A yau za mu nuna muku ta wannan labarin mai ban sha'awa mafi kyawun abubuwan da ke cikin sassaka na romawa wanda ke da kololuwar tsakiyarsa a cikin birnin Roma tsakanin ƙarni na VI kafin Almasihu da V bayan Almasihu da ƙari a cikin wannan post ɗin. Kar a daina karantawa!
Menene Sculpture na Romawa?
Da farko ya kamata ku sani cewa sculpture na Rum wani nau'i ne na bayyanar fasaha da ya faru a cikin daular Roma wanda ya kasance wani yunkuri mai rikitarwa kuma an nuna shi a cikin sassa daban-daban da aka yi baya ga ci gaba a cikin gine-gine.
Kasancewa misalin sculpture na Romawa manyan baka na nasara, mutane da yawa suna cewa kwafin al'adun Girka ne amma wannan ba gaskiya bane.
Tunda an inganta ta kuma aka canza ta bisa ga tarihin sarakuna, wanda ya ba da suna da ban mamaki a cikin yammacin duniya.
Asalin sculpture na Rum
Kafin a kafa birnin Rum ya zama babban daula, yana daya daga cikin biranen da suka fi samun wadata a kasashen Turai, kuma an kawata murabba'insa da gine-ginensa da yin amfani da mutum-mutumi da kayan agaji.
Amma mun san kadan game da wannan bangare na tarihi, wanda ya dogara da yawa akan littattafan tarihi da ke magana a kan fasahar zamanin da, tun da ba mu da abubuwan tarihi daga wannan mataki na Jamhuriyar Roma.
Waɗanda suka yi fice a cikin sculpture na Romawa sun kasance na ƙarshen zamanin daular inda aka sassaƙa ayyukansu suna nuna haƙiƙanin gaske.
Godiya ga wallafe-wallafen, ya nuna mana cewa tasirin farko da al'adun Romawa suka samu shine fasahar Etruscan, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa aka gayyaci masu zane-zane da yawa zuwa birnin Roma don yin ado da gine-ginen jama'a.
Daga cikin su akwai haikalin da aka keɓe ga Jupiter Capitolinus da aka gina a ƙarni na XNUMX kafin Kristi daga ƙarni na XNUMX kafin zamanin Kiristanci inda tasirin Girka ya yi yawa.
Yawancin waɗannan masu zane-zane sun sami ingantaccen aikin yi wanda ya gamsar da buƙatun manyan manyan Roman. Ya samo asali ne daga karni na shida kafin Kristi kuma ya fito daga tsohuwar Girka da al'adun Etruscan.
Kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin manyan bayyanar fasaha na babban shaharar al'ummar Romawa, wanda za a kwatanta shi da gunkin Hellenistic na Hellenanci.
Ta hanyar fadace-fadacen soja na daular Roma da nufin daukar sabbin yankuna, sun sami sabbin al'adu, ciki har da Girkanci.
Don haka sai suka koyi fasaha wajen raya sculpture na Rum a tsakaninsu musamman ta fuskar hoto, kasancewar tarbiyyar da ta jawo fushi sosai a cikin manyan al'ummar Rum.
Hawan godiya ga buƙatun waɗannan sassaƙaƙen domin ta wurin hoton an nuna kalaman kowane mutum da ya nemi wannan sassaken na Romawa.
Bayan Fagen Rumunan Rum
Da farko, ya kamata ku sani cewa sculpture na Romawa ya samo asali ne a gabashin al'ummar Romawa, cibiyarsa ita ce birnin Roma a tsakanin karni na XNUMX BC. C. da Vd. C., godiya ga al'adun Etruscan waɗanda suka fito daga al'adun Girkanci.
Bugu da kari, daular Romawa tana da alaka kai tsaye tare da wayewar Girka a zamanin Hellenistic, don haka wannan al'ada ta kasance ma'ana a ko da yaushe a cikin koyo na Roman Sculpture.
Sun yi nasarar samar da fasahohin da ba a taba yin irinsu ba, wadanda ke cikin gudunmawar wannan al'umma, kamar yadda ya shafi nau'in hoton da suka yi fice a wannan wayewar.
Ƙirƙirar kyawawan ayyuka na wannan fasaha na musamman saboda fasahar da ya ɓullo da shi da kuma bayyanawa a cikin cikakkun bayanai na adadi a cikin sassa na Roman, ya kasance wani ɓangare na kayan ado na manyan abubuwan tunawa da jama'a da ke haifar da nasa salon labarin.
Yayin da Daular Rum ta yi ƙarfi, sai suka ƙara tasiri daga wasu al'ummomi ga al'adunsu, kamar wayewar Gabas.
Wanda ya sa su kaura daga halayen Girkanci da nufin samun sassaƙaƙƙen sculpture na Romawa, wanda ya haifar da Byzantine, fasahar Paleo-Kirista.
Ko da a cikin shekarun da suka wuce an yi amfani da shi don godiya ga lokacin classicism wanda ya ba da damar ƙarfafawa tare da baya don kula da al'adu, siyasa da zamantakewar al'umma a cikin Rumunan Rum.
To, ko da yake Kiristanci ya fara, ba zai iya ajiye sculpture na Romawa ba har sai karni na XNUMX lokacin da aka kammala ƙungiyar siyasa.
Amma samfuran gargajiya sun ci gaba da daidaita su zuwa sabon tsarin zamantakewa, siyasa da al'adu da aka kafa a cikin al'ummar Romawa.
Ga masu bincike, nazarin Sculpture na Romawa ya kasance ƙalubale saboda juyin halittarsa bai kasance na layi ba, an yi ƙoƙari don bayyana shi tun yana da rikitarwa saboda eclecticism.
Wanda aka gabatar a lokacin Hellenistic ban da wasu salon da aka yi a cikin sassaken Romawa bisa ga azuzuwan zamantakewa.
Ko a cikin ajin zamantakewa ɗaya, ana ganin wasu bambance-bambance bisa ga buƙatun kowane jigo ko yanayin da aka aiwatar, wanda ke nuna sarƙaƙƙiyarsa a cikin sassaken Romawa.
Saboda haka, sassaken Romawa yana da mahimmanci sosai a cikin Renaissance da Neoclassicism, tare da Girkanci, yana ƙarfafa sabuntawar al'adun Yammacin Turai wanda har yanzu ya mamaye al'ummar duniya a yau.
Nau'o'in sassaka da aka haɓaka
Daga cikin nau'o'in sculpture na Rum da suka fi fice a daular Rum akwai kamar haka:
- Wasan kwaikwayo na Romawa
- Hoton Rum na jana'izar
- Hotunan Girmama Rum
- Tsarin Mulki na Late Roman
Mafi dacewa halayen Roman Sculpture
Dangane da mahimman halaye na wannan fasaha ta musamman, za mu bayyana a cikin wannan labarin abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da sassakawar Rum, kasancewa kamar haka:
Ya samo asali ne saboda al'adu da al'adu na wayewar Girka yayin da lokaci ya wuce, wayewar Romawa ta canza batutuwan da za a yi amfani da su, suna bambanta filin ba da labari daga abubuwan tarihi na Roman Empire.
To, ta hanyar zane-zane na Romawa, an aiwatar da bayanin arangamar da sojoji suka yi, da kuma kisan gilla ga sarakuna da janar-janar a yakin da aka yi.
Ana nuna haɓakar sculpture na Romawa ta hanyar zayyana hotuna, waɗanda galibi ana yin su ta amfani da tagulla ko marmara.
Dangane da dabi'ar dabi'ar sifofin abubuwan da za a sassaka ba tare da buƙatar wuce gona da iri ba, tun da yake suna so su lura da halayensu da halayen su ta hanyar Rum.
Wata sifa ta sculpture ta Romawa ita ce, ba a san waɗanda suka yi waɗannan ayyukan ba tunda sun yi aiki ba tare da suna ba.
Yawancin ayyukansa an yi amfani da su don tunawa da amfanin jama'a da kuma a cikin ƙungiyoyin asiri, yana ɗaukar babban mataki lokacin da Ƙararren Rum ya haifar da gine-ginen gine-gine.
Saboda haka, masu zane-zane na Roman Sculpture sun yi ƙoƙari don aiwatar da cikakkun bayanai waɗanda a yau suna nazari sosai daga masu bincike waɗanda suka yi nasarar gano sababbin ayyuka da suka shafi Daular Roma a kowace rana wanda ke damun babban ikonsu na siyasa, soja da zamantakewa tare da Fine. fasaha.
Al'umma da Rum Sculpture
Daya daga cikin muhimman halaye na wannan al'umma shi ne kasancewarta ta gani ne zalla, tunda galibin mazaunanta ba su san karatu da rubutu ba.
Bugu da ƙari, rashin iya shiga cikin tattaunawa a cikin yaren Latin wanda ya kasance na al'ada na manyan al'ummar daular Romawa, saboda wannan dalili Visual Fine Arts ya kasance wani ɓangare na magana a matsayin tushen wallafe-wallafe.
Ga sauran mutanen da suka kasance wani ɓangare na yawan jama'a, ƙarfafa akida da tallan tallace-tallace na hoton mafi mahimmancin mutane na Daular godiya ga Sculpture na Roman.
A saboda haka, sassaken Romawa ya kasance wani matsayi mai daraja a duk fannonin jama'a, hatta a cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, kasancewar ana lura da su a sassa daban-daban na birni ta hanyar fasaha da fasahohinsu na masu sassaƙa.
Duk da haka, an yi amfani da Sculpture na Romawa don jigogi na addini, kamar yadda hotuna ke da kamance da tsarki, kamar yadda a cikin sauran tsoffin wayewa, don haka birnin Romawa bai tsira ba.
Kasancewa al'ada don nuna sassaka a wurare daban-daban na jama'a kamar a cikin gidaje mafi ƙasƙanci, kuma ya zama ruwan dare don kallon Hotunan Romawa a cikin tagulla da marmara a cikin Daular Roma, har ma a cikin jana'izar.
Kamar yadda yake cikin abubuwan jin daɗi masu alaƙa da gine-gine ba tare da manta da cameos waɗanda aka ƙera su a cikin tsattsauran tsaunuka waɗanda suka haɗa da mutum-mutumin terracotta da kuma allunan jana'izar da sauƙi da kuma abin rufe fuska na jana'izar da aka yi da kakin zuma.
Ƙarshen sun kasance suna samuwa a farashin mafi ƙasƙanci na iyalai na al'umma, ko da a cikin tsabar kudi akwai shaida na karamin taimako na Roman Sculpture, kasancewa hanyar watsa fasaha a tsakanin talakawa ta hanyar kuɗi.
Don haka, sculpture na Romawa ya zama ruwan dare gama gari ta yadda batutuwan Sarki sun kasance daga bangarorin addini, siyasa, zamantakewa har ma da tattalin arziki a cikin alamar wayewar Romawa.
Da yake nuna girman matsayinsu a lokacin mutuwar daya daga cikin sarakuna, magada na iya yin sassaken su kamar wani abin bautawa.
Ban da shelar magaji da kuma gina wurare masu tsarki don girmama shi, amma idan aka hambarar da shi, hotunansa suna ɓacewa daga al'ummar Romawa.
Saboda haka, jama'a sun san da gani canje-canjen da ke faruwa a matakin siyasa kawai ta hanyar kallon siffar Rum.
Dangane da shirka kuma ta kasance mai hakuri da inganta hanyoyin kiyaye tauhidi daban-daban a duniyar wancan lokacin.
Lokaci ne lokacin da addinin Kirista ya zama koyarwar hukuma, yana canza matsayin fasaha, tunda an san wannan allahntaka ta wurin littattafai da annabawa.
Amma ta hanyar aiwatar da Sculpture na Romawa Ikilisiya ta yarda da wakilcin dabi'a na waɗannan hotuna da kuma kayan ado a cikin sassan jama'a.
Baya ga keɓaɓɓen godiya ga zaɓe na duniya a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarihin fasaha, galibi tare da hoto a ƙarshen daular Roma.
Binciken Maganar Tarihi
A cewar masu bincike, watakila an kafa birnin Roma a tsakiyar karni na XNUMX BC. C. Ta hanyar hadewar mutane daban-daban daga yankuna daban-daban na Italiya daga garin Lazio a karni na XNUMX BC. na C
Yawancin masu bincike sunyi sharhi cewa an halicci birnin saboda godiya ga Etruscans daga arewa, wani labari kuma ya yi sharhi game da asalin godiya ga Romulus da Remus, zuriyar Aeneas, wanda ya kasance jarumi na Troy kuma ya ciyar da ta-wolf.
Sauran bincike sun yi tsokaci kan kasancewar wasu kungiyoyin baƙi kamar Celts da na Jamus kuma hakan ya tabbata a cikin ilimin kimiya na wasu wakilai na manyan iyalai.
Misalan waɗannan su ne dangin Flavios, waɗanda aka fassara daga Latin a matsayin blond, kuma iri ɗaya da sunaye irin su Rufo ja a cikin Latin ko Rutilio, waɗanda ke yin nuni ga gashi ja a cikin wannan harshe a cikin wayewar da duhu ya mamaye.
Al'adar Etruscan a cikin Roman Society
Ya yi daidai da ƙarni na XNUMX da XNUMX BC. na Kristi inda Etruscans suka ɗauki tsakiyar arewacin tsibirin Italiya daga nan cewa wasu sarakuna sun fito daga wannan wayewar. Don abin da suka rinjayi Tsarin Rum da kuma wayewar Girka a cikin fadace-fadacen yaki, wayewar ba wai kawai ta fuskanci Etruscans ba amma har ma sun dace da fasaharsu.
Tare da waɗannan ayyukan fasaha sun ƙawata birnin Romawa kamar yadda zane-zane na farko ya kasance a karni na XNUMX BC. na Kristi inda salon Etruscan ya mamaye. Ɗaya daga cikin masu bincike kan wannan batu mai ban sha'awa mai suna Apollo na Veii yayi sharhi game da Etruscans:
Etruscans sun kasance ƙwararru a sassa daban-daban, daga jana'izar jana'izar da sarcophagi zuwa ƙungiyoyi masu mahimmanci….
"… Sun kasance ƙwararrun masana a cikin yanayin yanayin da ke wakiltar rayuwar gama gari, halayen gari a cikin ayyuka na musamman…."
"...a cikin masu zane-zanen hoto na odar farko an nuna su… Sun ƙirƙiri nau'in nau'in nau'in jana'izar..."
“…Akwai cikakken hoton marigayin yana kishingiɗe a wani lokaci tare da matarsa, wanda daga baya Sculpture na Roman ya ɗauke shi…”
Ko da a lokacin Augustus, ana iya lura da al'adar Etruscan don nuna tasirin wannan wayewa a kan al'adun Romawa duk da cewa sun riga sun rigaya Hellenistic a cikin wannan al'ada.
Zamanin Hellenistic da Neoclassical
Daular Roma tana fadada zuwa kudancin nahiyar Turai yayin da al'adun Girka ke ci gaba zuwa motsi na al'ada.
Kasancewa iyakar apogee a cikin karni na IV a. na Almasihu wanda tuntuɓar mazauna daga Magna Graecia ya fara, abin mamaki ga Romawa godiya ga al'adarsu.
Romawa na cikin manyan jiga-jigan wayewar Romawa sun so su sami ayyukan fasaha na wayewar Girka.
Saboda haka, masu fasaha daga wannan wayewar an hayar su don yin ado da manyan gidajen Romawa suna biyan farashi mai yawa na lokacin.
A lokacin da Alexander the Great ya mallaki ƙasar Girka, ya tura ayyukansa na fasaha zuwa Indiya, ciki har da Farisa da Masar, yana canza al'adunsu.
Sana'ar da suka sani har zuwa lokacin tana cike da al'adu daga al'adun Girka kuma wannan al'ada kuma za ta hade sassan wayewar Gabas, ta canza ayyukansu na fasaha.
Lokacin da wannan babban mai nasara Alexander the Great ya mutu, an halicci masarautu iri-iri masu tushe iri ɗaya, wato Galatiya, Fontus, Bitiniya, Paphlagonia da Kapadokiya na daular Ptolemaic.
Wanda ya haifar da sababbin al'adu ga al'adun Girkanci wanda aka dauki sunan Hellenistic zuwa wannan hadewar al'adu akwai sha'awar sanin abin da ya faru a baya saboda haka sun yanke shawarar samun gidajen tarihi da dakunan karatu.
Wanda aka fi sani da shi shine Pergamon da Alexandria, inda aka yi tarihin mawakan fasaha da suka shahara a zamantakewa, wanda aka haifar da sukar fasaha ta hanyar canja wurin matafiya ta yankuna daban-daban da suka sani.
Ya ba da izinin salo daban-daban a cikin tarihi waɗanda aka ɗauka ta hanyar hangen nesa, suna canzawa zuwa halin duniya, fifita ayyukan mahallin wasan kwaikwayo inda suke hulɗa ta hanyar motsi kuma an kwatanta su da motsin Baroque.
Daga cikin batutuwan da aka tabo sun hada da yara, tsufa da mutuwa, gami da barkwanci, wadanda wayewar kasar Girka ba ta taba su ba kuma suka zama wani bangare na shi kuma manyan al'ummar Romawa sun sami dandano na tattara ayyukan fasaha.
Bisa ga fadin tarihi na shekara ta 212 a. Bayan Almasihu, daular Roma ta mamaye birnin Syracuse, wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikon Girka, da ke Sicily.
Inda fasahar Hellenistic ta bazu don haka suka kwashe duk abin da suke so suka koma birnin Rome suna maye gurbin ayyukan Etruscan.
Tare da wannan, an aiwatar da sulhu na al'adun Girkanci a birnin Roma, amma duk da haka, akwai wasu lokuta na adawa da wannan salon.
Daya daga cikinsu shi ne Cato wanda ke da alhakin yin Allah wadai da wannan wawashewa yayin da yake la’akari da hakan tasiri ne mai hatsari ga wayewar Romawa.
Bai yarda cewa manyan Romawa suna jin daɗin mutum-mutumin Koranti da Atina ba domin ya raina gumakan da aka yi da terracotta.
Amma fasahar Girka ta yi nasara kuma ta kasance kyakkyawar kyauta bayan arangamar sojoji da manyan hafsoshin soja suka nuna.
A shekara ta 168 kafin Almasihu daya daga cikin sarakunan Romawa Lucio Emilio Paulo Macedonico bayan ya ci yankin da ake kira Macedonia.
Kimanin jiragen ruwa guda dari biyu da hamsin ne aka hango wadanda ke dauke da mutum-mutumi da ayyukan hoto zuwa birnin Romawa.Wasu ayyukan al'adun Girka da suka isa birnin Rome su ne babban bagadin Pergamon da kuma Galata na Kashe kansa.
Ko da wani aiki da muka sani Laocoön da ’ya’yansa maza sun zo birnin Roma don samun karbuwa daga manyan jiga-jigan al’ummar Roma saboda nasarorin da aka samu wajen karbe mulki daga wasu al’ummai.
Lokacin da Daular Rum ta mamaye kasar Girka, an tura masu fasaharta zuwa birnin Rome don yin mutum-mutumin da aka fi nema a tsakanin wadannan masu sassaka, Pasiteles ya jaddada cewa asalinsa daga Magna Graecia ne amma ya dauki dan kasar Roma.
Tarin zane-zanensa ya kasance mai ban sha'awa a duniya, daga cikin ayyukan Jupiter da aka danganta da shi, wanda aka yi da zinari da hauren giwa.
Baya ga sauran sassake a cikin tagulla. Ƙirƙirar makarantar Neoaticism a cikin wannan motsi wanda za a iya sani da kalmar Neoclassicism.
Tarihin Daular Rum
An samu sauyi a cikin sassaken Romawa saboda tasirin sassaka na Girka da kuma samar da makaranta don koyon yadda ake haɓaka wannan salon da ya haifar da hargitsi a cikin al'ummar Romawa a ƙarshen karni na biyu BC.
Misalin wannan salon shi ne Bagadin Enobarbus, kasancewar shi ne mafarin fasahar daular da ta samu a zamanin Augustus kuma ya kasance hadaya ga Gnaeus Domitius Enobarbus saboda karshen arangamar da sojoji suka yi a garin Brindisi.
An gina shi a gaban Wuri Mai Tsarki na Neptune, dukansu an gina su a lokaci guda dangane da bagaden, an ƙawata shi da murfin frieze da yawa, daga cikinsu akwai wuraren da suka shafi tarihin Girkanci, da kuma hotunan al'ada.
A inda wani firist yake yin hadaya a gefen wannan, ana lura da sojoji ban da sauran mutanen da ke kewaye don su bayyana labarin Romawa.
Ta hanyar hotunan da aka yi a cikin Ƙararren Rum tun lokacin da yawancin jama'a ba su karanta ba kuma ba su sadarwa ta hanyar sadarwa na gani ba, wanda ya kasance babban nasara a cikin tsarin siyasa na wayewar Romawa.
Sculptures na Augustus
Sarkin sarakuna Augustus ya ƙyale birnin Roma ya zama mafi mahimmanci a cikin wannan babban daular ta zama cibiyar al'adu a cikin salon Hellenistic.
Kamar dai yadda ya kasance a baya a Iskandariya da Bargamon, inda akwai masu sana'ar Girika da yawa a babban birnin kasar, haka nan birnin Roma ya ba da babbar gudummawa ga sassaken Romawa godiya ga Sarkin sarakuna Augustus.
Daga cikinsu akwai ƙirƙira tsabar tsabar kudi inda za ku ga ƙaramin bas-reliefs. Julius Kaisar ne da kansa ya halatta yin salon Helenanci a birnin Roma.
Baya ga fasahohin gabas, ba da izinin buga fuskokin masu mulki a kan tsabar kudi, tun da a baya kawai an sanya hotunan da ke nufin alloli ko haruffa masu mahimmanci a tarihin Romawa waɗanda suka riga sun mutu.
Don haka sarki Augustus ya yi amfani da wannan damar da ake yaɗawa a fagen siyasa ya tilasta wa jama’a kasancewarsa ta hanyar hotonsa na gani a kan tsabar kudi.
Sculpture na Romawa wani bangare ne na babban tsarin kula da zamantakewa da siyasa a cikin rayuwar yau da kullun na ƴan ƙasar Roma ta hanyar amfani da tsabar kudi.
Ara Pacis a zamanin Emperor Augustus
Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan farko da ke da alaƙa da Ƙararren Rum shine Ara Pacis da kuma wani sassaka da aka keɓe ga gunkin Pax, wanda ya yi bikin dawowar Sarkin sarakuna Augustus bayan nasarar da ya samu a rikicin Gaul da Hispania.
An ƙawata wannan sculpture na Romawa da ɗumbin ɗumbin ɗumbin ɗumbin ɗumbin ɗumbin ɗumbin ɗumbin ɗumbin ɗumbin ɗumbin ɗumbin ɗumbin ɗumbin jama'a waɗanda ke wakiltar jerin gwano tare da al'amuran almara da ke nuni ga tatsuniya.
Har ma an rubuta yanayin sadaukarwa, wanda aka tabbatar a cikin ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan labaran shine wurin da yake magana akan Tellus, wanda shine Uwar Duniya a cikin Tatsuniyar Rum, yana adawa da al'adun Girkanci da ake kira Gea.
A cikin sculpture na Romawa yana da ƙarfin tashin hankali da rashin hankali wanda ke wakiltar yanayi kamar yadda aka gani a cikin jiragen ruwa na Girkanci, amma a cikin wannan al'adar Romawa ita ce gaba ɗaya ta uwa, tana kare da kuma kula da mazaunan Daular Roma.
Dangane da balaga na salon Sculpture na Romawa, ana buƙatar lokaci don shi, kodayake sarki Augustus ya tabbatar da cewa shi ne babban sarki.
Ya kuma samu goyon bayan al’ummarsa domin tun daga karamin ofishin jakadanci na farko ya samu karramawa da ya ba shi damar zama sarki a majalisar dattawa.
Amma mutanen sun ba shi mukaman Augustus kuma a lokacin mulkinsa, daular Roma ta kasance a kololuwar wadata da salama, kuma ya tsara al’ummar daga fagen siyasa.
Baya ga fannin fasaha, yana tallata hotonsa kamar dai talla ce ta al'ada a lokacinsa. Wannan yana tabbatar da adadin mutum-mutumin da ake iya gani a gidajen tarihi a yau.
Inda aka lura da halaye iri-iri na wannan babban sarki a cikin soja, farar hula har ma da matsayin allahntaka a tsakanin sassa na Romawa wanda ya yi fice dangane da Augustus.
An samo Augustus na Prima Porta, wanda shine irin wannan zane akan Polykleitos' Doryphorus kuma ya nuna yadda har yanzu ana amfani da al'adun Girkanci a cikin ayyukansa na fasaha, yana nuna sarki a matsayin babban jarumi na masu goyon baya.
Julio Sculptures - Claudia
Wani daga cikin dauloli da za a iya ambata inda akwai babban haɓakawa na Roman Sculpture yayi daidai da na Julio - Claudia inda akwai girma a cikin Roman Empire.
Daga gwamnatin sarakuna Julius - Claudius zuwa Nero, kadan ne aka ga alamun sculpture na Romawa, ƙananan tarkacen jana'izar da aka yi da marmara ne kawai inda aka ajiye tokar 'yan uwansu da kuma bagadan da aka ajiye a saman kabarin a matsayin kayan ado. .
Sabili da haka, kayan ado da ke bayyana a cikin wannan lokaci ya dace da kayan ado masu kama da na Ara Pacis, waɗanda aka sassaka su da aminci ga yanayin yanayi inda ake kallon tsuntsaye da sauran dabbobi.
An yi gyaran bangon bango ta hanyar terracotta da nufin samun damar yin ado da gidaje da gine-ginen Romawa inda suke amfani da dabarun hazaka na Girka don ƙawata facade.
Dangane da hotuna a cikin wannan lokacin, haƙiƙa mai girma ta bayyana inda ruhun Rum ya keɓanta ta wurin siffar Rum.
Ɗaya daga cikin fitattun abubuwan jin daɗi na wannan lokacin ya yi daidai da wani babban bagadi da aka samo a cikin birnin Roma a ƙarƙashin abin da yake a wancan lokacin tarihin Paparoma Chancellery.
Inda aka gudanar da jerin gwano tare da rakiyar ministocin da ke rike da wasu mutum-mutumin da ke cikin hadayar da sauran mataimaka da dabbobi a hannunsu.
Wannan taimako yana nuna sha'awar Ƙaunar Rum don ba da labari a cikin aiki da kuma haɗa su tare da haruffan baya yana nuna dalla-dalla na waɗannan masu fasahar Roman.
A cikin fagen fasaha, an nemi tasirin hasken haske ban da jiyya na sama, gami da sabbin hanyoyin bayyana labarin a cikin wannan salon.
Ta hanyar nazarin yanayi ta hanyar gano abubuwan da ba a sani ba game da hangen zaman gaba, ƙirƙirar makaranta na gaske a cikin Ƙararren Rum.
Game da nasarorin da ya samu game da nau'in hoton da aka yi tun lokacin Jamhuriyar, kodayake an yi samfurin sababbin abubuwa a cikin kamannin godiya ga tasiri a makarantar Girkanci da Attic.
Sculptures na nufin zamanin Flavian
A cikin abin da ya yi daidai da gwamnatocin sarakunan Flavian irin su Vespasian, Titus, da Domitian, manyan abubuwan tarihi na Roman Sculpture sun fito fili.
Daga cikin abubuwan da za mu iya ambata abubuwan jin daɗi da aka yi a kan Bakin Titus tare da wannan fasahar ba da labari, an so a yi bikin nasara a kan yaƙin Yahudawa a shekara ta 71 ta zamanin Kirista, amma an nuna salon zane a kusan shekara ta 81. .
An nuna kayan agaji masu yawa, ɗaya a kowane gefen titin, wanda ke da ban sha'awa a tsakiyar inda aka ga nasara, a cikin ɗaya daga cikinsu an ga sarki a kan karusarsa inda abokansa da sauran ’yan ƙasar Roma suka kewaye shi.
Kamar yadda ya kasance a lokacin da ya shiga birnin, ban da wasu siffofi na kabilanci, irin su wanda ke da alhakin nadin sarauta, kuma mai kula da dawaki ita ce baiwar Roma.
Nuna abubuwan da suka faru na tarihin tarihi ta hanyar sassauƙa na Hotunan Romawa game da taimako na biyu, an tabbatar da sojojin suna ɗauke da ganima da suka samu daga Wuri Mai Tsarki na Urushalima.
Haka nan ana iya gani a cikin hoton mawakan da dogayen kahonsu na tada lokacin sallah da kuma sauran abubuwan da ba a yin su a cikin jirage uku kamar yadda aka samu saukin Ara Pacis da ke yin wasa tsakanin haske da iska na samar da iska. tunanin cewa alkalumman suna haifar da motsi.
Duk da rashin sanin dokokin hangen nesa da aka gano bayan ƙarnuka da yawa, ko da yake ana lura da waɗannan cikakkun bayanai, zamanin Flavian ya ba da damar ƙara sabbin abubuwa zuwa sassa na Romawa.
Dabarun Hoto
Godiya ga hoton, Sculpture na Romawa ya ba da gudummawa mafi girma ga wannan al'ada, wadda ta samo asali ne ta hanyar wayewar Girka amma al'adun Romawa sun haifar da shi, don haka ya kasu kashi biyu, kowannensu yana da tsarinsa na canji.
To, tun daga lokacin jamhuriyar hoton an riga an daraja shi sosai yayin da shekaru suka shude ya zama salo na zamani na gargajiya.
Yayin da daya bangaren ya yi daidai da hakikanin gaskiya inda ake amfani da nasa bayanin al'adun Helenanci game da hotuna, guntun kai da kai sun zama ruwan dare a cikin sassaken Romawa.
To, hotuna masu tsayi ba su da yawa sosai yayin da hotunan kai da bust suka shahara sosai a al'adun Romawa.
Ƙaddamar da kasuwar tattalin arziki a cikin waɗannan ayyukan fasaha na Roman Sculpture game da Basin Bahar Rum, tun da yake ya fi dacewa don yin wannan nau'i na sassaka tun lokacin, kasancewar kai ko bust, ya kasance mai rahusa fiye da na cikakken jiki.
Har ila yau, saboda suna mai da hankali ga sanin mutum ɗaya wanda ya yi rinjaye a cikin wannan wayewar, tun da fuskar da aka lura a kai ta kasance ga Romawa wani bangare mai mahimmanci a game da hoto.
Kayayyakin da aka fi amfani da su wajen zayyana Hotunan sun yi daidai da tagulla da marmara, da farko idanuwan sun yi kala da kala-kala, daga nan ne maƙeran zinariya suka fara zana su.
Da kyau, an sami fahimtar jama'a ga daidaikun mutane saboda godiyar Roman Sculpture, kamar yadda mai binciken Robert Brilliant ya bayyana a cikin wannan tsantsa mai zuwa:
"... takamaiman ainihin batun, wanda aka kafa ta musamman na musamman na kai, an yi la'akari da shi azaman alamar alama wadda ba ta la'akari da mutuncin jiki..."
"...Da alama masu zane-zane sun kirkiro kawunansu a matsayin babban maɓalli don ganewa kuma an saka su a cikin wani tsari mai kyau a cikin ra'ayi. "
"... idan ba a cikin niyya ba, a cikin rubutun da aka shirya, tare da bude fuska, na kowa a tsakanin masu daukar hoto na karni na XNUMX ..."
"...Mutumai marasa kan gado da suka tsira daga zamanin da sun yi kama da matakan da ba tare da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ba..."
"...musamman lokacin da mataimaka suka yi gawar a gaba, ana jiran babban mai sassaƙa ya sassaƙa kai...".
Ta hanyar hawan Sarkin sarakuna Vespasian, wanda ya kafa daular Flavian, an halicci salon gauraye tsakanin wadannan bangarori biyu: manufa da gaskiya, wanda masu fasaha na daular Julio-Claudia suka riga sun yi aiki.
Canjin Hoto
Canji ya biyo baya ta hanyar nau'ikan Hellenistic tare da haƙiƙanin kwatancin batun wanda aka yi masa siffar Rum.
Wannan kuma ya kasance yana ci gaba a lokacin da aka zo ga Sarkin Daular Rum har ma da fasahar da aka fadada ta hanyar sabon aikin hakowa.
Wanda ya ba da damar sanya salon gyara gashi mai sarƙaƙƙiya akan fuskokin mata na wannan lokacin godiya ga Sculpture na Roman, wanda ya kasance babban haɓaka a cikin manyan al'ummar Romawa.
A lokacin da Trajan ya hau mulki a matsayin sarki, an yi sauye-sauye da suka rinjayi manufa, wanda ya fi girma a zamanin Hadrian, tun da yake an yi alama da dandano na Hellenistic a cikin sassa na Romawa.
A gefe guda, a cikin hotuna na Marcus Aurelius, an sake lura da ingancin gaske, yana nuna mahimmancin bayanin fuskoki, yana nuna babban ra'ayi, wanda suke da tasiri mai yawa a ko'ina cikin yankin Romawa.
Godiya ga tasirin gabas, ban da sha'awar abubuwan siffofi na geometric, cimma a cikin Rubutun Rum cewa hotuna suna ba da salo mai salo har ma da halaye masu ƙima.
A cikin daular Constantine ta kai kololuwar godiya saboda girmanta, wanda ya tuna da al'adun gargajiya na zamanin Augustus mai girma.
Wannan salon zanen Romawa zai zama mafarin abin da za mu sani daga baya a matsayin fasahar Byzantine, wanda ke wakiltar ƙarshen zamanin zinariya na wannan fasaha a cikin wayewar Romawa.
Sarakunan Romawa sun yi amfani da hoton a matsayin nunin iko kasancewar wani bangare na shirinsu a fagen siyasa kuma a cikin sirrin al'ummar Romawa ana amfani da nau'in hoto don hidimar jana'izar.
Har ma da Busts inda aka ƙara rubutu inda abokai da dangi suka kula da adon bagadin ban da ƙonawa.
Wannan al'adar tana da alaƙa da abin rufe fuska na jana'izar da aka yi da kakin zuma ko terracotta na manyan magabata a cikin jerin jana'izar manyan jiga-jigan al'ummar Romawa, suna nuna zuriyarsu ta patrician.
Don haka an ajiye waɗannan abubuwan rufe fuska na mutuwa a cikin tsattsarkan iyali da ake kira lararium tare da busts da aka yi da terracotta, tagulla har ma da marmara.
Yana daya daga cikin dalilan da Romawa suka nemi haƙiƙa a cikin hotuna don kare yanayin fuskokin ƙaunatattun su godiya ga Sculpture na Romawa.
Nau'in hotuna a cikin sassaken Romawa
Bisa ga binciken da aka yi game da sassaƙaƙƙen Roman, ana iya ganin hanyoyi uku na yin hotuna, kasancewa kamar haka:
Hotunan Toga inda aka sassaka siffar sarki da toga da alkyabba a kansa don nuna alamarsa a gaban al'ummar Romawa a matsayin babban pontif.
Hotunan Thoracatos A irin wannan nau'i na sculpture na Romawa, an wakilta sarki a matsayin jakada ko kuma a matsayin wani mutum mai girma na girmamawa ga wakilcin sojojin, wanda aka sanya masa sulke.
Hoton Apotheosis A cikin irin wannan nau'i na sculpture na Romawa sarki yana da kyakkyawan tsari a matsayin abin bautawa ko jarumi, sashin jikinsa tsirara ne yana nuna kyakkyawan jikinsa na sassaka.
Yana sanye da kambin laurel mai ƙayatarwa a haikalinsa a matsayin babban abin bautawa, kasancewarsa ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun wakilcin sculpture na Romawa amma ba mafi yawan nunawa ba.
Don lura da yadda ake rikitar da nau'in hoton zuwa Tsarin Rum ta hanyar cikakkun bayanai waɗanda aka ƙirƙira tare da ƙwarewa mafi girma.
Game da siffar idanu, gemu da aka sawa da maza da gashin mata, ana iya tabbatar da fashion ta hanyar salon gashi daban-daban na lokacin da aka nuna a cikin hotuna da aka yi.
Juyin Halitta na hoto a cikin Daular Rum
Dangane da lokacin jamhuriyar, babban haqiqanin gaskiya ya bayyana a cikin hoton, wanda ake lura da shi ta hanyar sifofin abubuwan da za a sassaqe, waxanda suke da matuqar qarfi.
An bambanta waɗannan hotuna na Ƙaƙƙarfan Rum ta hanyar kasancewa ɗan gajeren lokaci inda kai ya fi rinjaye, ban da wuyansa, a cikin maza yana da halayyar sa gajeren gashi.
Hoto a lokacin Sarkin sarakuna Augustus
A cikin wannan lokaci, hoton ya zama manufa, don haka siffofin suna ɓoye tun da yake wakilcin siyasa ne yana hawa zuwa yanayin kamala.
Game da gashi a cikin wannan lokacin, har yanzu yana sawa gajere amma ya fi tsayi fiye da lokacin da ya gabata, maƙallan laushi masu laushi da ƙananan ƙwanƙwasa suna bayyana a cikin Ƙwararren Rum wanda ya dace da girman kai.
Gashin da ke fadowa a gaban goshi yana kama da jelar tsuntsu da aka fi sani da sunan hadiye, a cikin Hotunan mata, siffar Empress Livia tana sanye da gashin kanta da aka tsefe baya, ta tattara sannan kuma a kan goshinta tana sanya toupee ko kulli. .
Hoto a Lokacin Flavian
Wannan ya faru ne daga ƙarni na farko kuma akwai ƙawa a cikin Daular Roma wanda ya fi son salon gaskiya don keɓance mutum-mutumi ba tare da buƙatar tuhumar su ba.
Amma game da bust, wannan ya ɗan ɗan tsayi, yana kaiwa ga lura da maza da kuma mutanen da suka nemi hakan daga manyan manyan al'ummar Romawa.
Game da gashi, yana tasowa da fadi da ke bayyana a fili, yana ƙarfafa chiaroscuro, Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da motsi godiya ga gaskiyar cewa wuyansa ya fara juyawa.
Julia 'yar Tito ta sanya kayan ado na godiya ga hotunan da aka yi amfani da su don yin amfani da manyan salon gyara gashi wanda ke da ban mamaki a cikin manyan al'ummar Romawa.
Hoto a lokacin karni na XNUMX da na XNUMX
Game da wannan lokacin, Ƙararren Rum yana nuna dandano na fasahar baroque game da gashin gashi a cikin hotuna, wanda aka zana shi da yawa kuma ya rabu da kai tare da yalwar curls da gemu a kan ma'aurata suna nuna motsi.
A cikin gwamnatin Hadrian ne aka fara zana siffar idanu a cikin hotuna a cikin misalan wadannan mutummutumai na Antinous inda aka lura da kyakkyawar manufa mai kama da al'adun Hellenistic na Girka.
Shi ne wanda sarki Hadrian ya fi so, hoton ya kasance yana da kyau sosai kuma ya zo cikin rudani da siffar allahn Apollo.
Doguwar gashinta kuma an zana surar idonta, wannan hoton yana da tsayi mai kyaun gaske.
Game da Hotunan mata, za ku ga na Faustina inda ta fito da salon gyara gashi tare da rabuwa a tsakiyar kai kuma gashin kanta ya faɗi cikin lallausan taguwar ruwa aka taru a saman wuyan wuyansa ko kuma a kan macen tana kafawa. a bun..
Game da hoton Hadrian da aka yi a karni na XNUMX, an zana idanu, yana da gemu a kan kuncinsa kuma gashin kansa yana da alama kuma an rabu da kai tun yana da tsawo.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z0_eNQt7EY0
An yi aiki ta amfani da trepan tare da ɗanɗano mai daɗi daki-daki, kuma a kan ƙirjinsa yana da jellyfish. Game da karni na uku, daya daga cikin mafi wakilcin hotunan Roman Sculpture shine na sarki Caracalla.
Wanda yake da halin tashin hankali, girman kai da karfi, waɗannan halayen sun kasance a cikin hoton da suka yi masa inda kai ya juya gaba daya.
Hoton a karni na hudu na Daular Roma
A cikin wannan lokaci ana ganin an wulakanta hotunan kuma sarki ya kaurace wa al'umma, don haka ana ganin kyama.
A cikin wannan lokacin sifofin ba su da daidaituwa kuma sassaƙawar suna da wuyar gaske, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin mutum-mutumin da aka yi wa Constantine.
Kasancewa mafi yawan lokuta na wannan lokacin a cikin tarihin sassaka na Roman, wannan hoton na ƙarshen zamanin daular yana tsammanin sassaka na Byzantine.
Mutum-mutumin da aka yi a cikin sassaken Romawa
Game da zane na mutum-mutumin, an yi su da yanayin Girkanci ga allahntaka, wanda ya dace da siffar ɗan adam na sarki.
A cikin jiki wanda ko da yaushe matashi ne kuma cike da kuzari a matsayin alamar ikon sarki ba kamar hoton da aka ba da gaskiya ba.
Don haka an sami bambanci sosai tsakanin mutum-mutumin da kuma hotuna, tunda a wuraren tarihi na jama'a da ake buƙatar cikakken mutum-mutumi, ana amfani da gawar wani abin bautawa da sanya kan sarki ba tare da wata matsala ba.
Har ma sun maye gurbin wani kai da wani ba tare da wata damuwa ba, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin wallafe-wallafen lokacin tarihi, don haka tabbatar da 'yancin kai.
Game da tunanin mazaunan Daular Romawa game da kai tare da bayanin farko na salon gaskiya da kuma jiki mai dacewa.
An halicci waɗannan mutum-mutumi akai-akai har zuwa karni na XNUMX bayan Almasihu, ko da yake a lokacin Constantine I tasirin Gabas ya nuna ci gaba da rashin mutum-mutumi kuma an sadaukar da su ne kawai don yin hotuna.
Ko da yake an yi mutum-mutumi da ƙananan lambobi musamman don abubuwan tarihi na jama'a inda na'urar roba da kuma salon zane suka mamaye, kasancewar alaƙa da fasahar Byzantine.
Akwatunan gawa a al'adun Romawa
Yin amfani da waɗannan akwatuna ya zama ruwan dare a cikin wayewar Etruscan ban da Girkanci, amma a birnin Roma an yi amfani da wannan yanayin sosai tun daga ƙarni na biyu zuwa gaba, tunda al'adar Romawa ita ce konawa kuma an maye gurbin ta da binnewa. .
Samar da wasu muhimman cibiyoyi guda uku da aka kera akwatunan gawa, kamar birnin Rome da Afirka da Asiya, wanda ke nuna nau'o'i daban-daban na wadannan akwatunan gawarwakin.
Mafi na kowa a cikin waɗannan akwatunan shine akwati da aka yi wa ado da alkaluman agaji kuma yana da murfin santsi sosai.
Sai kuma wani akwati wanda shi ma yana da murfi da aka yi wa ado inda za a iya ƙara hotunan Hotunan Rum, waɗannan na iya zama cikakken jikin mamacin.
Yana da alama cewa haruffan suna zaune a wani liyafa kuma samfurin ne wanda ya fito daga al'adun Etruscan, yana ba da damar ƙirƙirar sababbin nau'o'in da aka yi wa ado da sauƙi na babban rikitarwa a cikin cikakkun bayanai.
Bugu da ƙari, a cikin birnin Roma, an yi amfani da samfurin akwatin gawa, wanda aka ƙawata da abubuwa masu banƙyama, ciki har da zane na fure ko kawunan dabbobi.
Daga cikin wadanda suka yi fice na zakin a karshen wannan akwatin, akwai wasu nau'o'i masu ban mamaki da yawa kuma an yi su bisa ga karfin tattalin arziki na iyali da suka aiwatar da odar.
Dangane da samar da akwatunan gawa a Asiya, an yi amfani da manya-manyan akwatuna kuma an samar da su da siffofi na gine-gine a kusa da akwatin gawar, an sanya ginshiƙai ban da mutum-mutumin da ke kafa kofa mai faranti na ado.
Ko da rufin da ke da siffar prism tare da acroteras ta yadda da farko kallo ya zama kamar wuri mai tsarki kuma ko da a saman akwai dandamali.
Irin wannan akwatin gawa na gabas an kawata shi ta kowane bangare hudu, kasancewarsa wani abin tarihi mai zaman kansa wanda aka gina shi a sararin samaniyar makabarta, maimakon na baya da aka sanya a cikin wuraren kabari, an yi masa ado ne kawai inda za a ga akwatin gawar.
Wannan al’adar a al’adar Romawa ta binne ‘yan’uwa ta ci gaba da yin ta a zamanin Kiristanci, kasancewar daya daga cikin manyan alamomin addini.
The reliefs a cikin gine-gine na Roman Sculpture
Don ƙirƙirar manyan bagadai kamar abubuwan tarihi da kuma ginshiƙai na tunawa da manyan bagaza ana buƙatar a cikin sassaken Romawa.
Abubuwan kayan ado na kayan ado waɗanda ke cikin gine-ginen gine-ginen zama babban filin don ƙirƙirar haifuwa na salon labari na Daular Romawa.
Mun riga mun ba ku labarin Bagadin Enobarbus da Altar Praxis, waɗanda manyan misalai ne na wannan fasaha, akwai ma Emilia Basilica da aka yi tsakanin 54 -34 BC a cikin Dandalin Roman.
Yana gabatar da salon Hellenizing na al'adar Girkanci game da daular Julio-Claudia, babu wasu wurare da yawa na wannan fasaha, amma ɗan abin da ya tsira yana nuna salon, kamar frieze da aka samu a cikin birnin Roma.
Inda aka gudanar da jerin gwano na alkalai da kuma limaman cocin da ke dauke da mutum-mutumi a hannunsu tare da mataimaka, mawaka da dabbobi inda aka bayyana a fili.
Ta haɗa da adadi a bayan layin da ya yi daidai da jerin gwanon, kayan aiki ne da ake amfani da su sosai a cikin sassaken Romawa.
Game da Arch na Titus, wanda aka halicce shi a tsakanin shekaru 81 da 82, yana wakiltar mafi girman matsayi a cikin gwamnatin Flavio tun daga sassan da ke ƙawata wannan zane.
Sun nuna nasarar da Tito ya samu inda aka baje kolin kyan gani da fasaha mai girma a cikin dabarun kayyade.
An yi niyya don wakiltar sarki da karusar tana fuskantar ’yan kallo suna juyowa daidai saboda hazaka da fasaha na mai sassaƙa.
A cikin sauran rukunin, ana ganin ganimar da aka yi a Urushalima inda ake amfani da albarkatu iri ɗaya amma a wani yanki inda aka ƙarfafa abubuwan godiya ga haske da inuwa.
A lokacin mulkin Sarkin sarakuna Trajan, an kirkiro Rukunin Trajan don girmama shi, wanda ya nuna nasara a Dacia tsakanin shekaru 101 zuwa 106.
Wannan aikin gine-ginen ginshiƙi ne wanda gabaɗaya ke rufe shi da ci gaba da frieze da ke samar da karkace daga ƙasa zuwa mafi girman ɓangaren pilaster.
Kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin manyan halaye na salon ba da labari dangane da sassaken sassaken Romawa inda aka tsara sassan tarihin Romawa a cikin tsari.
Ba tare da an katse shi ba inda aka nuna sarki a cikin yanayi daban-daban kimanin 2500 da aka zana a kan katon ginshiƙi.
Nuna kyakkyawan matakin fasaha wanda aka lura a cikin dukkanin aikin fasaha, ɗayan halayensa shine watsi da hangen nesa.
Baya ga yin amfani da ƙididdiga marasa daidaituwa dangane da yanayin yanayin baya, yana nuna tasirin wayewar Gabas a cikin aikin fasaha, a halin yanzu kawai siffofin da aka yi a cikin marmara za a iya tabbatar da su.
Amma tasirinsa lokacin da aka kammala dole ne ya kasance mai ban mamaki saboda an tsara hotunan tare da cikakkun bayanai na karfe, mai yiwuwa mawallafinsa ya kasance Apollodorus na Damascus saboda halayen kayan ado.
Bayan haka, classicism ya koma kololuwa inda aka yi wani Arch na Trajan amma a garin Benevento wanda, duk da lokacin da ya wuce, yana cikin kyakkyawan yanayi game da sassaka, an gama su a cikin gwamnatin Hadrian kuma. a matsayin bangarori goma sha ɗaya na salon iri ɗaya.
Inda aka nuna Sarkin Marcus Aurelius a fage daban-daban game da waɗannan al'amuran, huɗu daga cikin waɗannan wuraren suna cikin Gidan Tarihi na Capitoline.
Sauran an sake yin amfani da su a zamanin daular da ya yi daidai da Arch of Constantine, wani misali na sculpture na Roman shine Rukunin da aka yi don girmama Marcus Aurelius inda classicism ya yi nasara, an nuna tsari a cikin ginshiƙi.
Wanda aka yi wa ado a cikin karkace da kuma kari da horo wanda ba ya nan a cikin shafi na baya da aka yi don girmama Trajan.
Ko da yake wannan ɗan ƙaramin sarari na tarihi inda ake lura da al'ada ya ƙare tare da hawan Sarkin sarakuna Septimius Severus wanda aka tsara Arch don shi.
Inda fasahar gabas ita ce jarumar bisa ga ma'auni da gajarta hanyar da aka tsara hotuna marasa tushe.
An bayyana fale-falen guda huɗu a cikin manyan fale-falen da ke nufin Mesopotamiya, wannan salon shi ne wanda zai ci gaba a cikin sassaken Romawa a cikin ƙarni na huɗu.
Kamar yadda aka tabbatar a cikin friezes da ke hawan Arch of Constantine yana nuna bambanci dangane da lokacin Marcus Aurelius.
Kasancewa sanannen misalan sculpture na Roman Obelisk na Theodosius I wanda yake a cikin Hippodrome na Konstantinoful sosai kama da fasahar Byzantine fiye da al'adun Romawa.
Game da Cameos
Wannan nau'in ya kasance sananne sosai a cikin manyan ƙwararrun al'ummar Romawa, an yi amfani da shi azaman kayan ado, an sassaka shi a cikin duwatsu masu daraja.
Daga cikin su akwai Jasper, agate, amethyst, onyx da chalcedony da ake la'akari da su a matsayin sculpture na Romawa a cikin raguwa kuma sun yi zane-zane a kansu.
Wannan nau'in ya isa birnin Roma saboda tasirin wayewar Girkanci na salon Hellenistic, kasancewar farkon wanda ya fara wannan fasaha.
Inda kurakurai ba za su iya zama ba, suna buƙatar babban matakin maida hankali da hankali don yin aiki a kan jijiya na wannan dutse mai daraja.
Bugu da ƙari, yin aiki a kan daban-daban yadudduka na dutse don cimma da dabara nuances na launi godiya ga sakamakon haske da kaifi game da tarihin lokacin da aka fara yin su, yana da wuya a ƙayyade ko da mafi kyawun da aka yi. karusai na manyan masu tarawa ne.
Daya daga cikinsu shi ne Gema Augustea, kasancewar wani yanki na dutse mai daraja da ake kira bicolor onyx wanda aka zana shi da fage guda biyu da suka haɗa da haruffa iri-iri.
A zamanin daular wadannan cameos sun kasance suna da daraja sosai a matsayin Sculpture na Romawa, don haka wannan wayewa yana da dabarar ƙirƙira gilashi da shi, yana samun wasu fa'idodi kamar ikon sarrafa launi da kaifi.
Duk da cewa abu mafi wahala shi ne yin gilashin saboda yadda ya yi tsada da tsada a wancan lokacin na tarihi saboda kalubalen fasaha da masu sana'ar ke fuskanta wanda har yau masana gilashin ba su iya tantance sirrin fasaharsu ba.
Har ma sun yi kwantena cameo da aka yi da gilashi tare da kayan ado da aka sassaka da gilashin kariya, ɗayan manyan misalansa shine gilashin Portland da Glass of the Seasons a matsayin wakilcin sculpture na Roman.
Game da kayan wasan yara
Wani abu da ya zama ruwan dare a cikin dukkan wayewa shine kayan wasa kuma daular Roma ba za ta kasance banbanta ba bisa ga binciken da aka gudanar tun lokacin wayewar Hellenistic na Girka ya nuna cewa akwai nau'ikan kayan wasan yara iri-iri da aka yi niyya don jin daɗi da nishaɗin jarirai.
Tun daga ’yan tsana na gargajiya zuwa keken ƙafafu, hatta kananun kayan daki da adadi na mayaka irin na dabbobi daban-daban, har ma da qananan gidaje da aka yi da abubuwa iri-iri kamar terracotta, itace ko ƙarfe.
Wadannan kayan wasan yara wata hanya ce ta asali ta sanin matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na iyalai dangane da siyan wadannan abubuwa don ladabtar da sarakunan gidan wadanda 'ya'yansu ne.
Mutum-mutumi don ibada ta sirri
Ta fuskar addini, iyalai suna da gumaka na gumaka na gumaka daban-daban a cikin gidajen ibada na Romawa, ban da alloli na iyali har ma a matakin ƙasa.
Wannan dabi'a ta bautar gumaka ta fito ne daga tasirin Etruscan da wayewar Girka inda aka koya musu mutunta da yaba ikon yanayi.
Kamar sauran m iko, canza Roman al'umma zuwa statuettes tare da ɗan adam physiognomy, da samun babban rawa a cikin sirri ibada na iyalai.
A halin yanzu za ku iya ganin wakilcin wannan kayan tarihi na gaske a cikin gidajen tarihi inda gumaka masu zaman kansu ke da yawa, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa aka ƙididdige girman girmansa a cikin Daular Roma kuma ingancin fasaha ya dogara da farashin wancan lokacin tarihi.
Ga Romawa waɗannan gumakan sun kasance wani nau'i ne na alaƙa da alloli ta wannan ƙirar da mutane suka yi don su koyi game da allahntaka.
Hakazalika tare da sauran mutummutumai - amulet inda suka kare mazauna daga ikon allahntaka, duka Etruscan da wayewar Girka sun yi amfani da su.
Godiya gare su, al'ummar Romawa sun san su a cikin marubutan gargajiya irin su Galen da Pliny waɗanda suke gaya mana game da fa'idodinsu masu girma.
Don haka mazaunan Rumawa sun mai da wannan al’ada ta zama al’ada da ta zama ruwan dare, musamman a zamanin Late Imperial, amma waxannan abubuwa ba qanana ba ne.
A mafi yawan lokuta, ana samun mutum-mutumin da ke yin aikin layya a cikin wuraren binciken kayan tarihi, kamar yadda suke alamta kakannin kakannin gida, kamar yadda lamarin Lares yake.
Waɗanda aka girmama a cikin gidajen iyali irin wannan shine lamarin Priapus kasancewar allahn phalic saboda hotonsa yana da kyau don karewa daga mummunan ido da kuma rashin haihuwa da rashin ƙarfi, an sanya shi a waje na gidaje.
Adon abubuwa
An yi ado da abubuwa masu amfani da yawa, irin su kayan miya, vases, hannayen ƙofa, da kuma fitulun wuta, wanda ke kusa da sculpture na Romawa, kasancewar sassa daban-daban waɗanda ke nuna fasaha da fasaha na wayewar Romawa.
Dangane da fitulun fitulun, baya ga na'urar bushewa, wanda aka yi wa ado da ɗimbin hotuna masu yawa don jin daɗi inda aka nuna al'amuran addini, batsa da tatsuniyoyi, ya danganta da wurin da hoton zai kasance.
An ƙawata waɗannan kayan adon ban da faranti, kwanuka, gilashin da kuma tukwane inda aka kera kayan agaji masu kyau da kuma wuyan vases masu siffofi masu ban mamaki.
Dangane da tukwane, terra sigillata ya fito fili, kasancewar wani nau'i ne na jirgin ruwa ko kwandon da aka yi wa ado da incisions gami da abubuwan taimako, wanda ya kasance akai-akai a duk faɗin daular Romawa.
Wani daga cikin abubuwan da ake yawan amfani da su da ke zama wani ɓangare na Ƙa'idar Rum wanda aka sani da kalmar antefixes na ado waɗanda aka sanya a gefen rufin gidajen Romawa, an yi su da siffofi ko siffofi.
sculpture na Romawa a lokacin Imperial
Game da ƙarni na ƙarshe na Daular Roma, kusan ƙarni na XNUMX zuwa karni na XNUMX, an ƙirƙiri sabon sauyi na al'adu wanda aka fi sani da classicism.
Saboda haka, daular Roma ta riga ta sami nata tarihi da asalinta kuma ta fara gano wasu tsoffin al'adu, kamar Gabas Kusa da Kusa.
Inda tasirin wadannan wayewa ke tasowa, al'adu da akida a cikin wayewar Rumawa saboda faffadan yankinsa inda suka yi cudanya da wadannan sabbin al'adu a gare su kamar yadda Gaul, Hispania, Britannia, Arabiya, Farisa, Arewacin Afirka. da kuma Caucasus.
Da wannan ne aka samar da sabbin fasahohin da ke cikin sassa na Rum saboda tasirin waɗannan sabbin yankuna da ke cikin Daular Rum.
Samar da hawan al'adu da kuma amfani da albarkatu iri-iri wadanda aka canza su bisa ga lardin da aka bunkasa fasahar. Saboda haka, syncretism yana ɗaya daga cikin halayen fasahar Roman kuma a cikin ƙarshen zamanin daular da ke da muhimmancin gaske bayan Kiristanci, ka'idodin fasahar arna sarakunan Kirista sun karbe su dangane da sababbin batutuwa.
A lokacin birnin Constantinople ya zama sabon babban birni don haka an yi masa ado da kyawawan gine-ginen gine-gine. Baya ga zane-zane na zane-zane ga birnin Roma, wanda ke nuna jin dadin kiyaye tsoffin al'adun da ake gyara bisa ga bukatu da bukatun mahallin.
Amma ya kamata ka san cewa ba duka dindindin na classicism ba ne amma zaɓi na salon fasaha, don haka wannan lokacin ya kasance mai zaɓi da son rai. Kamar yadda wallafe-wallafen lokacin suka tabbatar, an kiyaye wasu salo a hukumance yayin da wasu kuma aka manta da su.
Ko da a wannan lokacin an tabbatar da sauye-sauye na zamantakewa, siyasa da tattalin arziki daban-daban bisa ga abubuwan ta yadda manyan al'ummar Romawa suka ci gaba da samun ilimin mazan jiya da na gargajiya. Don haka, suna karanta shahararrun marubuta kuma sun saba da al'adun kakanni, suna haɓaka ɗanɗanonsu ta fuskar birane.
Bugu da ƙari, da gidajen sarauta, da wuraren wasan kwaikwayo, an ƙawata su da adadi da ake ɗauka arna a lokacin da Sarkin sarakuna Constantine ya koma Kiristanci a shekara ta 312.
Wannan ya faru ne tare da al'adar Romawa da aka sani har sai lokacin, amma an yi shi a hankali bisa ga binciken da Rachel Kousser ya yi, yana bayyana kamar haka:
"...Saboda haka aristocracy na karni na hudu dole ne su yi shawarwari da kansu a cikin wannan duniya mai sabani, ba tare da haifar da rikici ba ..."
“… Abubuwan abubuwan tunawa da aka yi sun adana alamun waccan tattaunawar: na gargajiya a sigar, abin da ba ya da tushe, sun rubuta ƙirƙirar sabuwar yarjejeniya…”
"...Ga masu fada aji na karni na hudu, wadannan hotuna da suka dogara da nau'ikan mutum-mutumi na gargajiya sun kasance motoci masu amfani don daidaitawa da ingantaccen wakilcin kai..."
"... an yi magana game da abin da ya wuce wanda kowa ya raba da kuma raba yanzu. Ta wannan hanyar, sun taimaka don tabbatar da wanzuwar nau'ikan gargajiya a cikin fasahar zamani. ”…
A wancan lokacin, an yi ayyukan fasaha waɗanda ke da bayyanar da aka saba amma a halin yanzu a gare mu suna wakiltar ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙima a zamanin Late Imperial.
Saboda haka, waɗannan ayyukan sun yi alama a cikin wannan sabon tsari na Kirista, suna yin wakilcin dabi'a na mutum ta hanyar sassaka na Romawa, kasancewa babban nasara a ayyukan fasaha.
Saboda wannan, da classicism Monuments na Late Period immortalizing da tsarin godiya ga m dabi'u da aka kawo daga Girkanci wayewa.
Ya riga ya bazu ko'ina cikin yankin daular Rum, kasancewa babban abin sha'awa a cikin Renaissance kamar yadda a cikin sauran lokutan fasaha da za ku koya game da su ta labarinmu masu ban sha'awa.
Wadannan mutum-mutumi masu ban sha'awa da suka ba da haske game da sculpture na Romawa a cikin karni na 391, ko da yake Kiristanci yana karuwa, da kuma korar tsohuwar al'adun Romawa da Sarkin sarakuna Theodosius na XNUMX ya yi a shekara ta XNUMX, ya haifar da lalata hotunan addini da ke da kayan ado. .
Sarkin sarakuna Prudentius ya bukaci a karshen karni na XNUMX da ya ajiye gumakan wadannan gumaka na maguzawa a matsayin alamomin fasahar fasaha mai girma na masu sana'a, da kuma kasancewa kyakkyawar hanyar kawata tsarin birane na birane.
Ko da a cikin wallafe-wallafe, ta hanyar Cassiodorus, ana iya ganin ƙoƙarin da aka yi don adana sassaka na Romawa a karni na XNUMX, wanda zai zama wani ɓangare na shaidar daular Romawa a nan gaba.
Amma tsarin mulkin Paparoma da Daular Roma ya sāke, ta yadda aka cire abubuwan tarihi da yawa daga cikin mutum-mutumin da ke wakiltar sculpture na Romawa.
Yin amfani da launi a matsayin kayan aiki na yau da kullum da mimetic
Baya ga sassaƙa dutsen ko tagulla mai gogewa na Sculpture na Romawa, ingantaccen tasirin aikin fasaha ya canza ta launukan da aka yi amfani da su a saman mutum-mutumi.
Wannan al'ada ta kasance ruwan dare a cikin wayewar Girka, wanda ya zama ruwan dare, kamar yadda tarihin tarihi ya nuna ga mutum-mutumin tagulla da na dutse.
Wani muhimmin al'amari kamar yadda ake gani a halin yanzu a cikin gidajen tarihi, yana da matukar sha'awar launin launi da aka yi amfani da shi azaman kayan ado, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa a cikin zane-zane na Roman ya zama ruwan dare a cikin mutum-mutumi da a cikin friezes da cikakkun bayanai na taimako ta hanyar amfani da launi.
An yi imani da cewa ba a yi amfani da launi a cikin mutummutumai ba, kuskuren da aka ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin wasu ƙungiyoyi masu fasaha irin su Renaissance, Baroque da Neoclassical.
Cewa sun bar mutum-mutumin a yanayin yanayin kayan da suke amfani da su, ba kamar sculpture na Romawa ba, har ma da amfani da launi, ana amfani da shi don saka guntu ta wasu kayan.
Da yake zinari ne, azurfa, enamel, gilashi da uwar lu'u-lu'u don haskaka wasu siffofi ko sassan jikin jiki ta hanyar waɗannan kayan, suna iya zama launin marmara ko wasu duwatsu masu daraja kamar onyx.
Hatta alabaster da ke da jijiyoyi masu launuka iri-iri da kaifi mai girma ga riguna na mutum-mutumi suna haifar da tasiri mai ban sha'awa.
Bisa ga binciken da aka yi a kwanan nan a kan Sculpture na Romawa, an yi nunin nunin da ke nuni ga kwafi na kyawawan ayyuka da ke cikin gidajen tarihi a halin yanzu.
Aiwatar da maido da launuka na asali a cikin waɗannan kwafin yana ba masu kallo damar sanin yadda wannan Sculpture na Rum na fasaha ya yi kama da lokacinsa.
Mafi kyawun zane-zanen Roman
Daya daga cikin fitattun mutum-mutumin na Roman Sculpture saboda kamalar sifofinsa da aka yi a cikin hotuna shine bust of Antinous wanda aka samu a cikin 1998 a Villa Adriana a yau an san wannan Villa da sunan Tivoli.
Shi ne masoyin Sarkin Roma Hadrian, a lokacin da wannan matashi ya rasu, sarkin ya bukaci da su yi hoton da suka tsara shi, wanda ya nuna kyawu mai ban mamaki.
Yana biye da hoton Sarkin sarakuna Augustus, kasancewarsa mafi kyawun sassaka na Romawa tun daga karni na XNUMX BC kuma a halin yanzu ana kiyaye shi inda aka lura da dalla-dalla na mai sassaƙa a cikin siffofi masu laushi waɗanda ke haifar da rayuwa ga marmara.
Hakanan zamu iya ambaton Pantheon na Agrippa wanda shine Hoton Romawa mai mahimmanci kuma an kiyaye shi ta tarihi.
Wani daga cikin waɗannan mutum-mutumin da ke da mahimmanci a cikin Ƙararren Rum shine hoton Cato da Portia waɗanda ma'aurata ne a cikin ƙungiyar jana'izar inda bankwana ya bayyana.
Saboda wadannan halaye da aka yi dalla-dalla a cikin aikin da aka sassaka, tun da mace ta kasance mafi ƙanƙanta fiye da mai ladabi, wannan zane-zane na Romawa yana nuna babban hankali wanda ke haskaka kyau da jin dadi yayin kallon hannayensu masu haɗaka.
Hakanan zamu iya ambaton hoton Patrick inda ya sanya abin rufe fuska wanda aka fi sani da sunan Brutus Barberini dangane da wannan mutum-mutumi cikakke ne kuma bisa ga tufafinsa an fahimci cewa shi Patrician ne.
Yana ɗauka a kowane hannun sa wani buguwa wanda ya dace da kakanninsa kuma yana wakiltar ƙauna da girmamawa da yake ji game da asalinsa da kuma kiyaye al'adun jana'izar daular Roma.
Hakanan zamu iya godiya da mutum-mutumi na Augustus na Prima Porta, an sami wannan Hoton na Romawa a cikin Villa de Livia da ke cikin birnin Rome musamman a ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 1863, a halin yanzu ana kiyaye wannan gagarumin aikin a Braccio Nuovo.
Wanda wani bangare ne na gidajen tarihi na Vatican, wannan hoton na Roman ya kai tsayin sama da mita biyu kuma a cikin wannan mutum-mutumin ana lura da hadadden binciken jikin dan adam don tashin hankali da shakatawa na tsokoki.
Kasancewa babban abin jan hankali ga masu kallo bisa ga binciken, matar César Augusto ce ta ba da umarnin wannan aikin sassaka bayan bacewar jikinsa a matsayin abin tunawa ga zuriyar halayensa masu ban mamaki.
Game da wannan sculpture na Romawa, ya dogara ne akan Doryphorus na Polykleitos daga karni na XNUMX kafin Kristi, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa siffofin sassaka na gargajiya suka bayyana.
Wani mutum-mutumi ne da aka zana shi da marmara kuma daya daga cikin halayensa shi ne siffarsa zagaye ne kuma a cikinsa an yi amfani da launin launi kamar shudi, zinare baya ga purple.
Kasancewa cikakken hoton Sarkin sarakuna Augustus sanye da kayan soja hade da sulken nono inda yake nuni da nasarorin da ya samu na fadan soji na karshe.
Rum Sculpture dangane da Larduna
A wajen birnin Rome za ku iya samun ci gaban yanayi inda aka adana wasu abubuwan tarihi masu kama da waɗanda aka yi a babban birni.
Ko da yake yawancin masu sassaƙa ba su da fasaha kamar masu fasaha na birnin Roma, amma yana da ban sha'awa sosai saboda batutuwan da aka tabo bisa ga ra'ayoyin Romawa waɗanda suka canza al'ummomin da suka ci.
Inda akwai adadi mai yawa na sassaka irin na daular Roma, sun yi fice a lardunan yammacin kasar fiye da na gabas, inda ba su da yawa.
Don haka, godiya ga daular Roma, sassaken Romawa ya faɗaɗa ko'ina cikin daular a cikin al'ummomin da aka ci a yammacin duniya har lokacin da aka shiga ƙasashen gabas, akidar Romawa ta canza bisa ga al'ada.
Al'adu da akidar al'ummar Farisa da Gabas ta Kusa da sannu a hankali suka canza fasalin Rum zuwa sabuwar fasaha ta zamanin Kiristanci na farko.
Gado na wayewar Rum ta fuskar sassaka
Ɗaya daga cikin yanayin da za a yi la'akari da shi shine girman kai na wayewar Romawa dangane da tasirin al'adun Girkanci da sauran al'adu kamar na Gabas.
Virgil yayi sharhi a cikin rubutunsa na Aeneid cewa har yanzu ba a haifi Roma ba dangane da fasaha zai kasance a ƙasa da babbar Girka amma dabarun soja.
Kamar yadda ci gabansa a harkokin mulkin jama'a ya sa ya bunƙasa, haka ma duk sassa na Romawa a farkon misali kwafin Girkanci ne kawai.
Muhimman dabi'u a cikin Daular Romawa waɗanda suka fito fili don aiwatar da su a cikin Tsarin Rum sune ƙarfin hali, ƙarfi da kuzari a kowane fanni na ɗan ƙasar Roman.
Sabili da haka, an yi la'akari da waɗannan dabi'un a lokacin yin hoton inda ba wai kawai kyawun waje ba ne, amma har ma da ƙarfin ciki na mutum don zama abin koyi ga Ƙa'idar Rum.
Kamar yadda ya tabbata tare da sauran Fine Arts kamar zane-zane, adabi, wakoki, waƙoƙi, kiɗa ko da a cikin gine-ginen gine-ginen da ke zubar da fasaha da fasaha kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin nau'in hoto wanda ya kasance irin na Romawa.
Al'ummar Romawa tana da babban ƙarfin jama'a kuma ba ta da sha'awar son kai da kuma almubazzaranci da suka haifar da girgiza ga wayewar Girka.
Tare da Renaissance, Ƙararren Rum ya sami damar sake bunƙasa, kasancewar wani yanki mai mahimmanci a cikin haɓakar sabon kayan ado ta hanyar abubuwansa.
Hatta babban mai fasaha Raphael dangane da manyan ayyukan da suka yi hasarar da ya yi watsi da sake amfani da marmara ko tagulla don ƙirƙirar wasu abubuwa.
Bugu da kari, da yake bincike a cibiyoyin ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi na zamanin da Romawa ya yi wasu sabbin bincike da bincike na Sculpture na Roman wanda har sai lokacin ba su sani ba.
Yana haifar da babban hasashe a cikin babbar al'umma na Renaissance wanda manyan masu fasaha suka yi mutum-mutumi da sabbin fassarori da aka yi wahayi daga sassaken Roman.
Godiya ga abubuwan da aka gano na cibiyoyin archaeological da kuma zane-zane masu kyau, wanda tasirinsa ya kasance mai ban mamaki a cikin wannan motsi na fasaha.
Game da Baroque, sha'awar mutum-mutumin na Romawa bai ragu ba amma ya ci gaba da girma.Misalan wannan su ne Bernini, wanda ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar fasahar Roman da Girkanci don yin mutum-mutumin da ya ba da mamaki ta hanyar gargajiya.
A karni na sha bakwai lokacin da mutane suka yi ziyarar yawon bude ido a Turai, birnin Rome na daya daga cikin wuraren da aka fara ziyarta.
Bugu da ƙari, sha'awar dacewa da ilimin da fasaha na wannan motsi na fasaha wanda ya kawo a matsayin samfurin bayyanar sabon samfurin fasaha da aka sani da Neoclassicism.
Game da ƙarni na XNUMXth da XNUMXth, ana yin manyan tarin abubuwan sirri a cikin ƙasashe da yawa, ciki har da Ingila.
Inda sculpture na Romawa ya kasance wani ɓangare na saye da aka samu wanda ya ba wa masu shi haɓakawa a cikin zamantakewa da kuma kyakkyawan matsayi a cikin ofisoshin gwamnati.
A cikin wannan lokacin Neoclassicism ne aka sake yin fassarar salon gargajiya wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa ga sassaken Romawa a tsakiyar karni na XNUMX.
Girka ta dawo don ba da buda-baki ga yammacin duniya bayan mulkin Turkiyya ta cibiyoyin binciken kayan tarihi an hango sabbin ayyukan Girka.
Tuni a cikin karni na XNUMX, juyin juya halin zamani ya rage sha'awar fasahar daular Romawa, amma gidajen tarihi a yau suna nuna mana dukiyar da aka gina ta Rum wanda al'adun Yammacin Turai suka samo asali.
ƙarshe
Sculpture na Romawa, ba kamar al'adar Girkawa ba, bai yi fice don kyawunsa ko adonsa ba, amma ya yi nuni da cewa an ƙirƙiri sassaƙaƙen nasa ne don burge sauran al'ummomi albarkacin ƙarfin soja, siyasa da gudanarwa.
Ta hanyar hotuna da busts, an ƙirƙiri zane-zanen labari na sarakuna, yana nuna ta hanyar wannan Hoton Romawa mai tsanani, alhakin da ƙaddara halin babban wakilin Daular Roma.
Dangane da kayan agaji, an yi amfani da su a cikin sassaƙaƙƙen Rum don ba da labarin abubuwan da suka faru na tarihi da kuma arangamar da sojojin Romawa suka yi a yaƙe-yaƙe inda suka mamaye sabbin yankuna don faɗaɗa daular Roma.
Har ma an yi wani mutum-mutumi inda ake lura da iko da ubangidan sarakuna a cikin sirdi, bugu da kari kuma, ba a ganin tsiraicin mata a aikin sassaken Romawa kamar yadda aka saba a sauran al'adu.
Don haka sculpture na Romawa yana da maƙasudi wanda shine ya ɗaukaka iko da girman kyakkyawan birnin Roma ga sauran al'ummai.
Dole ne ku sani cewa masanan sassaka na farko da suka isa birnin Roma sun fito ne daga Girka, bugu da kari, manyan jiga-jigan al'ummar Romawa sun sami amfani da yawa a cikin sassaka na Roman game da yankin gida.
Bugu da ƙari, bunƙasar zamanin Kiristanci yana ƙarfafa buƙatun ƙirar sassaƙaƙen da suka shafi fagen addinin Kiristanci a zamaninsa na farko da ya yi daidai da shekara ta 150 na zamanin Kiristanci.
Hatta sculpture na Romawa wani abin koyi ne na farfagandar siyasa a zamaninsa don ɗaukaka sarakuna, daga cikin sassaƙaƙen da suka fi fice har da waɗanda aka yi da dutsen marmara, sai kuma waɗanda aka yi su da tagulla da ɗan ƙaramin adadin da aka yi da hauren giwa don amfanin kansu.
Abubuwan sassaƙawa sun kasance suna da siffa ta Rum, musamman a wuraren da aka ba da labarin abubuwan tarihi.
Baya ga nasarorin sassaƙa da Romawa suka samu, kamar yadda sanannen ginshiƙi na Trajan ya tabbatar, an kuma yi amfani da kayan agaji a gine-ginen wannan al'ada.
Idan kun sami wannan labarin mai ban sha'awa, ina gayyatar ku ku ziyarci hanyoyin haɗin yanar gizon: