Yaya tsarin zamantakewa na Toltecs ya kasance?

Bugu da ƙari, haɓaka manyan sassaƙaƙe da ayyukan gine-gine masu ban mamaki, an ɗauke su a matsayin masu ƙirƙira wayewa da halittarsu jimillar kamala, a nan za mu ƙara koyo game da wannan al'ada da Ƙungiyar jama'a ta Toltecs.

KUNGIYAR SOCIAL TA TOLTEC

Ƙungiyar jama'a ta Toltecs

Toltecs al'adun Mesoamerica ne na pre-Columbian waɗanda suka haɓaka a tsaunukan arewacin Mexiko a lokacin Postclassic Period tsakanin ƙarni na XNUMXth da XNUMXth na zamaninmu. Manyan cibiyoyi na al'adun Toltec sune Huapalcalco a cikin garin Tulancingo da birnin Tollan Xicocotitlan, wanda ke cikin garin Tula de Allende na yanzu, wanda ke cikin jihar Hidalgo. Wannan birni ya shahara da mutum-mutumin dutse na musamman, wanda ake kira Atlanteans.

Asalin sunan mahaifi Toltec

Kalmar "Toltec" ta fito ne daga harshen Nahuatl kuma an fassara shi a matsayin "masu ginin gine-gine", wannan suna saboda gaskiyar cewa a cikin tatsuniyoyi na al'adun Nahuatl an ce Toltecs shine asalin dukan wayewa, Aztecs. don ƙarfafa fifikonsu, da'awar zuriyar Toltecs.

Toltecs zuriyar ƙauyen makiyaya ne waɗanda Chichimecas suma suka fito. Kusan shekara ɗari bakwai da hamsin wannan garin ya kori Teotihuacán. Daga baya sai suka zauna a tsakiyar tsakiyar yankin da a halin yanzu jihohin Mexico na zamani Tlaxcala, Hidalgo, Mexico, Morelos da Puebla ke mamayewa. Tula, Chichimecas ne suka mamaye babban birninta a shekara ta 1168.

An yi imani cewa addinin mutanen Toltec irin na shamanic ne kuma ba ya buƙatar haikali ko takamaiman wurare na dindindin don bautarsu. Allolin Toltecs sun kasance cosmic kuma suna wakiltar sama, ruwa, ƙasa, da dai sauransu. Duk da haka, daga hangen nesa na addini ya zo babban adadi na Quetzacóatl, cikin jiki na macijin fuka-fuki kuma daya daga cikin manyan alloli na Mesoamerican pantheon.

Toltecs sun kafa tsarin imani dualistic. Kishiyar Quetzalcoatl shine Tezcatlipoca, wanda aka yi imanin ya aika Quetzalcoatl zuwa gudun hijira. Wani sigar tatsuniyar ta yi iƙirarin cewa ya bar macizai bisa radin kansa, yana mai alƙawarin zai dawo nan ba da jimawa ba.

KUNGIYAR SOCIAL TA TOLTEC

Aztecs, waɗanda ke cikin al'adun gargajiyar da suka biyo bayan na Toltecs, suna kiyaye cewa su ne magada al'adu da ilimi na Toltecs, kuma sun ƙara tabbatar da cewa al'adun da suka fito daga birnin Tollan (suna cikin Nahuatl na birnin Tula). ) ita ce jimlar kamala a cikin wayewa. Har ila yau, al'adun baka da hotuna na Aztec sun bayyana tarihin daular Toltec ta hanyar jera sarakunanta da abubuwan da suka yi.

Daga cikin malaman zamaninmu, tambayar da ke haifar da muhawara ita ce ko za a ba da asusun Aztec na tarihin Toltec a matsayin bayanin ainihin abubuwan tarihi. Duk da cewa duk masana sun yarda cewa akwai tatsuniyoyi mai yawa ga ba da labari, wasu suna jayayya cewa yin amfani da hanya mai mahimmanci, ana iya fitar da wasu matakan gaskiyar tarihi daga madogara, yayin da wasu ke jayayya cewa nazarin ruwayoyi a matsayin tushen tarihi na ainihi yana da wahala. don samun damar sanin gaskiya na al'adun Tula.

Art da Al'adu

Sana'ar kasa ta Toltecs, baya ga samar da yumbu masu amfani, kera mosaics na dutse da kuma samar da yadudduka, shine aiwatar da abubuwan da aka yi wa ado da gashin fuka-fukai masu launuka iri-iri. Toltecs sun yi zane, mosaics, da tufafi daga gashin fuka-fukan tsuntsaye iri-iri na siffofi da girma dabam. Bisa ga imanin Toltec, babban allahntakarsu shine Quetzalcoatl, maciji mai ruɗi. Quetzacóatl shine sunan da aka baiwa babban mai mulkin Toltec babban birnin kasar, birnin Tula, a tsakiyar karni na XNUMX.

Haikalin da aka keɓe ga babban allahntaka koyaushe ana ƙawata su sosai: da zinariya, azurfa, turquoise, emeralds. A ɗaya daga cikin haikalin an ƙawata komai da gashin fuka-fukan; Dakuna huɗu na Haikalin suna fuskantar al'amuran duniya dabam-dabam, akwai fuka-fukan rawaya a wajen gabas, da fuka-fukan shuɗi a wajen yamma, da farin fuka-fukan a kudu, da gashin fuka-fukan a arewa.

Toltecs sun yi la'akari da Quetzalcoatl da ƙirƙirar abin sha na Allah, wanda ke haifar da jin daɗi kuma yana haifar da ni'ima, ban da shan daga wake na koko. Legends sun ce Quetzalcoatl koyaushe yana adawa da al'adun gargajiya na Toltec tare da sadaukarwar ɗan adam, amma wani allah, Tezcatlipoca, ruhun dare, yayi magana a gare su. Masu binciken kayan tarihi sun gano alamun al'ada a kusa da tsohon birnin Chichen Itza, limaman Mayan sun rubuta game da wannan a cikin littattafan zamanin da Mutanen Espanya suka yi nasara.

KUNGIYAR SOCIAL TA TOLTEC

A cikin al'adarsu, Toltecs sun haɓaka al'adun Teotihuacán da Xochicalco. Al'adun Toltec ya yi tasiri mai mahimmanci akan samuwar Aztec. Abubuwan tarihi na gine-gine na Toltec da sassaka suna da ban mamaki a cikin abin tunawa da girman su.

An ƙawata dala mai tako da kayan taimako (mayaƙa, gaggafa, jaguar), kuma rufin haikalin da ke saman ya sami goyan bayan manyan manyan mutane huɗu na mayaka na dutse tsayin mitoci huɗu da sittin sittin kowanne. Jigogin soja sun mamaye fasahar Toltec. Siffofin allahn da ke kwance tare da kwanon hadaya su ma suna da yawa.

Jarumi Toltecs suma ƴan ƙirƙira ne a fasaha da sassaka. Matsayin mahimmancin da Toltecs ke da alaƙa da yaƙi yana bayyana lokacin da aka kalli ragowar abubuwan tarihinsu. ginshiƙai huɗu masu ɗaukar kaya sun goyi bayan rufin dala (wanda aka sani da Pyramid B) kuma kowane ginshiƙi zane ne na jarumi Toltec.

Kowane ginshiƙan masu siffar mayaka suna da rigar yaƙin Toltec da aka ƙera tare da riguna masu launuka iri-iri kuma suna riƙe da atlatl, irin mashin Toltec. Kowane ginshiƙi daidai yake da gaske, yana nuna cewa Toltecs sun saba da sarrafa kimiyya da samar da taro. Dukkanin dala da aka samu a birnin Tula na kunshe da wasu kayan fasaha da ake kira friezes wadanda suka kunshi dogayen sassan bangon da aka yi musu ado da zane-zane da sassaka a jikinsu.

Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan friezes, wanda aka samo a cikin dala da aka sani da Pyramid B, ya wuce mita arba'in kuma an yi masa ado da hotunan jaguars da coyotes, alamun yaki a cikin al'adun Toltec.

KUNGIYAR SOCIAL TA TOLTEC

Manyan gashin fuka-fukan da Toltecs da Aztecs ke amfani da su a cikin kayan adon su sune fuka-fukan quetzal kuma ya kasance abin girmamawa ga mahimmancin da waɗannan al'adu suka ba gashin fuka-fukan masu launuka iri-iri. Fuka-fukan Quetzal su ma sun kasance waɗanda suka ƙawata riguna na mayaƙan Toltec musamman riguna na manyan mutanen Toltec. Ko da gumakansu ko kuma an yi musu ado da gashin fuka-fukan quetzal, kamar yadda lamarin allahn Quetzalcoatl yake wakilta da gashin fuka-fukan quetzal da ke ɗauke da sunansa.

Socialungiyar zamantakewa

Kamar yawancin al'adun Mesoamerican, ƙungiyar zamantakewa na Toltecs ya ba da muhimmiyar mahimmanci ga nasarar soja. Masu daraja a cikin ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa na Toltecs sun ƙunshi mayaka waɗanda, saboda nasarar da suka samu na soja, sun hau matsayi don cancantar wannan matsayi. Tare da mayaka akwai salihai maza waɗanda kuma za su iya zama mayaka.

Ga al'adun Toltec, sadaukarwa ga alloli suna da mahimmanci. Tabbacin wannan shine Tzompantli, wanda shi ne shiryayye da aka yi tare da ƙwanƙolin makiya da na hadayun mutane. Manyan sojoji da shugabannin addini za su nemi izini daga alloli kafin su kai farmaki. Don waɗannan dalilai, babban aji na Toltec dole ne ya haɗa da sojoji da shugabannin addini waɗanda ke aiki tare kan gwamnati, soja, da al'adun addini.

Masu sana'a da sauran masu fasaha sun kasance ɓangare na tsakiyar aji a cikin ƙungiyar zamantakewa na Toltecs. Mazaunan da ke da alhakin noman masara masu launin masara da auduga, da ma sun kasance cikin masu matsakaicin matsayi. Masana ilmin taurari sun raba wannan matsayi, suna yin kari a kalandar Toltec don kiyaye lokacin shuka da girbi, da kuma bikin bukukuwa da bukukuwa na addini.

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