Chimodzi mwazovuta zazikulu za anthu ndikufufuza Padziko Lapansi, pamlengalenga, panyanja komanso pamtunda. Ndipo ndendende nyanja ndi amodzi mwa malo ovuta kwambiri. Kwa zaka zambiri zinkawoneka ngati zosatheka kutsika ngakhale mamita angapo pansi pa mlingo wa nyanja. Ganizilani kuti tikukamba za caka ca 1960 pamene kunali kotheka kuyamba kufufuza zimene zinali pansi pa nyanja. Ndiko kuti, zonse zomwe zimadziwika zakuya kwambiri ndi zaka 70 zapitazo.
Munthawi imeneyi munthu watha kumanga malo okwanira kuti athe kufufuza kuya kwa nyanja, asanadzichepetse ndi zomwe zinali zakunja. Kutsika koyamba mozama kwambiri kudapangidwa mu 1960, mu Challenger Deep of the Marainas Trench. Zinali zotheka kutsitsa pafupifupi mamita 110.000, makamaka pafupifupi 10.929m kuya kwake.
Challenger Deep ndi Mariana Trench
Ngati tikufuna kupeza malo ozama kwambiri padziko lapansi, tiyenera kupita ku Marina Trench, komwe timapeza kupsinjika kwakukulu kwa nyanja padziko lapansi. Ili ndi kutalika kwa 2.500 km, koma ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino, ndi mawonekedwe kachigawo. Ili pakati pa Philippines tectonic plate ndi Pacific tectonic plate. Malinga ndi malo, titha kuziyika pakati pa Philippines, New Guinea ndi Japan, kumpoto kwa Pacific.
English ship expedition
Apa ndiye malo ozama kwambiri padziko lapansi, ndipo ndi mamita 10.900 ndendende pansi pa nyanja. Amadziwika kuti Challenger Phompho, dzina lomwe amalandira chifukwa adapezeka ndi sitima yachingerezi yomwe adatchedwa Challenger, cha m’chaka cha 1875. Pa ulendo umenewu kunanenedwa kuti kuya kwakukulu pansi pa mlingo wa nyanja kunali 8.184, zomwe zimatipangitsa kuganiza kuti mwina pambuyo pake zidzazindikirika kuti panalibe kuya koyenera kutulukira.
Anthu a ku Britain anasintha chiwerengerochi
Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, mu 1951, ulendo wina wa ku Britain unatha kuona kuti zimene zinapezedwa kufika panthaŵiyo ndi zimene anaziyeza mozama mamita 8.184 sizinali kwenikweni chitsime koma phompho, ndipo kuti. Kuzama kwake kunali mamita 10.863. Polemekeza kutulukira koyamba, ulendo wachiwiri anaganiza kuitana phompho pambuyo pa chombo, Challenger.
Mpaka lero zimadziwika kuti phompho ndi looneka ngati ka crescent, ndipo izo imagawidwa m'mabeseni atatu; kummawa, pakati ndi kumadzulo. Kuonjezera apo, kuya kwake komwe kunayesedwa, ngakhale kunali kolimba kwambiri, tsopano kumadziwika kuti ndipamwamba kwambiri. Pali nkhani za mamita 10.902 kapena 10.929, sizikudziwikanso chimodzimodzi.
Kugonjetsa zopinga za m'nyanja
Pakati pa zaka za m'ma 50 ndi 60, anthu adapita patsogolo kwambiri pa sayansi, pamagulu onse. Zinali zotheka kugonjetsa malire ambiri a Dziko Lapansi omwe mpaka nthawiyo ankawoneka ngati zosatheka, kaya ndi ndege, pamtunda kapena panyanja. Tiyeni tikumbukire zimenezo Satellite yoyamba yopangira idakhazikitsidwa mu 1957. ku mlengalenga, ndi kuti munthu mwiniyo anafikira danga mu 1961. Ponena za Dziko Lapansi, malire anapyoledwanso, kufika pa nsonga za mapiri aatali kwambiri padziko lapansi monga Everest ndi K2 m’zaka za m’ma 50. Ndipo kumapeto kwa zaka khumi zimenezi Malo oyamba ofufuza a South Pole adamangidwa. Malo onsewo kumene munthu sanathe kufikako kufikira nthawi imeneyo.
Bathyspheres ndi bathyscaphes, yankho kuti athe kufufuza nyanja yakuya
Ankafunika kupanga zitsulo zozungulira zomwe ankazitsitsa ndi chingwe n’kumangirira m’ngalawamo kuti zisatayike mozama. Nyumbayi inalandira dzina la bathyspheres. Anayamba kuyesa nawo cha m'ma 30 ndipo mu 1934 adatsika mpaka mamita 923. Komabe, iwo anafunikira kanthu kena kuti athe kuzama mozama.
Nkhondo yachiŵiri yapadziko lonse itatha, anapangidwa mofanana kwambiri ndi malo osambiramo koma osamangika pa chingwe. Izi zidatsikira ku prepulsion mothandizidwa ndi ma motors amagetsi. Linapangidwa ndi munthu wa ku Italy mu 1948. Koma chimwemwecho chinali chosakhalitsa, ndipo pamapeto pake chinamira pambuyo posambira bwino. Patapita nthawi, wa ku Switzerland wotchedwa Auguste Piccard anatsatira lingaliro limeneli ndipo anamanganso bathyscaphe ina. Anachitcha kuti FNRS-2. Sanamire, ndipo kwenikweni idagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Gulu Lankhondo Lankhondo Laku France kuti lichite ntchito yapagombe la Senegal, kutsika mpaka mamita 4.000.
Bathyscaphe wa Trieste
Koma Piccard sanakhale ndi chitsanzo ichi ndipo ndi momwemo. Adapanganso bathyscaphe ndipo nthawi ino adayika a chipinda chodzaza ndi mafuta. Izi zinapangitsa kuti pakhale chisangalalo chochuluka. Ndipo anapanganso malo oti anthu awiri ogwira nawo ntchito azipita. N’chifukwa chiyani limatchedwa Trieste Bathyscaphe?
Sizinafike mpaka 1953 pomwe idayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo mu 1958 idagulidwa ndi Gulu Lankhondo Lankhondo la United States lomwe linkafuna kufufuza Marina Trench. Mu 1959 bathyscaphe anasamukira Mtsinje wa Mariana ndipo kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 60, kufufuza kunachitika kudzera mu Challenger Deep. M’menemo munali Piccard mwiniyo ndi Don Walsh, kaputeni wa asilikali apamadzi a ku United States.
Ulendo womwewo unatenga pafupifupi maola 5 ndipo unafika pansi pa beseni lakumadzulo, mozama mamita 10.900. Kuchokera kuya komweko adalumikizana ndi sitimayo kudzera pa haidrofoni. Ulendowu sunatenge nthawi yayitali chifukwa patatha mphindi 20 gawo la Plexiglas linagwa. (Malo owoneka bwino omwe amalola kuwona zomwe zinali kunja komanso zomwe zimatha kulimbana ndi zovuta izi, makamaka pamlingo wina). Iwo anayenera kukwera mmwamba mofulumira momwe akanathera, umene unachoka pa ulendo wa maola 5 kupita ku kuya mpaka kukhala 3 ndi kotala maora kunja. Anathawa osavulazidwa ndipo opaleshoniyo inayenda bwino.
Khalani oyamba kuyankha