Ta wannan post din mun kawo muku wannan kyakkyawan labarin zanen baroque na Spain, halaye, nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan fasahar da aka yi a cikin karni na XNUMX da farkon rabin karni na XNUMX, suna la'akari da shi zamanin zinare na zanen Mutanen Espanya. Kar a daina karantawa!
Menene zanen Baroque na Mutanen Espanya?
Zane-zanen baroque na Mutanen Espanya ya fito ne saboda wuce gona da iri na kyawawan halaye da haɗin kai tare da nakasar Mannerist, yana ba da damar gaskiyar labari ba tare da asarar kayan ado ba bisa ga buƙatun Ikklisiya mai adawa da canji.
Yana daukan ga shekara ta 1610 na halitta model na artist Caravaggio na Italiyanci asalin, tare da tenebrist lighting, kayyade rinjaye style of Spanish baroque zanen na farko na karni na 1603, sa'an nan zuwa Rubens yana da muhimmanci a tsakanin shekaru. 1628 da XNUMX.
Inda ya nuna babban guguwar watsa ayyukansa tare da na almajiransa, wannan tasirin yana da ban sha'awa godiya ga nuances na Titian tare da fasaha mai sassaucin ra'ayi wanda ya dace da ɗaya daga cikin manyan wakilan zane-zane na Mutanen Espanya irin su Velázquez. .
An haɗu da tasirin odar Flemish a cikin zanen Baroque na Sipaniya godiya ga sabbin igiyoyin ruwa da suka fito daga ƙasar Italiya dangane da ƙwararrun masu fasaha a cikin fasahar fresco kamar Colonna da Mitelli a shekara ta 1658 sannan Luca Giordano a cikin shekara ta 1692 .
Ko da yake a cikin wannan lokaci an sake haifar da wani babban rikici wanda ya shafi al'ummar Spain saboda ƙaura da yawan jama'a zuwa sabuwar nahiya tare da asarar rayuka da aka yi a yaƙe-yaƙe da dama da kuma korar Moors daga ƙasar ta Spain.
Baya ga bambance-bambancen annoba da annoba da suka shafi al'ummar Spain duk da wadannan sauye-sauye, shine Golden Age a cikin zanen Baroque na Mutanen Espanya saboda ayyuka masu yawa na inganci da asali na hotunan jere na farko da suka yi.
Babban halaye na zanen baroque na Mutanen Espanya
Tare da niyya cewa za ku iya gano ta hanyar da ta dace mafi yawan wakilcin halayen zanen Baroque na Mutanen Espanya, za mu yi bayani dalla-dalla a cikin wannan sashe duk abin da ya shafi wannan batu mai ban sha'awa.
Dangane da Abokan Hulɗa da Abokai
Babban abokin ciniki shine cocin, wanda ya nemi babban adadin ayyukan fasaha don ƙawata gidajen ibada da yawa kuma ya buƙaci babban adadin ayyuka daga masu fasaha.
Nuna mahimmancin zanen Baroque na Mutanen Espanya a cikin gyaran fuska na coci ta amfani da fasaha a matsayin makami don goyon bayan Cocin Katolika.
Godiya gare su, masu zanen da suka yi aiki da wannan akidar sun kasa bayyana fasaha kamar haka tun da sun bi ka'idodin addini musamman wajen zabar batutuwan da za su fenti.
Bugu da kari, cocin ya bukaci a yi samfurin da kuma kula da ko aikin fasaha na zanen Baroque na Spain ya dace da bukatun da suke tsammani.
Ko da yake masu zanen da suka yi aiki da Cocin Katolika sun more samun kuɗin shiga na tattalin arziki mai kyau da kuma kyakkyawan suna da kuma shahara ta wajen baje kolin ayyukansu ga jama'a.
Wani abokin ciniki kuma shi ne Cortes, musamman mulkin Felipe IV, inda a zahiri ya kasance majiɓinci.Misalin wannan shi ne abin da Rubens ya rubuta wa abokinsa inda ya faɗi haka:
“… A nan na sadaukar da kaina wajen yin zane-zane, kamar yadda nake yi a ko’ina… Na yi hoton dawaki na Mai Martaba wanda ya faranta masa rai matuka. Gaskiya ne zanen yana faranta masa rai. ”…
"...a ra'ayina wannan yarima yana da kyawawan halaye, ina da alaƙa da shi ... yayin da nake zama a cikin fada yakan zo ganina kusan kullum..."
Ɗaya daga cikin misalan zanen baroque na Mutanen Espanya shine kayan ado na sabon Palacio del Buen Retiro, wanda ya ba da damar haɓaka ayyukan fasaha masu mahimmanci don kayan ado na Salón de los Reinos inda za a iya ganin kyawawan hotuna.
Hotunan dawaki da Velázquez ya yi sun bayyana da kuma hotunan zane-zane iri-iri na yaƙe-yaƙe da sojojin Felipe IV suka yi nasara, da kuma zagayowar da ke nufin The Labors of Hercules da Zurbarán ya yi.
A cikin birnin Rome, an bukaci masu fasaha da yawa, daga cikinsu Claudio de Lorraine da Nicolas Poussin sun yi fice a game da jerin shimfidar wurare inda aka lura da adadi na Gallery of Landscapes.
Hakazalika, masu fasaha Giovanni Lanfranco, Domenichino da sauran masu fasaha an umurce su da su yi zane-zane fiye da talatin da hudu game da tarihin Roma a cikin birnin Naples, daga cikinsu akwai yakin mata na José de Ribera.
An aiwatar da haramcin mika ayyukan fasaha zuwa wasu fadojin sarauta kuma saboda gaggawar Olivares don kammala kayan ado, dole ne a samo ayyuka daga masu tattarawa har zuwa jimlar ayyuka 800 da suka rataya a bangon wannan kayan aikin.
Daga cikin masu sayar da waɗannan ayyukan fasaha akwai mai zane Velázquez wanda a shekara ta 1634 ya sayar wa sarki aikin fasaha na La Tunica de José da La Fragua de Vulcano wanda ya zana a cikin ƙasar Italiya, wanda shine aikin da ke wakiltar zanen Baroque na Spain.
Ya kuma sayar da wasu ayyuka, da sauransu, kamar kwafin Danae da Titian ya yi, da kuma shimfidar wurare guda huɗu, ayyukan allahntaka ga masu rai da rai da wasu ayyuka na hoto guda biyu masu alaƙa da furanni.
Bayan haka, ana buƙatar yin ado da Torre de la Parada inda aka sanya babban adadin wakilan ayyukan zanen Baroque na Mutanen Espanya, kasancewar adadin zane-zane sittin da uku tare da abubuwan almara waɗanda aka ba da izini a cikin 1636 daga mai zane Rubens.
Wannan mai zanen ya kasance mai kula da ba da zane-zane kuma ya keɓance aiwatar da ayyukan hotuna goma sha huɗu dangane da shimfidar wurare da kuma ra'ayoyin da ke nuni ga ainihin wuraren da masu fasaha na asalin Mutanen Espanya suka yi irin su Félix Castelo, José Leonardo.
Baya ga Velásquez, wanda ya ba da gudummawar ayyukan da suka shafi Aesop da Menippus, da kuma hoton Mars, kasancewar ɗaya daga cikin manyan misalan zanen Baroque na Spain.
Alcázar kuma ya karɓi sabbin ayyuka da yawa waɗanda ke magana game da zanen Baroque na Sipaniya, yana nuna sha'awar jigogi kuma wasu zanga-zangar har ma an tsara su, kamar yadda ya faru a 1638.
Daga birnin Rome, an canja wurin ayyukan hotuna The Bacchanal of the Andrios da The Offering of Venus, kasancewar ayyuka biyu na babban abin sha'awa daga mai zane Titian. An gudanar da zanga-zanga mai yawa a tsakanin masu fasahar birnin.
Bugu da ƙari, an buƙaci sake tsara kuɗin kuɗi a tsakanin masu fasaha da suka shiga, Velázquez, babban wakilin Mutanen Espanya na zane-zane na Baroque, an ba da fifiko game da ma'auni na kayan ado.
Saboda haka, bene na fadar ya ƙunshi abin da ake kira Titian Vaults, inda aka haɗa ayyukan hotuna talatin da takwas.
Baya ga waƙar da Felipe II ya nema daga Titian kansa tare da haɗin gwiwar The Bacchanal da sauran ayyukan fasaha na asalin Venetian kamar The Three Graces na Rubens, Eva ta mai zane Dürer.
Sauran ayyukan na Ribera irin su shahararriyar Jordaens ban da Tintoretto inda mata suka yi fice, galibi suna maganar tsirara da nufin iya kammala wannan jerin zane-zane, Velázquez ya buƙaci ya ƙaura zuwa ƙasar Italiya a 1648.
Tare da odar siyan sassaka da kuma hayar ƙwararren ƙwararren da aka sadaukar don zanen fresco, Angelo Michele Colonna da Agostino Mitelli sun yi fice kan wannan.
An ci gaba da aiki a kan Alcázar kuma a cikin 1649 Francisco Camilo an ba da izini tare da jerin abubuwan da aka sani da Ovid's Metamorphosis, waɗanda ba su da sha'awar sarki.
Har ila yau, abin lura a cikin zanen Baroque na Mutanen Espanya shine kayan ado na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo, kamar yadda ake iya gani a cikin Buen Retiro, kuma a cikin su akwai aikin injiniya na Italiyanci Baccio del Bianco da Come Lotti.
Wadanda ke da alhakin gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo ban da wasanni na sauye-sauye na Tuscan, kasancewar darektan gidan wasan kwaikwayo na sarauta Francisco Rizi, a yau an adana zane-zane masu alaka da labule.
Sauran masu fasaha kuma sun halarci, irin su José de Cieza, haifaffen Granada, wanda ya kasance mai zanen ra'ayi kuma godiya ga wannan ya sami lakabin da ake so na Painter na Sarki.
A cikin zanen Baroque na Sipaniya, kayan ado na al'ada da ke da alaƙa da manyan bakuna da facades tare da niyyar biki sun fito fili, waɗanda Majalisar birni ko ƙungiyoyin hankali suka ɗauki nauyinsu, wanda shine wata hanyar samun kuɗi ga masu fasaha.
Amma a cikin irin wannan nau'in ayyukan an lura cewa suna da tsari na lalata amma ba su daina wakiltar zanen baroque na Mutanen Espanya ba, daga cikinsu akwai shigarwar a Madrid na Mariana na Ostiriya, ita ce matar ta biyu na Felipe IV.
Baya ga matan biyu na Carlos II, kasancewar María Luisa de Orleans da María de Neoburgo, inda masu fasaha suka ƙware a cikin taimako, kamar Claudio Coello.
Game da abokan ciniki a cikin masu zaman kansu, game da zanen Baroque na Mutanen Espanya, kadan za a iya cewa, saboda 'yan bayanan da ke samuwa, yana yiwuwa a yi magana musamman game da masu daraja waɗanda ke da sha'awar yin ado da ɗakunan su na sirri.
Ko da yake wasu daga cikin manyan masu fada a ji da ke kusa da sarkin da ke da alhakin gudanar da ayyuka a yankuna na Italiya da kuma a Flanders suna da yiwuwar zama masu lamuni na tarin ayyukan fasaha.
Ana iya ganin misalin wannan tare da mataimakan Naples waɗanda suka sami ayyukan zanen baroque na Sipaniya ta Ribera, sannan Alonso Cano wanda ya zama mai ba da lamuni na ayyukan Olivares, kasancewarsa majiɓintan asali game da tarin ayyuka a Turai.
Daya daga cikin masu binciken zanen Baroque na Sipaniya mai suna Carducho yayi sharhi cewa akwai kusan masu tarawa ashirin da ke da matukar muhimmanci a Spain a wancan lokacin, kamar Marquis na Leganés wanda ya ji sha'awar zanen Flemish.
Hakanan yana yiwuwa a ambaci Juan Alfonso Enríquez de Cabrera wanda shine Admiral na Castile kuma ya karɓi daga mahaifiyarsa Vittoria Colonna babban adadin ayyukan addini inda ayyukan asali da wasu kwafin Rubens, Correggio, Tintoretto da Titian suka bayyana.
Yawancin manyan aji sun fi son ayyukan masu fasaha na kasashen waje, wanda ke nufin cewa aikin da masu fasahar Creole daga Spain suka yi ya ragu.
Ko da yake ya kamata a lura da cewa ayyuka da yawa sun kasance ba tare da sa hannun marubucin su ba kuma lokacin da ake ɗaukar su ba koyaushe na masu fasaha ba ne amma dai wani ɗanyen kwafin, kamar yanayin Marquis del Carpio, tarinsa ya karkatar da kusan guda dubu biyu. .
Daga cikin wadannan ayyukan, Venus of the Mirror ta Velázquez, babban mai zanen zanen Baroque na Spain, ya fito fili, akwai kuma ayyukan wasu masu fasaha irin su Angelo Nardi da Juan van del Hamen.
Bugu da ƙari, a cikin kayan nasa akwai ayyuka na biyu kamar su Gabriel Terrazas, Juan de Toledo har ma da kwafin manyan masu fasaha irin su Rubens, Velázquez, Tiziano waɗanda Juan Bautista Martínez del Mallet ya yi da gwaninta.
Game da tarin da Dukes na Benavente suka samu, an lura da ayyukan da suka shafi Flemish da zane-zane na Italiyanci, ko da yake yawancin tarin ya ƙunshi ayyukan zanen Baroque na Mutanen Espanya da Murillo ya yi, kusan ayyuka arba'in na hoto.
Wani tarin kyawawan kyawawan kyawawan abubuwa shine na Admiral Juan Gaspar Enríquez de Cabrera wanda shine mai kare Juan Alfaro ta hanyar ba da kuɗinsa don gina gidan kayan gargajiya.
An rarraba waɗannan zane-zane a cikin ɗakuna daban-daban na sama waɗanda ke nufin al'ummai, da kuma abubuwan rayuwa da yanayin teku. Hakazalika, manyan ayyuka na mashahurai masu tasiri sun bayyana, irin su Rafael, Rubens, Ribera, Pedro de Orrente da Bassano.
Kowane mai zane tare da nasa yanki da aka fayyace shima yana haskakawa a cikin Baroque na Mutanen Espanya zanen Mafarkin Mafarkin Pereda da kuma ayyukan wasu masu fasaha kamar Carreño da Antolinez.
Ba a san kadan ba idan a cikin sauran azuzuwan zamantakewa yana yiwuwa a san idan suna jin daɗin tattara ayyukan da suka danganci zanen Baroque na Mutanen Espanya, kodayake mallakar ayyukan hoto a matsayin ɓangare na trousseau na gida ya kasance na kowa.
Dangane da rikodin Toledan na abubuwan ƙirƙira na rabin na biyu na ƙarni na XNUMX waɗanda a halin yanzu ake kiyaye su, yana yiwuwa a yi magana game da nau'in zane-zane da aka adana a cikin gidajen sauran azuzuwan zamantakewa inda yawancin ke cikin batutuwan dabi'ar addini.
Masu zane-zane da la'akarinsu a cikin al'umma
Yana da mahimmanci a nuna ƙananan la'akari da zamantakewar al'umma da aka ba wa masu fasaha tun lokacin da suka yi la'akari da wannan cinikin wani abu na inji kuma har zuwa karni na XNUMX kawai aka gane su.
To, a cikin karnin da ya gabata ba a yi la'akari da su ba, irin wannan shine yanayin ƙoƙarin da Velázquez ya yi don shigar da shi cikin Order of Santiago don neman fahimtar zamantakewa.
Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa al'adar fara sana'a tun yana ƙuruciya ba ta fifita horar da hankali ba, kuma kaɗan masu fasaha ne ke kula da samun horon al'adu.
Daga cikin keɓancewar wannan ka'ida, Francisco Pacheco ya yi fice a cikin zanen baroque na Mutanen Espanya, wanda shi ne malamin Velázquez kuma wanda ya ba da ma'anar kewaye da kansa da masu hankali waɗanda ya kiyaye sadarwa ta hanyar haruffa.
Wani kuma shi ne Diego Valentin Díaz a cikin birnin Valladolid inda yake da dakin karatu mai dauke da juzu'i dari biyar da saba'in da shida (576).
Akwai masu fasaha waɗanda ba su da ilimi gabaɗaya, irin wannan lamari ne na Antonio de Pereda wanda, a cewar Palomino, bai san yadda ake karantawa ko rubutawa ba, amma yana son a karanta masa littattafan da ke magana kan al'adun gargajiya.
A cewar Majalisar Trent, Ikklisiya ce ke kula da kafa sabbin dokoki game da ɗabi'a waɗanda suka fi buƙata.
Daga cikin su, an haramta tsirara, don haka an buga littafai da yawa game da tsafta, wanda ba su yarda da aikin zanen tsiraici ba.
An lura cewa a wancan lokacin tarihi na zanen baroque na Mutanen Espanya, an yi amfani da wasu tsiraici don wakiltar Hauwa'u da Adamu da sauran shahidai masu tsarki, da kuma a cikin majami'u da ke cikin kotuna, an ga adadi mai yawa na tsiraicin a ayyukan fasaha.
A saboda wannan dalili, Fray Juan De Rojas y Auxa ya ba da shawarar rufe waɗannan ayyukan fasaha tare da mayafi lokacin da mata suka kasance a gaban waɗannan zane-zane.
Don haka, wannan haramtaccen abu dangane da tsiraicin yana yin tasiri ga ayyukan wasu masu fasaha, irin su Francisco Pacheco, wanda ya shawarci masu fasaha da su yi koyi da kai da hannayen samfuri kawai su yi sauran a gaban kwafi ko mutummutumai.
Ko da yake a tsakiyar karni na sha bakwai yawancin makarantun fasaha sun karfafa nazarin fasaha ta hanyar rayuwa mai rai a mafi yawan lokuta maza.
Misalin wannan yana iya zama shaida a cikin Ka'idodin Nazari Mai Girma Art of Painting a cikin shekara ta 1693 wanda José García Hidalgo ya kirkira.
Daban-daban Daban-daban a cikin Zanen Baroque na Mutanen Espanya
An lura da babban bambancin nau'ikan nau'ikan zanen Baroque na Mutanen Espanya a cikin fasaha kuma a cikin wannan labarin mai ban sha'awa za mu bayyana kowane ɗayansu, kasancewa kamar haka:
zanen addini
Dangane da kalmomin Francisco Pacheco game da zanen addini, nau'in wakilci ne na zanen Baroque na Mutanen Espanya kuma ya bayyana haka:
"Babban dalilin yin zanen shine a rinjayi mutane zuwa ga tsoron Allah da kai su ga Allah..."
Don haka zaku iya tabbatar da ainihin yanayin zanen baroque na Mutanen Espanya dangane da fagen addini a farkon rabin karni na XNUMX.
An yarda da magudanar dabi'a da sauri, don haka mai zane yana jin aminci ga addini lokacin da yake cikin gaskiyar cewa ya kama a cikin ayyukan fasaha.
Wurin da ya fi girma girma ga zanen Baroque na Mutanen Espanya shine babban bagadi na wuraren ibada, kodayake a cikin ƙananan bagaden an sanya ayyukan a cikin ɗakunan sujada da naves na gefe.
Misalin wannan shi ne bagadin El Escorial, wanda aka raba shi zuwa tituna da gawawwaki ta hanyar gauraya, inda ake iya ganin zane-zanen Baroque na Spain da sassaka.
Sa'an nan kuma, a cikin rabin na biyu na karni na XNUMX, an lura da shigar da manyan bagadi, yana kawar da al'amuran daban-daban don mayar da hankali ga wani wuri na tsakiya, kasancewar tarihin tarihi na zane-zane na addini kuma a ƙarshen karni an mayar da shi zuwa ga al'ada. ɗaki.
Babban jikin bagadin yana da katako da aka sassaka, kasancewar babban mataki na zanen Baroque na Mutanen Espanya kuma godiya ga tasirin Luca Giordano na Italiya wanda ke cikin al'ummar Spain, zanen frescoes ya fara a cikin ɗakunan ibada na addini.
Saboda haka, zanen Baroque na Mutanen Espanya yana wakiltar al'amuran nasara, irin su Apotheosis na San Hermenegildo na Francisco de Herrera, wanda aka fi sani da El Mozo.
Wani misali na zanen baroque na Mutanen Espanya a fagen addini, irin su Saint Augustine, wanda Claudio Coello ya yi.Wadannan ayyukan yanzu suna cikin gidan tarihi na Prado.
Hotunan waliyyai, musamman wadanda suka fi girman ibada a cikin Cocin Katolika, masu girma dabam da maimaitawa sun kasance akai-akai a taron bita guda, daga cikin waliyyai da aka fi so akwai kamar haka:
- Saint Teresa na Yesu
- San Ignacio de Loyola
- da tuba
- San Pedro
- magdalene
- Saint Jerome
- Sadaka
- Sadaka
- Saint John na Allah
- Saint Elisabeth na Hungary
- Shahidai (shaida ga bangaskiyar Katolika)
Game da bautar Budurwa, irin su al'adun Saint Joseph, waɗanda aka haɓaka godiya ga kalmomin Saint Teresa na Yesu, suna ƙara yawan ibada yayin da cocin Furotesta ya yi yaƙi da bangaskiyar Katolika.
Kasancewar hotuna masu wakilci na zanen baroque na Sipaniya, wanda La Inmaculada ya yi fice a yankin Sipaniya, manyan abubuwan da suka sami waɗannan ayyukan sune sarakunan da ake takaddama a kai wajen kare akidar da Paparoma bai riga ya yi la’akari da shi ba.
Saboda wannan, an yi zane-zane na fasaha da ke magana game da Eucharist a cikin zanen Baroque na Mutanen Espanya, kamar yadda ake iya gani godiya ga mai zane Claudio Coello a cikin aikinsa na fasaha Adoration of Sacred Form da ke cikin El Escorial.
Daga abin da aka lura cewa an yi amfani da zanen Baroque na Mutanen Espanya don fuskantar ra'ayoyin addinin Furotesta, misali na wannan shine Jibin Ƙarshe inda aka ƙarfafa tsarkakewar Eucharist.
Hakazalika, mu'ujizar Kristi sun nuna ayyukan jinƙai dabam-dabam, kamar yadda ake iya gani a cikin jerin zane-zane da mai zane Murillo ya yi na Asibitin de la Caridad a Seville, yana nuna muhimmancin gaske a zanen Baroque na Spain.
Yana da mahimmanci a haskaka cewa an lura da ƴan misalai na Tsohon Alkawari, tun da akwai ajiyar wannan karatun ga masu aminci na Katolika da kuma batutuwan da aka ɗauka a farkon misali suna magana ne game da zuwan Almasihu ko kuma kwatanta su. .
Kamar yadda al'amarin hadayar Ishaku yake inda ma'ana a kwatankwacinta ke bayyana kanta daga sha'awar Almasihu kuma ana wakilta ta godiya ga zanen baroque na Mutanen Espanya.
The Profane Genre
Ya kamata ku sani cewa a cikin zanen Baroque na Mutanen Espanya akwai wasu nau'o'in, kodayake wanda aka fi sani da shi ya dace da jigogi na addini.
Tun da coci ne babban abokin cinikinsa kuma kuɗin da aka biya yana da matukar amfani ga masu fasaha na wannan motsi na fasaha.
Don haka za mu iya magana game da wasu nau'o'in a cikin zanen Baroque na Mutanen Espanya kamar hotuna da kuma har yanzu rayuwa. Ko da yake tun 1599 an sami furcin da ke nuni da zanen rai a cikin takardu.
Ofaya daga cikin halayen Mutanen Espanya har yanzu rayuwa tana adawa da teburan dafa abinci masu ban sha'awa na asalin Flemish kuma godiya ga mai zane Sánchez Cotán an ayyana shi azaman nau'in nau'in nau'ikan nau'ikan abubuwa masu sauƙi inda adadi na geometric, layukan wuya da haske mai haske. ana amfani da su.
Irin wannan nasarar da wannan nau'i na zane-zane na zanen Baroque na Mutanen Espanya ke da shi wanda wasu masu fasaha suka goyi bayansa a cikin wannan nau'i na zanen da ya zama wani ɓangare na kotunan sarauta, kasancewar masu fasaha masu girma masu daraja:
- Philip Ramirez
- Alexander na Loarte
- Francisco Burgos Mantilla
- Juan van der Hamen da kuma Leon
- Francis Barrier
- Juan Fernandez wanda aka fi sani da Labrador
- Anthony Ponce
- Juan de Espinosa
- Francisco Palacios
Har ila yau makarantar Sevillian ta taimaka wajen tsara halaye na nau'in rayuwa mai rai, Velázquez da Zurbarán kasancewa manyan wakilan zanen Baroque na Mutanen Espanya. Yana da mahimmanci a nuna cewa waɗannan rayuwar har yanzu ba su da 'yanci daga tasirin yankin Italiya da Flemish.
Salon Mutanen Espanya har yanzu rayuwa ta sami canji a tsakiyar karni na sha bakwai lokacin, godiya ga tasirin Flemish, Hotunan da aka wakilta sun kasance masu banƙyama da rikitarwa fiye da na farko, ana lura da ci gaba a cikin abun da ke ciki ta hanyar wasan kwaikwayo tare da almara. abun ciki.
Misali na wannan nau'i na zanen baroque na Mutanen Espanya za a iya gani a cikin zane-zane na furen da Juan de Arellano ya yi har ma a cikin aikin fasaha mai suna Vanitas na mai zane Antonio de Pereda da wani babban mai zane Valdés Leal.
Ana lura da tasirin ƙasashen waje saboda wannan nau'in na Mutanen Espanya har yanzu rayuwa an tsara shi a cikin austerity da kwanciyar hankali na siffofinsa waɗanda ke canzawa tare da tasirin Flemish da Italiyanci.
Ko da yake Velázquez ya sadaukar da lokaci da kulawa ga salon rayuwar Mutanen Espanya, amma ya sami 'yan noma kaɗan kuma Carducho ya hana shi.
A tsakiyar karni na goma sha bakwai Murillo ya sanya wakilcin yara mabarata da ke nuna rayuwar titi a wani wurin zanen Baroque na Sipaniya, wanda ya fara nau'in hoto ta hanyar da ta yi nisa daga manyan jiga-jigan Turai.
A cikin wannan nau'i na zanen Baroque na Mutanen Espanya, tasirin Girkanci yana haɗuwa, don haka wannan nau'in ya haɗu da tushensa tare da makarantar Italiyanci na Titian da kuma zane-zane na Mutanen Espanya-Flemish wanda mai zane Antonio Moro da Sánchez Coello ke wakilta.
Yana nuna nau'i mai sauƙi tare da ƙananan kayan ado amma wannan yana ba mu damar fahimtar abubuwan da ɗan adam ke da shi na masu tayar da hankali, yana ba da daraja ga hoton, a cikin adawa da gyaran gyare-gyare, ƙididdiga na babban mashahuri ba dole ba ne a kama shi a cikin hotuna.
To, ana iya kwatanta ɗan titi a matsayin sarkin al'umma dangane da nau'in hoton zanen baroque na Sipaniya, misali mai kyau na wannan aikin fasaha shi ne El pie varo wanda aka fi sani da patizambo wanda José de Ribera ya yi a shekarar. 1642.
Ɗaya daga cikin halayen da ya fi dacewa a cikin zanen Baroque na Mutanen Espanya game da nau'in hoto shine rashin jin dadi idan aka kwatanta da sauran makarantu, tun da yake wakiltar ran mutum na mutum wanda aka kama a kan zane.
An lura da wani batu na rashin yarda da raɗaɗi kafin abin da rayuwa ke riƙe da shi daga salon halitta a daidai lokacin da ake ɗaukar siffofi na samfurin da ke da nisa daga al'adun gargajiya wanda yawancin masana ilimin zamani suka kare.
Ɗaya daga cikin halaye na gyare-gyaren gyare-gyare shine rinjaye na ainihi sabanin abin da zai zama manufa, kuma shine nau'in hoto na zanen Baroque na Mutanen Espanya.
Haɓaka a cikin ƙarni na goma sha bakwai tare da ayyukan fasaha na Velázquez da kuma ayyukan da ke magana kan hotuna na Ribera, Zurbarán, Juan Ribalta, an kiyaye wannan ingancin a cikin ayyukan fasaha na Goya.
Game da nau'in hoto a cikin zanen Baroque na Mutanen Espanya, akwai ƴan ayyuka da suka danganci filin tatsuniya ko tarihi kuma waɗannan misalan sun kasance ɓangare na tattarawa.
Dangane da karni na XNUMX, tasowar ayyukan da suka shafi fagen tatsuniyoyi sun yi fice a cikin karni na XNUMX, wadanda ba kawai a baje kolinsu a bangon manyan fada ba, suna samuwa ga daukacin al'umma, suna ba da damar gumaka iri-iri.
Game da zane-zanen da ke da alaƙa da shimfidar wuri, waɗanda ake kira a cikin zanen baroque na Mutanen Espanya a matsayin ƙasashe, an bi da shi da ƙarancin sha'awa saboda siffar ɗan adam yana kan kololuwar fasaha.
Dangane da sukar Carducho, shimfidar wurare sun dace da wuraren zama a cikin karkara ko wuraren ritaya kuma galibi za a wadatar da su da wasu siffofi na sacrament ko na lalata, wanda ya fallasa a cikin littafinsa mai suna Dialogues of Painting.
Wannan ra'ayi ya zo daidai da kalmomin da Pacheco ya bayyana game da bincikensa mai suna Art of Painting inda ya yi sharhi cewa masu zane-zane na kasashen waje ne suka yi shimfidar wurare.
Daga cikin su, Cesare Arbasia, Muziano da Brill sun yi fice, wadanda suka koyi wannan fasaha daga fitaccen dan wasan kasar Spain Antonio Mohedano, inda ya bayyana kamar haka:
"... wani bangare ne na zanen da bai kamata a raina ba... amma abubuwa ne da ba su da daraja da kima a wajen magabata...".
Bisa ga binciken da aka gudanar, sun nuna cewa wannan nau'in yana da mahimmanci ga masu tarawa kuma, ba kamar Holland ba, a cikin al'ummar Spain babu wasu wakilai na gaskiya, ko da yake ana iya ambaton waɗannan abubuwa:
Ignacio de Iriarte, wanda ya yi aiki a Seville, da kuma Francisco Collantes da Benito Manuel Agüero a birnin Madrid, an lura da su ne saboda zane-zanen da suke da shi tare da ko babu adadi, ban da Antonio del Castillo daga Cordoba.
Makarantun zanen Baroque na Mutanen Espanya
A farkon rabin karni na XNUMX, an lura da manyan wuraren samar da kayayyaki game da motsin zanen Baroque na Sipaniya, manyan waɗanda ke cikin birnin Toledo, Seville, Valencia da Madrid.
Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa a cikin rabin na biyu na karni na XNUMX, makarantun Toledo da Valencia sun ƙi a matsayi, suna ƙara darajar ayyukan zanen Baroque na Spain a cikin birnin Madrid da Seville, amma akwai ko da yaushe masu fasaha na wasu mahimmanci. a yankuna daban-daban na kasar Spain.
Makaranta a birnin Madrid
A farkon karni na 1575, duka a cikin birnin Madrid da Toledo, masu zane-zane da yawa sun rinjayi masu fasaha na kasashen waje daga al'ummar Italiya wadanda suka zo kasar Spain don yin aiki a cikin babban gidan sufi na El Escorial, daga cikinsu akwai Eugenio Cajes. Ya bambanta tsakanin shekarun 1634 da XNUMX.
Baya ga mai zane Vicente Carducho, tsakanin 1576 zuwa 1638, saboda gina wannan fitaccen haikalin addini, an horar da manyan masu fasahar zanen Baroque na Spain.
Kamar yadda lamarin Sánchez Cotán yake da kuma Francisco Ribalta waɗanda suka shagaltu da aikin fasaha na Orazio Borgianni.
Bugu da ƙari, ayyukan hoto na Carlo Saraceni wanda aka ci nasara ga Cathedral na Toledo godiya ga Cardinal Bernardo de Sandoval y Rojas wanda ya kasance mai tattarawa kuma yana mai da hankali sosai ga duk yanayin fasaha da ke fitowa daga al'ummar Italiya.
Magana game da batutuwa na addini tare da ainihin gaske a cikin zanen baroque na Mutanen Espanya ba tare da kawar da kayan ado wanda a cikin birnin Roma da yawa suka zagi babban mai zane Caravaggio ba.
Daga cikin waɗanda suka fito daga Juan van der Hamen tsakanin shekarun 1596 zuwa 1631 wanda ke kula da kama har yanzu rayuka da kuma zane-zane na addini.
Bugu da ƙari, hotuna masu kama da zanen Baroque na Mutanen Espanya, babban mai zane mai suna Pedro Núñez del Valle ya bi shi, wanda ya kira kansa Masanin Ilimin Roman.
Wanene ya rinjayi al'adun gargajiya na ɗan wasan Bolognese Guido Reni wanda Caravaggism ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi kuma ke da alhakin ɗaukar shimfidar wurare da batutuwa na fannin addini.
Hakanan zamu iya kiran sunan Juan Bautista Maino tsakanin shekarun 1578 da 1649 wanda, lokacin da yake tafiya Italiya, ya ji daɗin ayyukan fasaha na Caravaggio da mai zane Annibale Carracci, wanda ke da alaƙa ta amfani da launuka masu haske da siffofi masu sassaka.
Makarantar Toledo City
Ya kamata ku sani cewa a cikin birnin Toledo an fara makarantar fasaha na zanen baroque na Mutanen Espanya, inda Juan Sánchez Cotán (1560-1627) ya fito, wanda ya kasance mai zane-zane mai ban sha'awa da kuma bambancin, wanda ya nuna har yanzu rayuwarsa inda 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari suke. bayyananne.
Bai san aikin Caravaggio ba kamar Juan van der Hamen wanda ke da nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in zane-zane irin su Clara Peeters da Osias Beert.
Hakazalika masu fasaha na asalin Italiyanci irin su Fede Galizia waɗanda suka kasance na zamani kuma sha'awar su ta kasance a cikin hasken wuta na tenebrist.
Ba su da sha'awar hadaddun har yanzu misalai na rayuwa na sauran masu fasaha na asalin Dutch ko Flemish. Don haka, abubuwan da Sánchez Cotán ya yi dangane da har yanzu suna da sauƙi, wasu sassa da aka sanya su ta hanyar geometric a cikin sararin zane.
An yi sharhi cewa Sánchez Cotán yana yin odar abubuwansa bisa ga daidaito da daidaituwa bisa ga Neoplatonism, kodayake ba a sami rubuce-rubucen da ke magana game da shi ba.
Ana amfani da dabi'a ne kawai don kamawa kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin aikin Har yanzu Rayuwa tare da 'Ya'yan itace inda ya kama rayuwar da ke dauke da quince, kankana, kokwamba da kabeji wannan aikin yana cikin Gidan Gallery na Fine Arts a San Diego.
A cikin wannan aikin, ana lura da sauƙi na 'ya'yan itatuwa guda hudu a kan firam na geometric a cikin ƙananan ɓangaren hagu na hagu, yana nuna launin baƙar fata a tsakiyar zane da kuma a cikin rabin dama, yana nuna cikakkun bayanai.
Aikin zanen Baroque na Mutanen Espanya ne wanda ke jawo hankalin masu kallo godiya ga tsarin gine-gine inda 'ya'yan itatuwa suka dace.
Kamar ɓangarorin da ke magana game da farauta, suna ishara da akwatunan da aka saba da su na yankin Mutanen Espanya na wancan lokacin tarihi, ya kuma yi fice ga ra'ayin ruɗi wanda yake ba da aikin.
Wani daga cikin masu fasahar zanen Baroque na Sipaniya sune Pedro Orrente da Luis Tristán, wanda almajirin mai fasahar Greco ne lokacin da ya ƙaura zuwa ƙasar Italiya tsakanin 1606 da 1611.
Yana da wani horo a cikin salon tenebrist na kotu na sirri da kuma eclectic, yana nunawa a cikin ayyukansa babban bagadin cocin Yepes a shekara ta 1616.
Game da mai zane, Orrente kuma ya rayu a cikin ƙasar Italiya tsakanin 1604 zuwa 1612, inda ya kasance mai kula da aiki a cikin taron bitar Bassano a birnin Venice.
Ayyukansa da aka gudanar a biranen Murcia, Valencia da Toledo sun tsaya a cikin jigogi na addini, yana nuna gaskiyar adadi, abubuwa da dabbobi.
Kamar yadda lamarin ya faru na Saint Sebastian a cikin Cathedral na Valencia a shekara ta 1616 da kuma bayyanar Saint Leocadia a cikin Cathedral na Toledo a shekara ta 1617.
Makarantar zanen baroque na Mutanen Espanya a Valencia
Masu zane-zane na tenebrist Francisco Ribalta (1565-1628) da José de Ribera (1591-1652) sun yi fice a wannan makaranta.
Mai zane Ribalta yana zaune a birnin Valencia tun 1599 kuma a cikin wannan yanki zanen yana da halayen mai zane Juan de Juanes.
Salon Ribalta ya dace da gyare-gyare tun da a cikin ayyukansa wani sassauƙan abun da ke tattare da haruffan da ke nuna ra'ayi na musamman na zanen Baroque na Mutanen Espanya.
Daga cikin ayyukansa na hoto sun fito waje ne The Crucified Embracing Saint Bernard da kuma Saint Francis Ta'aziyyar Mala'ikan da ke cikin Gidan Tarihi na Prado.
Wani daga cikin ayyukansa shi ne Abincin Dare na altarpiece na Colegio del Patriarca da kuma bagadin Portacoeli wanda ke cikin Gidan Tarihi na Valencia inda San Bruno ya fito.
Daga cikin manyan ɗalibansa, ɗansa Juan Ribalta ya fito fili, wanda ya mutu yana ƙarami, da Jerónimo Jacinto Espinosa.
Ayyukansa sun yi fice kamar su Mu'ujizar Almasihu na Ceto na shekara ta 1623 da kuma Mutuwar San Luis Beltrán a shekara ta 1653 bayyanar Kristi zuwa San Ignacio na shekara ta 1658.
Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa José de Ribera, ko da yake an haɗa shi a cikin makarantar Valencian, ko da yaushe ya yi aiki a cikin al'ummar Italiya tun 1611, ba ya cikin Valencia kuma yayin da yake Roma yana da dangantaka da tasirin mai zane Caravaggio, yana ɗaukar tenebrist. dabi'a.
Ayyukansa na hoto suna nuna sauƙi na manzanni da masana falsafa inda ya yi koyi da kalmomi ciki har da wrinkles.
Daga cikin ayyukan da suka yi fice daga wannan babban mai zane na zanen Baroque na Sipaniya akwai La Magdalena Penitente, wanda aka ajiye a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Prado.
Kamar Shahadar San Felipe, El Sueño de Jacob, Santísima Trinidad, San Andrés da Inmaculada Concepción, waɗannan ayyukan na Agustinas de Monterrey ne a cikin birnin Salamanca.
Wani aikin wakilci na zanen Baroque na Mutanen Espanya shine La Cartuja de San Martino a cikin birnin Naples, Ƙungiyar Manzanni kuma ta kama wasu zane-zane da ke magana akan shimfidar wurare da ke cikin tarin Dukes na Alba a Fadar Monterrey.
Ya kuma kasance mai kula da daukar batutuwan addini da mataimakan Mutanen Espanya suka ba da umarni a birnin Naples da kuma jigogi na tatsuniya kamar Venus da Adonis, Apollo da Marsyas, Ziyarar Allolin ga Maza, Silenus Drunk ba tare da manta da jerin hotuna ba. .
Irin wannan lamari ne na dan wasan dawaki Don Juan José na Ostiriya da kuma sanannen hoton El pie varo wanda ke amsawa musamman ga dandano na lokacin a cikin zanen baroque na Mutanen Espanya, da kuma Matar Gemu ga Duke na Alcalá na III.
Game da Makarantar Andalus
A farkon karni na 1564 a cikin birnin Seville, zanen gargajiya tare da tasirin Yaren mutanen Holland ya kasance a cikin salon zamani, mafi kyawun wakilinsa shine mai zane-zane na Mannerist Francisco Pacheco, wanda shi ne suruki kuma malamin babban Velázquez (1654-XNUMX). ).
Ya kasance ƙwararren mai zane wanda ke kula da yin rubutun da aka buga a ƙarƙashin taken The Art of Painting da aka buga bayan ba ya cikin jiki, yana da muhimmanci ku sani cewa wani limamin coci mai suna Juan de Roelas (1570-1625) shi ne mawallafin da ya yi zane. ya haɗa da launi zuwa salon fasaha na Venetian a cikin birnin Seville.
Saboda haka, ana ɗaukarsa mahaifin zanen Baroque na Mutanen Espanya a Ƙasar Andalusia. Ayyukansa sun yi fice don salon Baroque mai haske da launi wanda ya riga ya kasance a cikin zane-zane na Mannerist.
Daga cikin ayyukan da suka fito daga wannan wakilin zanen baroque na Mutanen Espanya, Shahadar Saint Andrew ya fito fili, wanda ke cikin gidan kayan gargajiya na Seville.
Ya kamata ku sani cewa wannan ƙarni na farko na masu fasaha waɗanda ke wakiltar zanen Baroque na Mutanen Espanya ya ƙare tare da Francisco Herrera wanda aka fi sani da El Viejo (1590-1656) kasancewa malamin fasaha na ɗansa Herrera El Mozo.
Dangane da binciken da aka gudanar, wannan mai zane mai suna Herrera zai kasance wani ɓangare na canji daga ɗabi'a zuwa motsin Baroque.
Wanda ya kasance mai tallata godiya ga halayensa na fasaha kamar goga mai tsini da kuma ainihin yanayin zanen Baroque na Mutanen Espanya.
Yana da mahimmanci ku fahimci cewa birnin Seville yana cikin haɓakar tattalin arziƙin saboda godiya ga kasuwanci tare da Amurka inda aka horar da manyan masu fasahar zanen Baroque na Spain, kamar Zurbarán, Velázquez da Alonso Cano.
Game da Francisco de Zurbarán (1598-1664), shi ne mafi girman wakilin Mutanen Espanya zanen Baroque a fagen addini, wanda aka san shi a lokacinsa a matsayin mai zanen friars.
Har ila yau rayuwarsa ta yi fice, kodayake ya sadaukar da kansa gare su lokaci-lokaci. Ɗaya daga cikin halayensa shine salon tenebrist inda ya haɗa da sassauƙa da haƙiƙanin tsari na abubuwa da mutanen da ya kama akan zanen sa.
Suna haskaka manyan jerin ayyukan fasaha da ke magana game da umarni na addini daban-daban na akidar Katolika, daga cikinsu akwai Carthusians na birnin Seville, da kuma Hieronymites na Sacristy na Monastery na Guadalupe. Daga cikin ayyukansa sun yi fice:
- Friar Gonzalo de Illescas
- M
- Friar Pedro Machado
- Mass na Uba Cabañuelas
- Saint Hugo a cikin Refectory na Carthusians
- Haihuwar Uba Salmeron
- Jarabawar Saint Jerome
- Santa Katalina
Game da wani babban wakilin Mutanen Espanya zanen Baroque, Alonso Cano (1601-1667) ana daukarsa a matsayin wanda ya kafa makarantar Granada Baroque. A farkon misali, ya kasance dan wasa ne, sannan ya canza wannan salon.
To, ya san zanen Venetian a cikin tarin sarauta lokacin da aka nada shi mai zanen ɗakin gida godiya ga Count-Duke na Olivares. Yana da mahimmanci ku san cewa Alonso Cano da Velázquez abokai ne kuma abokan aji.
A cikin bitar maigidan Francisco Pacheco, inda ya yi maraba da kyawawan halaye da kuma na gargajiya, bai ji daɗin gaskiyar zamaninsa ba.
Daga cikin mafi wakilcin ayyukan wannan mai zane na zanen baroque na Mutanen Espanya shine zane-zanen da ke magana akan Rayuwar Budurwar da ke cikin Cathedral na Granada a halin yanzu.
Velázquez da tasirinsa akan zanen baroque na Mutanen Espanya
A cikin wannan karni shine matsakaicin adadi na Diego Velázquez kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin manyan hazaka na mai zanen Baroque na Spain. An haifi wannan babban mai zane a birnin Seville a shekara ta 1599 kuma ya rasu a birnin Madrid a shekara ta 1660.
Ya nuna babban gwaninta na haske da duhu, ya kasance babban mawallafin zanen Baroque na Mutanen Espanya, dangane da hotunansa, ba wai kawai ya kama sarakuna da iyalansu a kan zane ba, har ma da wasu siffofi irin su masu cin hanci da rashawa. .
Game da waɗannan haruffa, ya haskaka su da kyakkyawar ladabi da ladabi a cikin sana'arsa, ya tabbatar a lokacinsa ya zama babban mai fasaha wanda wasu masu fasaha na babban mashahuri suka san su.
Irin wannan lamari ne na Vicente Carducho, ko da yake an nutsar da shi a cikin classicism, ya yi watsi da dabi'a a matsayin ƙananan fasaha.
A farkonsa a cikin birnin Seville, mai zane Diego Velázquez ya kasance mai kula da ɗaukar hotuna da ke magana akan al'amuran yanayi inda wasu masu zane irin su Francisco Pacheco da Antonio Palomino suka kira ko kuma aka rubuta su a matsayin Still Lifes.
Inda suka yi samfurin zane-zanen dafa abinci waɗanda masu fasaha na asalin Flemish suka ƙirƙira irin su Beuckelaer da Aertsen daga kudancin Netherlands.
Cewa yana ƙarƙashin yankin Austrians, don haka akwai babban haɓakar tattalin arziki na kasuwanci tsakanin yankunan Flanders da Seville.
Kasancewar waɗannan hotuna farkon baƙaƙe ne na ba da suna ga wannan ɗan wasan saboda bai yi sauƙaƙan ayyuka ba amma yanayin yanayin da za a iya shaida a cikin gidajen tarihi daban-daban na ƙasar Spain.
Da yake nuna yadda waɗannan ƙa'idodin fasaha masu ban sha'awa suka kasance ga al'ummar Turai, daga cikinsu sun yi fice:
- Abincin rana ya ƙirƙira a cikin 1617 a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Hermitage
- Tsohuwa tana soya ƙwai a shekara ta 1618 wanda ke cikin National Gallery na Scotland
- Kristi a gidan Marta daga shekara ta 1618 wanda ke cikin National Gallery na London
- Aguador de Sevilla an ƙirƙira a cikin shekara ta 1620 kuma yana cikin Gidan Apsley
A cikin waɗannan fage, ana iya ganin cikakkun bayanai da ke nuni da fitattun rayuwar rayuwa inda aka gabatar da tulun da aka yi da abubuwa kamar yumbu da kifi.
Bugu da ƙari, qwai tare da babban haƙiƙa a kan zane wanda ke da yanayin duhu inda yake amfani da palette tare da ƙananan launuka.
Ya kamata ku sani cewa wannan mai zane Diego Velázquez ba wai kawai ya yi ayyukan fasaha da suka shafi addini ba, ya kasance mai kula da daukar hotuna na kotu da kuma jigogi na tarihi, wanda The Surrender of Breda ya fito.
Har ila yau, ya nuna kyakkyawan aiki a cikin zanen baroque na Mutanen Espanya yana nufin jigogi na tatsuniyoyi, inda The Triumph of Bacchus, The Fable of Arachne, The Forge of Vulcano, da sauransu, suka fice.
Daga cikin manyan ayyukansa har yanzu akwai rayuwa da shimfidar wurare da kuma wasu tsiraicin mata na wannan fasaha, kamar Venus na Mirror.
Wannan babban zane-zane na zane-zanen Baroque na Mutanen Espanya yana rinjayar tenebrism na Caravaggio da kuma babban Rubens, yana ba da damar haɗuwa da waɗannan igiyoyin da ke fitowa a cikin wannan aikin na ainihin halayen halayen Velázquez.
Ya nuna babban fasaha na fasaha a cikin sarrafa haske da sararin samaniya a cikin zanen Baroque na Mutanen Espanya, saboda wannan yana dauke da wani adadi mai mahimmanci na tenebrism na farkon rabin karni na XNUMX da kuma motsi na Baroque a kashi na biyu na guda. karni.
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan halayensa shine tasirin gaske na zurfin zurfi, yana nunawa a cikin zane-zane yanayi inda ƙura ke yawo tsakanin adadi.
Cewa ya ɗauka akan zane-zanensa yana nuna babban umarni na hangen nesa mai canzawa kamar yadda aka bayyana a ɗayan manyan ayyukansa Las Meninas.
Daga cikin ayyukan Velázquez akwai wasu manyan masu fasaha, irin su mai zane Juan de Pareja (1610-1667).
Kuma na surukinsa Juan Bautista Martínez del Mazo (1605-1667) wanda shi ne mataimakinsa bayan ya koyi salon kuma ya zama mai fasaha mai zaman kansa.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=macuJDysm0k
Game da rabi na biyu na karni na XVII
A wannan mataki na zanen Baroque na Mutanen Espanya, ba a ƙarƙashin yankin Caravaggio ba, amma tasiri na salon Rubensian Flemish Baroque, da kuma Baroque na Italiyanci, ya bayyana.
Sauran nau'ikan zane-zane sun bayyana inda haske da inuwa ba su fito ba amma ana la'akari da chromatism mai shiga ciki wanda ke nuni ga makarantar asalin Venetian.
Bugu da ƙari, an haɗa wani wasan kwaikwayo a cikin zanen baroque na Mutanen Espanya, wanda shine wani abu mai mahimmanci a cikin wannan zane-zane na Mutanen Espanya.
Ana amfani da irin wannan nau'in zanen baroque na Mutanen Espanya don bayyana nasarar Ikilisiya saboda godiya ga sake gyarawa kuma a lokaci guda ana amfani da shi don magance raguwar daular Spain.
An ƙara wa wannan fasaha zanen fresco na ado a kan katanga masu yawa har ma a kan rumbun gidajen ibada da kuma a kotunan sarki.
Ana lura da tasirin abubuwan da ke faruwa da kuma tunanin gani, jigogi da ke magana game da vanitas sun shiga tare da niyyar nunawa ga masu kallo.
Rashin banza na abubuwan duniya yana nufin raunin rayuwa da kuma yadda wanzuwar za ta kasance a takaice, don haka muhimmancin jin daɗinsa.
Ba kamar Vanitas na Dutch ba, a cikin zanen Baroque na Mutanen Espanya ana ƙarfafa yanayin addini ta hanyar amfani da batutuwan allahntaka don hankalin masu aminci na Cocin Katolika.
Makarantar Madrid
Ana ganin canji a cikin zanen baroque na Mutanen Espanya daga tenebrism zuwa cikakken baroque kuma daga cikin mafi kyawun wakilan wannan makarantar Madrid.
Juan Andrés Rizi (1600-1681) ya yi fice a cikin masu fasaha, da kuma Francisco de Herrera, wanda aka fi sani da El Mozo (1627-1685), ɗan Herrera El Viejo.
Game da Francisco Herrera el Mozo, ya yi karatu tun yana ƙarami a cikin bitar mahaifinsa, wanda ke kula da ba shi koyarwar farko ta zanen Baroque na Sipaniya, sannan yana ɗan ƙarami ya ƙaura zuwa Italiya kuma ya sake komawa Spain. 1654.
Bayan dawowarsa, ya yada abin da ya koya game da baroque na ado na asalin Italiyanci, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin aikin fasaha na San Hermenegildo wanda ke cikin Gidan Tarihi na Prado, tasirinsa ya kasance kamar yadda ya karbi matsayin shugaban Kwalejin Seville.
Yana da mahimmanci ku san cewa Murillo ne ya jagoranci shugaban wannan Kwalejin, kodayake ya nutsu a cikin ayyukan fasaha a birnin Madrid game da zanen Baroque na Spain.
Wani daga cikin masu fasaha wanda kuma ya wakilci zanen Baroque na Mutanen Espanya a wannan lokaci shine Antonio Pereda (1611-1678) wanda ya mayar da hankali kan harkokin addini a cikin majami'u da wuraren zama a cikin birnin Madrid.
Ya kasance mai kula da kama wasu 'yan ban sha'awa inda ya bayyana saurin da abubuwan jin daɗin duniya ke ƙarewa, yana nuna halayen da ke kusantar da shi zuwa nau'in rayuwa mai rai, yana mai da shi zuwa wani nau'i na shi.
Ka tuna cewa har yanzu rayuwa tana nufin rayuwa har yanzu kuma ɗayan irin wannan nau'in zanen Baroque na Mutanen Espanya da wannan babban zanen shine El Sueño del Caballero wanda ke cikin Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando.
Inda aka nuno mai martaba yana barci yayin da a cikin muhallinsa aka ga irin abubuwan banza irin na wannan duniyar, wanda ke nuna alamun da ke ba da iko kamar duniyar duniyar duniyar da rawani, da kuma abubuwan da ake girmamawa da yawa kamar su jauhari, kuɗi da kuma abubuwan da ake so. littattafai.
Duk wannan a kusa da kwanyar da furanni da ba da jimawa ba kyawunsu ya bushe, za ku iya ganin hasken kyandir da aka kashe rabin lokaci, yana nuna cewa lokacin rayuwa yana wucewa kuma mala'ika ya ba da shaida saboda yana sanye da ribbon da ke da shi. game da zane-zane da rubutu:
“…AETERNE PUNGIT; Na buga VOLAT ET OCCIDIT… Lokaci koyaushe yana raunata, tashi da sauri kuma yana kashewa…”
Wannan kamar gargadi ne ga masu kallo na zanen baroque na Mutanen Espanya inda mai zane Antonio Pereda ke son bayyana ta hanyar fasaha kamar haka:
"...Sharhin manyan ayyuka za su shuɗe kamar mafarki..."
Wani misalin da za a iya shaida shi ne aikin zane-zane Algory of the Vanity of Life wanda ke cikin Kunsthistorisches a birnin Vienna.
Ayyukan yana nuna adadi tare da fuka-fuki kuma a kusa da shi ana maimaita batutuwan aikin da suka gabata, kamar duniya, kwanyar, agogo, da kuɗi.
Ko da yake a cikin wasu ayyukan wakilci na zanen baroque na Mutanen Espanya dangane da vanitas suna iya ƙunsar abubuwa kaɗan kamar skulls da agogo.
Kamar yadda ake iya gani a gidan kayan tarihi na Zaragoza inda zai ba su masauki bisa ga hazakarsa, yana ba da damar hada hadaddiyar giyar.
Zane-zanen baroque na Mutanen Espanya na wannan rabin na biyu na karni yana wakiltar masu fasaha da yawa, daga cikinsu zamu iya ambata masu zuwa:
- Francisco Rizi (1614-1685) wanda ɗan'uwan Juan Ricci ne
- Juan Carreño de Miranda (1614-1685) kasancewa na biyu mafi kyawun hoto
- Diego Velázquez shine mafi kyawun hoto na zanen baroque na Mutanen Espanya, zane-zanensa na Sarauniya Mariana ta Australiya da ta mutu da Charles II sun shahara sosai.
- Mateo Cerezo (1637-1666) almajirin Velázquez kuma mai sha'awar Titian da Van Dyck.
Za mu iya ambaci wasu masu zane-zane na zane-zanen Baroque na Mutanen Espanya, irin su José Antolínez, wanda ya kasance dalibi na mai zane Francisco Rizi.
Wanda ke da babban tasiri na asalin Venetian da Yaren mutanen Holland shine marubucin ayyuka daban-daban a fagen addini, yana nuna ayyukansa na fasaha da ke magana da Immaculate Conception.
Ana lura da tasirin Velázquez game da palette mai launi da aka yi amfani da shi inda aka zaɓi launuka na azurfa. Za mu iya kuma gaya muku game da Sebastián Herrera Barnuevo wanda ya kasance dalibi na mai zane Alonso Cano.
Baya ga kasancewarsa mai zane-zane, ya kasance mai zane-zane da sculptor, ayyukansa na fasaha da suka shafi hoto sun fito fili, suna nuna salo irin na makarantar Venetian, kamar yadda ake yi a Veronese da Tintoretto.
Don gamawa tare da makarantar Madrid, ɗayan wakilansa na ƙarshe na zanen Baroque na Mutanen Espanya yayi daidai da ɗan wasan Madrid Claudio Coello (1642-1693) wanda ya kware a matsayin mai zanen kotu.
Kodayake mafi kyawun ayyukansa na fasaha suna da alaƙa da fagen addini da kuma zane da hangen nesa da Velázquez ya rinjayi.
Bugu da ƙari babban wasan kwaikwayo wanda ke yin nuni ga ayyukan fasaha na Rubens kamar aikin The Adoration of the Sacred Form da Triumph na Saint Augustine.
Makarantar Andalus
Zanen Baroque na Mutanen Espanya wanda mai zane Murillo ya wakilta da kuma wani babban mai zane mai suna Valdés Leal wadanda suka kafa a shekara ta 1660 na Kwalejin Seville inda yawancin masu zane-zane ke da alaƙa.
Cikakken sunan wannan babban wakilin zanen Baroque na Mutanen Espanya shine Bartolomé Esteban Murillo (1618-1682) An sha'awar shi musamman saboda aikinsa da yake magana game da Ƙimar Ƙarfafawa da kuma wakilci tare da babban jin daɗin yaron Yesu.
Ko da yake a lokacin tarihinsa Murillo ya sami godiya sosai saboda yanayin yanayin, irin wannan shine yanayin samarin da suka nuna yadda ake rayuwa a cikin yanki, misalan su shine: Yara suna cin 'ya'yan itace da Yaron yana kallon tagar.
Yana nuna canji na zanen baroque na Mutanen Espanya, yana barin bayan salon tenebrist game da lokacinsa na farko, ana gane ayyukan da suka biyo baya: La Sagrada Familia del Pajarito da Cycle na Convent na San Francisco a cikin birnin Seville.
Sa'an nan kuma, ta hanyar ayyukansa na fasaha, a bayyane yake cewa goga ya zama mai sauƙi kuma yana wadatar da palette mai launi, yana ba da damar sassauƙa da gogewar goge baki.
An lura cewa Murillo ya ɗauki hotuna da suka dace da dandano na al'ummar bourgeois inda zane-zane ke wakiltar ayyukan fasaha tare da jigogi masu laushi ba tare da wasan kwaikwayo ba, yana kawar da mummunan al'amuran rayuwar yau da kullum.
Game da yanayin addini na zanen Baroque na Mutanen Espanya, Murillo ya yi ayyuka masu yawa na fasaha, ciki har da Shahadar Saint Andrew, The Good Shepherd, Rebeca da Eliezer, Saint Justa da Rufina, The Annunciation, da nau'o'i daban-daban da ke magana game da su. Mummunan Tunani.
Wannan hoton na ƙarshe ya zama abin koyi wanda aka ci gaba da kwafi a cikin ƙarni ba tare da manta rabin maki da ya yi wa cocin Sevillian mai suna Santa María La Blanca con el Sueño del Patricio ba ba tare da manta da kyawawan hotuna masu kama da na mai zane Van Dyck ba. .
Hakanan zamu iya ambaton mai zane na asalin Cordovan Juan de Valdés Leal (1622-1690) Biyu daga cikin ayyukansa sun shahara a yau, kamar yadda yanayin Decadences da ya kirkira don Asibitin de la Caridad a cikin birnin Seville.
Waɗannan abubuwa ne masu kyau masu rikitarwa inda aka ga nasarar mutuwa akan rayuwa. Ana kwatanta mutuwa ta hanyar kwanyar kai da kwarangwal yayin da ake wakilta banza ta littattafai da makamai.
Inda ya nuna cewa mutuwa ba ta yin rarrabuwar kawuna kamar yadda ya zo a cikin aikin Rawar Mutuwa. An lura cewa salon Valdés Leal yana da ƙarfi kuma har ma da tashin hankali inda yake kula da ba da fifiko ga launi akan aikin da aka zana.
Dangane da karni na sha takwas
Game da shekarun farko na karni na XNUMX, an lura cewa ana kiyaye zanen baroque na Mutanen Espanya har sai an gabatar da wani sabon motsi na fasaha da aka sani da Rococo, wanda ke da babban tasiri daga kasar Faransa.
A tsakiyar karni na goma sha takwas, Bourbons sun isa kasar Sipaniya kuma suna da alhakin kawo adadi mai yawa na masu fasaha na kasashen waje zuwa kotun Spain, ciki har da Louis-Michel Van Loo, Michel-Ange Houasse da Jean Ranc.
Duk da haka, a yankuna daban-daban na kasar Sipaniya, an ci gaba da aikin Makarantar Seville, kamar yadda al'amarin almajiran Murillo ya kasance har zuwa shekara ta 1750 kuma ko da yake kotu ta haifar da sauye-sauye game da zane-zane.
A cikin temples na addini da kuma manyan sarakunan yanki sun kasance da aminci ga zanen Baroque na Mutanen Espanya, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa ake ci gaba da wannan fasaha har zuwa karni na XNUMX.
Daga cikin zane-zane na zane-zane da ke wakiltar canji daga zanen Baroque na Mutanen Espanya shine Acisclo Antonio Palomino (1655-1726) wanda ke kula da babban aikin fasaha a cikin karni na XNUMX da XNUMX.
Ya fara sana'ar addini amma an yi watsi da ita saboda sha'awar zanen Baroque na Sipaniya.Ya ƙaura daga garinsu na Cordoba zuwa birnin Madrid a 1678 inda ya sami darasi daga masu fasaha Claudio Coello da Carreño.
Bayan shekaru goma na nazari da aiki da shi a shekara ta 1688 wannan babban mai zane ya hau matsayin mai zanen sarki saboda haka ya karba daga cikin ayyukan da ya ba shi na zanen rumbun Chapel na babban dakin taro na birnin Madrid da ya yi. wanda aka gudanar tsakanin shekarun 1693 da 1699.
Ya kuma yi aiki tare da wani babban mai zane-zane irin su Luca Giordano wanda ya koya masa duk abin da ya shafi Baroque na asalin Italiyanci.
A cikin shekaru 1697 da 1701 yana da alhakin yin frescoes na Church of Santos Juanes dake cikin birnin Valencia sa'an nan a cikin wani lokaci 1705 da kuma 1707 ya aka umurce shi ya yi ado da Convent na San Esteban a birnin. Salamanca.
Game da farkon wannan mai zane, an tsara shi a cikin salon makarantar Madrid tare da tasirin mai zane Claudio Coello amma bayan hulɗar da Gordano ya bayyana launin launi da ya yi amfani da shi a cikin zanen Baroque na Mutanen Espanya.
Bayan haka, ya kasance mai kula da yin hadaddun tsararru masu kyau inda ya nuna kyakkyawan gwaninta na zane.
Za mu iya ambaci wani adadi mai mahimmanci a cikin zanen baroque na Mutanen Espanya na wannan lokacin tarihi, irin su Miguel Jacinto Meléndez, wanda ya zauna a birnin Madrid kuma ya san Palomino.
An kuma kara masa girma zuwa matsayin mai zane ga sarki a shekara ta 1712 kuma an ba shi izinin yin hotuna na Felipe V da iyalinsa da kuma fannin addini godiya ga tasirin Claudio Coello da Francisco Rizi.
Ƙara wa zanen Baroque na Mutanen Espanya babban kulawa da launi wanda ke haifar da tasirin Rococo, kasancewa misali na wannan ayyukan fasaha na gaba The Annunciation made in the year 1718 ban da The Holy Family a shekara ta 1722.
Game da birnin Valencia, mai zane-zane José Vergara Gimeno (1726-1799) ya yi fice.
Musamman a cikin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun abubuwan da aka yi ta hanyar fasahar fresco, an sabunta ta ta hanyar dabarun da wani mai fasaha ya yi amfani da shi mai mahimmanci, kamar Juan de Juanes y los Ribalta.
Ya kasance mai kula da samar da wasu sababbin salon fasaha wanda ya ba shi damar gabatar da shi a cikin neoclassical kuma shi ne mai kula da kafa a 1768 Royal Academy of Fine Arts na San Carlos.
A cikin kamfanin ɗan'uwansa Ignacio da wannan ma'aikata za su ba shi damar ba da daraja da girmamawa ga nazarin al'ada na zanen Baroque na Mutanen Espanya.
Don kawo karshen wannan babban karni na zanen baroque na Mutanen Espanya shine ɗan wasan Catalan Antoni Viladomat wanda ya yi aiki tare da babban mai zane na asalin Italiyanci.
Kasancewa Ferdinando Galli Bibbiena a lokacin da birnin Barcelona ya kasance wurin zama na kotun Archduke Carlos na Austria.
Wanda ya kasance dan takara don kambi na Mutanen Espanya godiya ga tasirinsa a kan al'ummar Spain, an lura da hawan salon zane-zane Antoni Viladomat, inda ya yi watsi da haɗuwa tare da dabi'a na Makarantar Seville da zanen Baroque na Mutanen Espanya.
Daga cikin zane-zanen da wannan mawaƙin ya yi fice, har da waɗanda aka yi a cikin ɗakin sujada na Los Dolores de Mataró a shekara ta 1722, al'amuran da ke nuni da rayuwar San Francisco da ke a yau a cikin National Museum of Art of Catalonia a shekara ta 1727.
Wani daga cikin ayyukan fasaha wanda wannan babban mai fasaha ya fito a cikinsa yana nufin har yanzu rayuwa da al'amuran yanayi, daga cikinsu za mu iya ambaton Seasons Hudu da aka samu a cikin National Art Museum of Catalonia.
Zanen Baroque na Sifen a cikin mataimakan Amurka
Kamar yadda aka tabbatar a cikin mataimakan Mutanen Espanya a cikin nahiyar Amurka, tasirin farko da aka lura a cikin zanen baroque na Mutanen Espanya yana da alaƙa da tenebrism na makarantar Seville.
Daga cikin wadanda suka bayyana akwai tasirin mai zane Zurbarán, wani bangare na ayyukansa na fasaha da ke magana kan zanen Baroque na Sipaniya a kasashen Mexico da Peru har yanzu ana iya gani.
Wanne za a iya gani a cikin ayyukan fasaha na masu zane-zane na ƙasar Mexica, irin su Sebastián López de Arteaga da José Juárez.
Hakanan zaka iya godiya da aikin ɗan wasan Bolivia Melchor Pérez de Holguín. Dangane da al'ummar Peruvian, musamman a birnin Cuzco inda aka lura da tasirin Makarantar Seville, an fassara shi ta hanya ta musamman tare da yin amfani da kayan da aka fi so kamar zinariya.
Baya ga salo na musamman na 'yan asalin nahiyar Amurka wanda ya wadatar da zanen baroque na Sipaniya dangane da Makarantar zanen Cuzco, ya bayyana godiya ga mai zanen Italiyanci Bernardo Bitti a 1853.
Don abin da ya gabatar da ɗabi'a a Amurka a cikin ayyukan hotuna da suka fice daga wannan lokacin tarihi su ne Luis de Riaño ɗalibin Angelino Medoro ne wanda ke kula da yin bangon bango na haikalin Andahuaylillas.
Sauran masu fasaha na asali na asali waɗanda suka yi fice a cikin zanen Baroque na Mutanen Espanya sun hada da Basilio Santa Cruz Puma Callao, Diego Quispe Tito.
Kamar Marcos Zapata wanda ke da alhakin yin zane-zane hamsin na babban girma waɗanda ke da alhakin yin ado da manyan baka waɗanda Cathedral na Cuzco ke gabatarwa.
Game da karni na goma sha takwas dangane da bagadi da aka yi a sassaka, an maye gurbinsu da ayyukan fasaha na zanen baroque na Mutanen Espanya a cikin nahiyar Amurka, kuma a wannan lokacin tarihi an sami karuwar buƙatun ayyukan fasaha game da ayyukan fasaha. farar hula.
Musamman a cikin nau'in hoto ta hanyar al'ummar aristocratic na lokacin a cikin nahiyar Amurka, da kuma Cocin Katolika, ya kasance abokin ciniki mai kyau ga masu fasaha na zanen Baroque na Spain.
Ya kamata ku san cewa babban tasiri na zanen baroque na Mutanen Espanya ya fito ne daga Murillo kuma a wasu lokuta ana iya lura da tasirin wasu masu fasaha, irin wannan yanayin Cristóbal de Villalpando wanda ya sami tasirinsa godiya ga mai zane daga Valdés Leal.
Game da irin wannan nau'in zanen baroque na Mutanen Espanya na wannan lokaci na tarihi a cikin nahiyar Amurka, an nuna shi ta hanyar motsin rai, siffofinsa sun fi dadi kuma a cikin masu fasaha Gregorio Vázquez de Arce, dan asalin kasar Colombia, ya fito fili.
Dangane da al'ummar Mexico, manyan masu fasaha na zanen Baroque na Sipaniya sun fice, kamar Miguel Cabrera da Juan Rodríguez Juárez. Yana da mahimmanci ku fahimci cewa lokacin mafi girman haɓakar wannan fasaha ya faru tsakanin shekarun 1650 da 1750.
Yawancin masu fasaha da suka shahara a zanen Baroque na Mutanen Espanya suna faruwa lokaci guda a yankuna daban-daban na nahiyar Amurka, daga cikinsu akwai Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico da Peru.
Bugu da kari, zanen baroque na Sipaniya a cikin wannan nahiya ta Amurka ya kasance cikin ciki ta hanyar tatsuniyoyi inda manyan bakuna masu cin nasara da aka gina a kofar gidajen mataimakan mata da sauran halayen al'umma masu daraja.
Ba tare da manta da ɗaukacin ɗaukar al'amuran daga Littafi Mai-Tsarki ba inda aka inganta gyare-gyaren gyare-gyare, misali na wannan shi ne birnin Quito a ƙarƙashin umarnin ƴan ƙawancen Dominican da kuma na Jesuit.
Legacy of Spanish Baroque Painting
Yana da mahimmanci ku yi la'akari da cewa zanen Baroque na Mutanen Espanya yana nuna alama mai ban sha'awa a cikin tarihin fasaha godiya ga babban tasirinsa a yankin Spain.
Wannan halin yanzu yana da matuƙar mahimmanci a ko'ina cikin nahiyar Turai a cikin ƙarni na XNUMX da kuma wani ɓangare na karni na XNUMX, tare da zanen Baroque na Spain ya zama sabuwar hanyar bayyana fasaha.
A cikin wani lokaci na tarihi inda annobar ta haifar da mutuwar mutane da yawa kuma Cocin Katolika na fuskantar rikicin farko.
Cewa yayi ƙoƙari ya warware godiya ga counter-gyare-gyare da godiya ga zanen baroque na Mutanen Espanya, an kama sha'awar bangaskiya, zaman lafiya da ayyuka kamar jinƙai, yana nuna babban ruhaniya a cikin addini.
Don haka Cocin Katolika ta yi ƙoƙari ta samo a cikin zanen baroque na Mutanen Espanya hanyar da za ta sa masu aminci su gaskata da koyarwar Kirista ta wajen yin kamanceceniya da abin da aka bayyana a cikin ayyukan fasaha.
Ko da yake an lura da wuce gona da iri na hotuna da aka yi a cikin zanen Baroque na Mutanen Espanya, wanda ke ba da niyyar motsi godiya ga hasashe na gani, wanda daga baya yawancin masu fasaha suka raina shi.
Yin amfani da chiaroscuro ya fito fili a cikin zanen baroque na Mutanen Espanya, kasancewar bambancin da aka lura a cikin ayyukansa na fasaha, yana ba da damar haɗuwa.
Tsakanin wurare masu duhu da wuraren da ke da cikakken haske, tuna cewa aiki ne tare da babban alatu a cikin yin amfani da palette mai launi.
Launuka da aka yi amfani da su suna da ƙarfi kuma suna nuna amfani da zinare da azurfa a wurin da aka kama akan zane tare da haɗa launuka masu bambanta.
Irin wannan lamari ne na burgundy, violet da ja yana nuna girman girman girman kai da kuma jin daɗin idon mai kallo, kasancewar baƙar fata ya zama ruwan dare don bambancin zanen Baroque na Mutanen Espanya.
ƙarshe
A tsakiyar karni na sha bakwai da kuma kashi na farko na karni na sha takwas, zanen baroque na Mutanen Espanya ya kai wani lokaci a tarihi cike da hazaka da kirkire-kirkire, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa ake kiransa da Golden Age.
Godiya ga bambance-bambancen fasahohin fasaha, kodayake al'ummar Spain na cikin mawuyacin halin tattalin arziki da matsalar lafiya, an haɓaka manyan makarantu na zanen Baroque na Spain a yankuna daban-daban na ƙasar, kamar Valencia, Madrid, Seville da Toledo.
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan halaye na zanen baroque na Mutanen Espanya shine gaskiyar godiya ga wasan haske da inuwa tare da hadaddun abubuwan da ke ba da damar hasashe na gani wanda ke haifar da motsi a cikin ayyukan da aka kama a kan zane-zane daban-daban.
Cocin Katolika, godiya ga yunkurin juyin-juya hali, yana amfani da zanen Baroque na Mutanen Espanya don haɓaka bangaskiyar masu bi na wannan akida, yana ba da damar haɓaka masu aminci dangane da Ikilisiyar Furotesta.
Yana da mahimmanci cewa yawancin masu fasaha na al'ummar Spain sun ɗauki tasirin Caravaggio da tenebrism don kama manyan ayyukan fasaha a kan zane-zane.
Ya kamata ku sani cewa Diego Velázquez shine mafi girman wakilci na zanen baroque na Mutanen Espanya, daga cikin ayyukan da suka fi dacewa da aikinsa shine The Triumph of Bacchus a shekara ta 1628, Venus da Mirror sun bayyana a cikin shekara ta 1647.
Muhimman ayyukansa suna biye da Las Meninas, wanda ya yi a shekara ta 1656, ba tare da ambaton wani aikin tatsuniya da ya shahara ba, irin su tatsuniya ta Arachne, wadda ya yi a shekara ta 1657.
Bayan zanen Baroque na Mutanen Espanya, wani sabon motsi ya tashi a cikin rabin na biyu na karni na XNUMX daga kasar Faransa, wanda ya bazu ko'ina cikin nahiyar Turai, kamar Rococo.
Idan kun sami wannan labarin mai ban sha'awa, ina gayyatar ku ku ziyarci hanyoyin haɗin yanar gizon: