvimwe zvirimwa zvekushandisa kuti vawane mari nguva dzose. Uku kurambidzwa kwaikura kuri kuita varimi kwakakonzera kutamira kumaguta eCali, Medellín neBogotá; uko maAfro-Colombian anoshanda sevemumba, masons uye vasina kurongeka nyanzvi.
Kana iri dunhu reCaribbean, mafuro makuru emombe aripo mukoloni anoshandisa maAfro-Colombia savafudzi. Munharaunda yemahombekombe, kubata hove ndiko kwakakosha kuwana raramo uye mari; uyewo, kushanya ndechimwe chiitiko chinowanisa mari, chine mabasa akadai sevafambisi vezvikepe kana kutengesa chikafu. Pamusoro pezvo, kurimwa kwemabhanana kunoumba nharaunda ine pundutso yedunhu.
Tsika nemagariro
Munharaunda, nzanga kana tsika, zvinomiririra kuti pane tsika nemagariro sezvo zvinhu izvi zvichiva chiratidzo chekuzivikanwa kwevanhu vanoumba boka iri.Panyaya iyi, tichadonongodza zvishoma tsika nemagariro. izvo zvakatenderedza nharaunda. Afro-Colombian tsika:
Mimhanzi uye kutamba
Ruzha chairwo rwekambasi dzeAfro-Colombian kuridza, ngoma dzinoratidza ruzha kuvashandi vehove, vanoimba nziyo nekutamba sezvavanoita mabasa avo. Kubva mutsika iyi kunouya mapalé, rwiyo rweCaribbean runozivikanwa rwakaitwa nevaranda panguva yavo yemanheru.
Munzvimbo dzePacific, mumadhipatimendi eChocó, Cauca neNariño, iyo currulao inozivikanwa kwazvo; iyi rhythm inoratidzwa nekushandiswa kwezvigubhu zvakasiyana-siyana: ngoma, varume nevakadzi cununos, bass drum, marimba, uye clarinet.
Kune rumwe rutivi, champeta inobva kuvagari veAfro-Colombian veCartagena de Indias muzana remakore rechiXNUMX; Izwi rekuti "champeta" rinobva pazita rinopihwa badza kana banga; makirasi epamusoro akazvipa nenzira yekuzvidza, sezvo zvinhu zvose zviri zviviri zvakabatanidzwa nehurombo uye ganda rakasviba.
Mhemberero
Pakati pemhemberero dzakasiyana-siyana dzeAfro-Colombia, zvichida inonyanya kufarirwa iBarranquilla Carnival. Iyo ine mabviro ayo munguva dzeukoloni uye chikamu chekupemberera tsika dzeAfrica; hunhu hwayo masiki uye kutamba kune rhythm yekongas, izvi zvinopembererwa mazuva mana pamberi peChitatu Chitatu.
MuColombia, Chivabvu 21 izuva reAfro-Colombian, iro rakatumidzwa pazuva rimwechete sekubviswa kweuranda uye kupemberera kwahwo kune chinangwa chekukudza zvisingaverengeki mipiro yetsika iyo vazukuru veAfro vakaita kunyika.
Gastronomy
Zvokudya zveAfro-Colombia pachazvo zvine kufanana kwakasimbiswa kune avo veCentral Africa; Mukuwedzera, ivo vanogadzirwa nemishonga yakawanda paPacific neCaribbean mahombekombe. Chikafu cheAfro-Colombian chinonyanya kuumbwa nehove, mupunga, bhinzi, michero nemiriwo.
Kuenderera mberi netsika yekondinendi yekare, mumidziyo ndeye tsika yekubatanidza mapuroteni ane zvinotapira uye zvinonaka palates, zvose mu casserole; Muenzaniso weiyi mupunga weaphrodisiac une mupunga, kokonati, molluscs, prawns uye lobster. Saizvozvowo, michero yemunyika dzinopisa inowanzodyiwa yakawanda; sezvinoitwa nekokonati nebhanana, iyo inokosha chikamu cheColombian cuisine, uye chontaduro, chibereko chemuchero kuColombia nePanama, iyo inogara ichidyiwa mujusi.
Zvitendero
Tsika dzeAfro-Colombian dzinowanzosiyaniswa newirirano pakati pezvinotendwa zvechiKatorike zvinobva muevhangeri uye nekutenda kwekwakabva muAfrica. Kubva muuranda, maAfro-Colombian vanopemberera miitiro yavo pazuva ravakapihwa nevatenzi vavo, vachinyomba nekuzvimiririra.
Kwemakore, mitambo yeKaturike yakatsiviwa nemitambo yedzinza reAfrica. Mazhinji ave tsika, semitambo yemitambo inotangira Ash Chitatu, iyo inoratidza kutanga kweLent. Semuenzaniso, iyo Barranquilla Carnival isanganiswa yepasirese neinoera, inotaridzwa nezvipfeko zvinopenya uye zvipfeko zvine mavara. Kutsaurirwa kuMhandara del Carmen muQuibdó kunopembererwa kuburikidza nenyika, mvura uye mafambiro.
Kutsika dzeAfro-Colombian, nyika yechitendero inogara ichiratidzwa muhupenyu, kuburikidza nekutaura kwekutenda nekuita; Aya mashoko akasimba anopiwa nokuda kwokuzvipira kuvasande, minyengetero, ngano, mifananidzo, zviratidzo nemiitiro ine dzidziso dzetsika.
Miitiro iyi inosanganisira kushandisa mashiripiti uye uroyi kurwisa vavengi kana kuunza rombo rakanaka; huroyi hunoshandiswawo kurwisa godo, kukunda kwerudo rusingabviri kana kuwana wedzero yemuhoro.
Pasinei zvapo naikoku, tsika yacho yakagamuchira mavara makuru echiKaturike, akadai sokuda Mwari nomuvakidzani; zvinoreva zvinoyera zvehupenyu, kukudzwa, kubatana uye kupemberera zviripo. Hukama naMwari hunoratidzwa kuburikidza nevarevereri vakadai seMhandara, vasande kana mushakabvu akadanwa mumhemberero dzesimba remweya. Mavari, zvinhu zvakakosha zvakaita semimhanzi, kutamba uye mufaro zvinouya pamwechete kuti zvibereke chirairo naMwari. Zvose izvi zvinoumba nhaka yemweya inoratidza tsika iyi.
Kana wawana ichi chinyorwa cheAfro-Colombian Tsika chinonakidza, tinokukoka iwe kuti unakirwe nezvimwe izvi: