Me yasa Pluto ya daina zama Duniya? Ku san shi a nan

Tun daga ranar 24 ga Agusta, 2006, Pluto ya faɗi daga nau'in duniyar da ke cikin tsarin hasken rana kuma ya zama duniyar dwarf, ya daina zama na tara na sararin samaniya. yiMe yasa Pluto ba duniya bane?? Don bayyana wannan da kyau, muna gayyatar ku don karanta wannan labarin kuma ku gano abin da ya faru da Pluto.

me yasa-pluto-ba-duniya-1

Duniya X

Dole ne mu koma tsakiyar karni na sha tara, lokacin da masanin falaki Urbain Le Verrier ya yi hasashen inda duniyar Neptune take, bisa wasu kura-kurai da hargitsi da ake iya gani a duniyar Uranus. A cikin wani lokaci na gaba, masana kimiyya sun yi la'akari da cewa dalilin da ya haifar da rikice-rikicen na iya zama wanzuwar wata duniyar da ke yin tasiri a kan kewayar Uranus kuma sun yi masa baftisma da sunan Planet X.

Percival Lowell 1904

Kusa da ƙarshen karni na 1894, masanin kimiyya Percival Lowell ya kirkiro Lowell Observatory a Flagstaff, Arizona a XNUMX. Lowell ya kasance, ban da kasancewarsa mai taimakon jama'a kuma masanin falaki, mutum ne mai zurfin tunani da tsari. Saboda waɗancan siffofi na musamman na hanyarsa, ba tare da gajiyawa ko kasala ba, ya sami damar gano duniyar Pluto. Amma abin takaici, ya mutu ba tare da sanin cewa ya gano ta ba.

Hanyar gano taurari

Hanyar da ake amfani da ita don samun damar kwatanta jikunan sama kamar su Planet X da aka yi baftisma ko wasu abubuwa da ke motsawa cikin la'akari. Yaya tsarin hasken rana ya kasanceAbu ne mai sauki a bi, kawai yana bukatar hakuri da juriya. Yana da sauƙi a fahimci cewa halittun sama waɗanda suke yin motsinsu a kewayen tauraruwarmu, Rana, dole ne su kasance da motsi a fili idan muka kwatanta su da taurarin da ke bayan sararin samaniya.

Don haka, idan muka sami damar ɗaukar hotuna masu sarari, wato, rabuwa da wani ɗan lokaci, yana jagorantar manufar zuwa wannan filin na Taurari daga kasan duniya, za a iya gani a cikinsu cewa taurari za su dawwama, yayin da sammai da ke da wata hanya ta kewayawa da Rana, shi ya sa suke kusa da mu, dole ne su motsa kuma wannan motsi zai motsa. zama mai fahimta tsakanin daukar hoto da daukar hoto.

Wannan hanya, tare da haƙuri mai girma, ta ba da damar gano yawancin sararin samaniya a cikin jerin hotuna da aka ɗauka tsakanin wasu lokuta, kamar yadda ya faru da Eris.

Microscope na Flicker

Amma, hanyar ta fi dacewa, domin bai isa a sami hotunan ba, amma ana kwatanta su a cikin kayan aiki da ake kira flicker microscope. Ta hanyar wannan kayan tarihi ana iya ganin hotuna biyu a madadin haka kuma ana iya samun gyare-gyare na dabara sosai. Ta hanyar amfani da wannan hanya ne, a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, 1930, Clyde William Tombaugh ya yi nasarar gano wanzuwar duniyar Pluto.

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Girman Pluto

An yi nazarin ƙarar adadin Pluto, a zahiri tun lokacin da aka gano shi. An yi kiyasi na farko idan aka yi la’akari da sauye-sauye da hargitsi da aka samu a Uranus da Neptune, inda aka kai ga cewa a shekarar 1931 Pluto yana da girma mai kama da na Duniya.

Sannan, a cikin shekara ta 1948, wani sabon kiyasi ya rage shi zuwa girmansa kamar Mars. A cikin 1975, Dale Cruikshank, Carl Pilcher, da David Morrison, masana kimiyya a Jami'ar Hawaii, sun sami damar yin lissafin albedo a karon farko kuma sun gano cewa ya yi daidai da na ƙanƙara methane, inda suka kammala cewa Pluto dole ne ya kasance mai haske sosai kuma zai iya. ba su da fiye da 1% na yawan duniya.

Sannan an gano cewa albedo na Pluto yana tsakanin sau 1,4 zuwa 1,9 fiye da na Duniya, watakila daya daga cikin binciken da ya fara tambayar. me yasa pluto ba duniya bane

Mai gano Pluto

Clyde W. Tombaugh a shekara ta 1930 matashi ne mai bincike, wanda aka ba shi aikin ƙoƙarin nemo jikin sama da aka yi wa baftisma a matsayin Planet X. Domin ya ci gaba da aikin da aka ba shi, yana da 13 a hannunsa. - inci astrograph, wanda da shi za a iya ɗaukar hotuna na sashe ɗaya na sammai amma tsakanin kwanaki da yawa. Daga baya, ya nazarci hotunan da aka samu ta amfani da na'urar hangen nesa.

Ta wannan hanyar, Tombaugh ya sami damar yin gwajin kwatance tsakanin hotunansa da hotunan da Lowell ya samu kuma ya iya kammala cewa Lowell ya riga ya sami nasarar samun hotunan Pluto.

Kwanakin duniya na farko na Pluto

Har yanzu ana jin daɗin tunawa da zamanin da ake ɗaukar Pluto a matsayin duniya. Shekaru da yawa yana da ƙima sosai domin ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta a cikin tsarin hasken rana da kuma mafi nisa daga rana. Girmansa rabin fadin kasa ne kamar Amurka ta Amurka kuma yana cikin wani yanki mai nisa sosai na tsarin hasken rana da ake kira Kuiper Belt, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama dole a yi amfani da na'urar hangen nesa don kallo.

Wani dalilin da ya sa aka girmama ta shi ne cewa ita ce duniyar da wata cibiyar bincike da ke Amurka ta taba ganowa.

An gano ta ne tun a shekara ta 1930, lokacin da masanin falaki Clyde Tombaugh, a Lowell Observatory a Arizona, wanda ya samu wannan sunan don girmama wani masanin falaki dan kasar Amurka Percival Lowell, wanda ya assasa shi, duk da cewa wannan masanin kimiyyar ya yi imanin cewa Mariyawa ne suka hako tashoshi. samu a saman Pluto. Ko da yake Tombaugh ya kammala cewa mai gano gaskiya shine Lowell.

Nisanta mai girman gaske daga Rana da Duniya, tare da ƙananan girmansa, yana hana shi haskakawa sama da ma'aunin ma'aunin 13,8 a lokacin da yake mafi kyawun matsayi na perihelion, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa kawai ana iya ganinsa ta hanyar na'urar hangen nesa, daga budewar 200 mm, a hoto. ko da kyamarar CCD. Wata hujja daga Me yasa Pluto ba duniya bane?

Ko da a waɗancan lokuta masu kyau yakan bayyana gare mu a matsayin tauraro na kan lokaci wanda ke da siffa mai kyan gani, rawaya mai shuɗewa, ba tare da siffofi na musamman ko na musamman ba, kodayake diamita na fili bai wuce daƙiƙa 0,1 na baka ba. Ya zama dole a jira har zuwa 2015, a lokacin binciken sararin samaniya na New Horizons ya wuce Pluto akan hanyarsa kuma an ba da damar masana kimiyya su fahimci ainihin bayyanarsa a karon farko.

Sunan Pluto

Tabbas, gano sabuwar duniya a cikin tsarinmu na hasken rana babban labari ne, wanda ya yi tafiya cikin sauri a duk duniya kuma duk masana ilmin taurari da masu son sun fara aika da shawarwarin suna zuwa Lowell Observatory, daga cikinsu akwai Pluto.

me yasa-pluto-ba-duniya-3

A ranar 14 ga Maris, 1930, Falconer Madan, wanda ma’aikacin laburare ne a Laburare na Bodleian na Jami’ar Oxford, ya gaya wa jikarsa Venetia Burney game da abin da aka samu kuma ta ba da shawarar sunan Pluto, wanda yake a cikin tatsuniyar Romawa, allahn duniya.

Labarin da ke bayan sunan Pluto shima ya shahara.

Wata yarinya ’yar shekara 11, Venetia Burney, wadda ke zaune a Ingila ce ta gabatar da ita, kuma tana sha’awar tatsuniyar Romawa kuma tana da ra’ayin sanya wa wannan sabuwar duniyar daskararre sunan allahn duniya mai ban sha’awa. Kakan nasa ya dauki shawarar ga wani memba na kungiyar Sarauta ta Sarauta ta Burtaniya, wanda ya mika ta ga abokan aikinsa na Amurka a Lowell Observatory.

Sabuwar duniyar da aka gano, wanda ke kewayawa ya wuce fiye da kilomita miliyan 4.828 daga rana, kuma za a san shi da Sarkin Kuiper Belt.

Zabe da dalilansa

Tare da duk shawarwarin da aka samu, dole ne a gudanar da zabe a Lowell Observatory don zaɓar tsakanin Minerva, Cronos da Pluto. A ƙarshe, sunan Pluto ya sami dukkan kuri'un, da wasu dalilai, saboda haruffa biyu na farko na sunan (PL) sun yi daidai da baƙaƙen wanda ya kafa shi, Mista Percival Lowell. Don haka ma, alamar wannan duniyar ita ce P da L.

Pluto a matsayin dwarf duniya da ma'anar IAU

Amma a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 2006, Ƙungiyar Taurari ta Duniya ta sake fayyace manufar abin da ya kamata a fahimta a matsayin Duniya. Wannan ya haifar da la'akari Me yasa Pluto ba duniya bane? Daga wannan lokacin, don a ƙirƙira wani abu na sama a matsayin duniya, dole ne ya cika waɗannan buƙatu:

me yasa-pluto-ba-duniya-4

Kasancewar jiki na sama wanda ke cikin motsi a kewayen Rana.

Samun isashen taro ta yadda ƙarfin nauyi da ke fitowa daga gare shi ya rinjayi ƙarfin taurin jiki har ya zo ya ɗauki ma'auni na hydrostatic, tare da siffar yanki.

Lallai ta yi nasarar share matsugunan abubuwan da ke kewaye da shi.

Ya bayyana cewa Pluto ya cika dukkan abubuwan da ake bukata, sai dai na uku, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa ya fadi daga matsayinsa na tara na tsarin hasken rana, wanda za a yi la'akari da shi a yau a cikin nau'i na Ƙananan taurari.

Yaya Pluto yayi kama?

Manufar binciken sararin samaniyar New Horizons ya ɗauki kimanin shekaru 9 kuma ya yi tafiya fiye da kilomita miliyan 3.000 don isa Pluto, inda ya tattara muhimman bayanai, bayanai da kuma hotuna masu yawa, wanda a cewar masana kimiyya za su yi bayani. Me yasa Pluto ba duniya bane?

A cikin hotuna masu tsayi, waɗanda jirgin sama na New Horizons na NASA zai iya ɗauka, ana iya ganin saman Pluto yana jin daɗin kewayon launuka masu laushi. Wadannan sabbin hotuna na Pluto sun baiwa masu binciken taurari mamaki saboda an dauki hoton karamin yanayin duniya, wanda rana ke haskakawa.

Lokacin da NASA ta yi nasarar buga mafi kyawun hotuna da aka samu zuwa yanzu a saman Pluto, yana yiwuwa a lura cewa sun baje kolin tuddai na abin da ake kira Sputnik Planum, ana iya ganin su ta hanya mai kyau. duwatsun da ke kan iyaka.

Craters

Har ila yau, za a iya lura cewa Pluto yana da ramuka da yawa, musamman wanda ke da nisan kusan kilomita 250, kuma yana nuna alamun cewa zaizayar kasa da kuma kuskuren tsarin da ka iya samo asali ne na ilimin kasa sun yi nasarar yin cikakken bayani game da saman Pluto, wanda ya mayar da shi zuwa ƙasa maras kyau. wuraren banza.

An yi yuwu a gano cewa tauraron dan adam mafi girma na Pluto shine Moon Charón, wanda aka dauki hoton godiya ga blue, ja da infrared bambance-bambancen na'urorin bincike na New Horizons, a ranar 14 ga Yuli, 2015, yana iya tantance wanene su ne. Halayensa, wadanda suka sha bamban da wadanda aka nuna a saman duniya.

yankin

Wani daga cikin halayen Pluto da za a iya lura da shi a cikin hotunan da binciken sararin samaniya na New Horizons ya ɗauka shine nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i) wanda NASA ta kira tsaunuka waɗanda aka ƙera su da wani nau'i mai ban mamaki. Wadannan tsaunuka galibi ana kiransu Tartarus Dorsa ba bisa ka'ida ba.

Hakanan an iya lura a cikin waɗannan hotuna cewa Pluto yana da manyan filayen dusar ƙanƙara, waɗanda ake yi wa lakabi da Sputnik Planum. Dangane da haka, masu binciken sun ce abin da ya bayyana a matsayin tsaunuka a cikin hotunan na iya zama babban rukunin ruwa mai daskarewa, wanda aka rataye sama da daskararre na nitrogen.

Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da aka cimma bayan nazartar hotunan da aka dauka a lokacin da binciken ya wuce kusa da saman Pluto, mai tazarar kilomita 80.467 daga gare ta, a ranar 14 ga Yuli, 2015.

Gaskiyar ita ce, ya yiwu a yi zato cewa akwai nau'i-nau'i iri-iri a saman wannan duniyar. Filaye, tsaunuka, ramuka da abin da zai iya zama dunes. Mafi ƙanƙanta cikakkun bayanai a cikin hotunan sun kai nisan kilomita 0.8. An kuma yi ittifakin cewa yankin ramuka na da dadewa ne, ko da yake yankin daskararren filayen ya kasance na kwanan nan, a cewar masana kimiyya.

Satellites

Ba wai kawai za a iya daukar hoto na Charon ba, har ma da hotunan Charon, wanda shi ne tauraron dan adam mafi girma da ke kewaya Pluto, ana iya samun shi, inda aka gano cewa yankin arewacin Charon yana da duhu sosai kuma yana da jerin gwano mai zurfi fiye da Grand Canyon, a Colorado.

Wani wahayi na hotunan da binciken sararin samaniya na New Horizons ya ɗauka shine cewa Pluto yana da tsari mai kama da zuciya, kuma an yi masa baftisma na ɗan lokaci da sunan Tombaugh Regio, inda za a iya ganin babban fili na fili ba tare da ramuka ba. da alama ya kasance daga shekaru miliyan 100 kawai. Wani babban abin mamaki ne ga masana kimiyya ganin cewa a kusa da ma'aunin Pluto akwai wani matashin tsaunuka.

Godiya ga gaskiyar cewa ana iya aiwatar da nazarin bakan ta amfani da na'urar Ralph na New Horizons, an sami damar tabbatar da cewa akwai ƙanƙara mai yawa na methane akan Pluto, kodayake yana da bambance-bambance daga wannan wuri zuwa wani. daskararre saman Pluto. .

Sannan akwai takwas

An karkatar da hanyar zuwa Pluto a shekara ta 2006, lokacin da IAU ta sake fasalin ra'ayi da halayen da dole ne a dauki jikin sama a matsayin duniya kuma dalilin da ya sa Pluto bai cika buƙatun ba shine cewa ta Ókewayawa ya mamaye na duniyar Neptune.

A saboda wannan dalili, IAU ta mayar da shi a matsayin dwarf planet, amma kuma yi masa baftisma a matsayin trans-Neptunian abu, wanda aka yi la'akari da wulakanci da kuma kawo da fushin magoya na kananan taurari da kuma internet a general.

Fara Tattaunawar

Ga masu sha'awar sararin samaniya da yawa, Me yasa Pluto ba duniya bane? ko kuma lalacewar da Pluto ya yi ya ba su mamaki. Amma a cikin da'irar kimiyya a duniyar ilimin taurari, muhawara ce da ta fara bayan 'yan shekarun da suka gabata bayan gano duniyar dwarf.

Tun a shekara ta 1992, ma'aikatan ilmin taurari a Jami'ar Hawaii mai sa ido a kan Mauna Kea sun gano akwai wani ƙaramin jikin sama mai ƙanƙara wanda ke ɗan nesa da kewayen Neptune. An kira shi da 1992 QBI Kuiper Belt Object, kuma bincikensa ya haifar da tunanin cewa Pluto na iya zama ɗaya daga cikin abubuwa masu kama da duniya da aka samu a cikin Kuiper Belt, wato. Me yasa Pluto ba duniya bane?

Sai dai wannan murkushewar ta zo ne a shekara ta 2003, lokacin da farfesa a Cibiyar Fasaha ta California, Mike Brown, ya gano Eris, duniyar dwarf wacce a zahiri tana da 'yar girma fiye da Pluto. Don haka ne masana kimiyya da masana ilmin taurari suka fara hasashe cewa mai yiyuwa ne akwai wasu da yawa daga cikin wadannan kananan halittu da ke kewaya sararin samaniya. me yasa pluto ba duniya bane akayi la'akari daban-daban.

Saboda bincikensa, Mista Brown a yau ana kiransa da mutumin da ya kashe Pluto, domin maimakon a amince da Eris da dukkan halittun sama sama da Pluto a matsayin duniya, IAU ta yanke shawarar bayyana Pluto a matsayin duniya tare da maida ta zuwa duniyar duniyar. planetoid ko dwarf planet.

Sabon Horizons ya sake buɗe tsohuwar muhawara

Amma tare da bayanan da aka samu godiya ga hotuna da gwaje-gwajen da New Horizons sararin samaniya suka yi, ana ci gaba da tattaunawa game da sake fasalin Pluto. Ɗaya daga cikin shawarwarin da za a iya cimma a cikin 2015, saboda sakamakon binciken da aka yi a NASA, an bayyana cewa Pluto yana da girma fiye da yadda masana kimiyya suka yi tunani a farko, ko da yake yana goyon bayan nazarin binciken. Me yasa Pluto ba duniya bane?

NASA ta kuma kammala da cewa, bisa ga bayanan da bincike na New Horizons ya tattara, Pluto da tauraron dan adam sun fi hadaddun da ba za a iya zato ba, wanda dukkansu sun sanya duniyar kimiyya, masana da ’yan kasa suka yi hasashen ko Pluto zai iya dawowa. matsayinsa na duniya.

Ra'ayin Masanin Kimiyya na Duniya

Hatta wani mai bincike kan girman Alan Stern ya bayyana rashin jituwarsa da matakin da IAU ta dauka, inda ya bayyana cewa dalilin da ya sa aka rage wa Pluto daga matsayinsa na duniya, wato dalilin da ya sa aka rage matsayinsa na duniya. Me yasa Pluto ba duniya bane? Domin nisanta da Rana ya kasance.

Ya ci gaba da cewa, idan har ana iya yin nazarin hotunan duniya da ke cikin wani yanayi na hasashe ko makamancinsa na Pluto, dangane da Rana, to kuma za a cire duniya daga tsarin hasken rana. .

A cikin 2014, Cibiyar Nazarin Astrophysics na Harvard-Smithsonian ita ma ta shiga cikin rigimar. Bayan taron masana game da ma'anar duniya, an ba da damar masu sauraro su kada kuri'a, kuma, kamar yadda ake tsammani, mahalarta sun ba da goyon baya ga duniyar Pluto, a kan ka'idar Me yasa Pluto ba duniya bane?

A gefe guda kuma, a Cibiyar Sararin Samaniya ta Jami'ar Tsakiyar Florida, an fara wani sabon bincike bisa hujjar cewa ba za a iya la'akari da lalata Pluto zuwa duniyar dwarf ta IAU ba.

A cikin wata sanarwa, masanin kimiyar taurari Philip Metzger ya ce ra'ayin IAU, a ka'idar, ya kamata ya karkata zuwa ga wani muhimmin manufa, wato kimiyyar taurari, amma tunanin duniyar da ke akwai ita ce wadda babu wanda ya yi amfani da ita wajen bincikensa. Ya fadi haka ne saboda Metzger da tawagarsa sun yi bincike na sama da shekaru 200 na bincike kuma sun gano binciken daya kacal da ya yi amfani da daidaitaccen tsarin share fage da IAU ke amfani da shi wajen rage darajar Pluto.

Wannan ya sa shi ma ya bayyana cewa sabuwar ma’anar ta IAU ba ta da kyau, inda daga baya Metzger ya kara da cewa IAU ba ta yi bayanin abin da suke nufi da bukatunsu na uku ba, wato abin da ake nufi da share fage. Masanin kimiyyar ya bayyana cewa idan aka dauki wannan bukata a zahiri, to da babu taurari na tsarin hasken rana, domin babu wata duniyar da ke yin aikin share sararin samaniyarta.

yayi sanyi ga makaranta

Daga lokacin da Pluto ya sauko daga nau'in duniyarsa, wato, tun da aka bayyana shi Me yasa Pluto ba duniya bane? matsaloli da matsaloli sun fara, ba kawai a fagen kimiyya ba. A gaskiya ma, babu wanda aka shirya don tasirin da lalacewa ya haifar.

A fagen ilimi ya haifar da ce-ce-ku-ce, kuma ba muna magana ne kan ka’idojin kimiyya da gwaje-gwaje ba, sai dai ga wani abu da ya fi asali, domin tun da farko ya haifar da bugu na sake buga littattafan kimiyya, inda aka bayyana wa dalibai. na wannan sabon karni cewa Pluto duniyar dwarf ce.

Duk da haka, an nuna Pluto a matsayin mafi ban sha'awa wanda ba na duniya ba don koyo game da tsarin duniya, a zahiri magana.

An nuna godiya ga balaguron binciken na New Horizons, cewa Pluto yana da babban kankara, dunes da aka yi da ƙanƙaraccen ƙanƙara methane, da kololuwa da tsaunuka da dusar ƙanƙara methane ta lulluɓe, amma saboda abun da ke ciki, dusar ƙanƙara tana ja. (maimakon zama fari mai laushi). Wani bincike mai ban mamaki shi ne cewa Pluto yana da glacier mafi girma a cikin tsarin hasken rana.

A haƙiƙa, Pluto yana da irin wannan matsanancin yanayin sanyi, ya kai kusan digiri 204,4 a ma'aunin celcius, kuma zafin yana ƙara faɗuwa yayin da kewayarsa ke ɗauke da shi nesa da rana, watau a aphelion. Gabaɗaya, Pluto ya yi nisa da Rana ta yadda hasken yini akan Pluto yayi kama da wanda cikakken wata ya yi da dare a duniya.

Idan muka lura da shi daga saman Pluto, Rana za ta bayyana a gare mu a matsayin tauraro mai haske. Wataƙila dalilin da ya sa masana kimiyya da magoya bayan Pluto ke sha'awar sake fasalin Pluto bayan shekaru 14 shine sanyin da ba za a iya musantawa ba.

Masanin kimiyyar sararin samaniya Alan Stern ya ce a cikin wata sanarwa da NASA ta fitar ya ce, sabon hadadden tsarin Pluto, tun daga tsarin halittarsa ​​zuwa tsarin wata da yanayin, ya kasance a ko da yaushe ya wuce mafarkan mu. ka'idar me yasa pluto ba duniya bane. Kuma a karshe ya ce a duk wuraren da ya samu damar zuwa, mun gano cewa akwai wasu sabbin sirrika.


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