Ecstasy na Saint Teresa ta Gian Lorenzo Bernini

Tsakanin shekarun 1647 da 1652, mai zane-zane na Italiyanci, Gian Lorenzo Bernini, ya kirkiro daya daga cikin sanannun ayyukansa, "Ecstasy na Saint Teresa«. Wannan sassaƙaƙƙen yana cikin sanannen wurin ibada na Cornaro Chapel na Cocin Santa Maria della Vittoria, a Roma, Italiya. Idan kuna son ƙarin sani game da ita, kada ku yi shakka ku zauna ku koya tare da mu.

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Bayani da abun da ke ciki

"The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa" ko "The Transverberation of Saint Teresa", kamar yadda ake kira shi a wurare da yawa, wani zane-zanen marmara ne wanda mai zanen Italiyanci, Gian Lorenzo Bernini ya yi. Domin aiwatar da shi, Bernini dole ne ya ƙirƙira ɗakin sujada a cikin Cocin Santa Maria Della Vittoria tare da sararin samaniya mai girma uku.

Santa Maria della Vittoria wani Basilica ne da aka gina a karni na XNUMX don tunawa da nasarar da sarki Ferdinand II ya samu a yakin White Mountain. Fahimtar "The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa" ya samo asali ne a tsakiyar wannan karni, lokacin da Cardinal Federico Cornaro ya ba da izini daga Bernini don a ajiye shi a wurin da kabarinsa zai tafi.

Mawaƙin ya yarda da shi saboda daraja da iko da mutumin da danginsa suka mallaka a cikin al'umma. Chapel mai suna Cornaro, yana cikin Rome, Italiya. Ginin ɗakin sujada a lokacin fassarar bagadi ne da ginshiƙai waɗanda ƙaƙƙarfan sassaka ke cikin tsakiya.

Tsarin sararin samaniya an yi niyya ne don tilasta mai kallo ya kalli hoton kai tsaye, wanda ya ba da hoto mafi girma. A cikin kanta, aikin yana da kyakkyawan hoto da aka yi da marmara, kawai fashewar launuka, karafa da cikakkun bayanai.

A ɓangarorin biyu na mayar da hankali na tsakiya, muna samun baranda guda biyu tare da sassaka na Cardinal da sauran membobin ecclesiastical. Kowannensu ya bayyana a matsayin mai lura da wurin da aka gabatar kuma su ne ke da alhakin wakilcin cikakkiyar sadaukarwarsu ga abin da suka shaida. Shi ya sa ake la'akari da daya daga cikin mafi girma masterpieces na Roman High Baroque.

FARIN CIKI NA WALIYYA TERESA

Tana da wata karamar taga da ke sama da Santa Teresa, wacce hasken ke tacewa da kyau, tare da haskoki na zinariya da aka yi da tagulla da ke da alhakin sanya ta. Kubbarta tana da sabon sararin sama da aka yi da fasahar trompe l'oeil, cike da kerubobi da haske wanda Ruhu Mai Tsarki ke saukowa daga gare shi kamar yadda aka saba a addinin Katolika, a cikin siffar kurciya.

Ko da yake mutane da yawa ba su san shi ba, manyan alkaluman tsarin sun dogara ne akan wani labari da Saint Teresa ta Yesu ta bayyana a cikin littafin tarihin rayuwarta, mai suna "Littafin Rai". Ya ba da labarin yadda mala’ika ya huda zuciyar wata bauniyar Karmel tare da taimakon maƙarƙashiyar zinare.

Tare da kimanin tsayin mita 3,50, yanayin yana ɗaukar lokacin da irin wannan mala'ika zai liƙa kibiya a cikinsa, yana ɗaukar yanayi mai ban sha'awa a fuskarsa wanda ke nuna yadda yake ji, haɗuwa mai kyau tsakanin zafi da jin dadi. Ana iya ganin Waliyyin ta jingina bisa gajimare mai tsauri yana mai dubanta ga babu tsirar kafafuwanta da tarkacen tufafinta.

Rubuce-rubucen da ke rufe yawancin jikinta suna jawo hankali saboda ba su cika daidai da siffarta ba, suna ba da ma'anar cikakkiyar rashin hankali. Za mu iya ayyana shi a matsayin faɗakarwa mai kuzari wanda, tare da ɓarna na adadi guda biyu, yana nuna a fili cewa salon baroque ne.

Baya ga ba mu zane-zane a fagen zane-zane, Bernini ya kasance mai kula da samar da dukkanin gine-gine da zane-zane don mafi girman gaske da kuma sufanci, tun da shi ne ma ya yi zanen ɗakin sujada. Yana da irin wannan kerawa mai ban sha'awa wanda akwatunan wasan kwaikwayo suke a gefe, waɗannan sun zo ne daga kwarewarsa don samar masa da wannan ɓangaren wasan kwaikwayo.

Salon sa yana da tasiri ta hanyoyi daban-daban waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙwararren Michelangelo Buonarroti, fasahar Hellenistic, dabi'a, a tsakanin sauran igiyoyin ruwa da ƙungiyoyin al'adu. Don haka, an ba shi lakabin wanda ya kirkiro daya daga cikin mafi kyawun sassaka na dukan Zamanin Zamani kuma daya daga cikin magabatan Baroque.

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Tarihin Aiki

A ranar 7 ga Disamba, 1598, wani birni a kudancin Italiya da ake kira Naples ya ga haihuwar magaji na gaba ga girman kai na Michelangelo, gwani kuma babban jagoran tsarin gine-ginen Baroque, Gian Lorenzo Bernini. Kodayake basirarsa ta kasance ta asali, ya zama abin da yake godiya ga mahaifinsa, mai sassaka daga yankin Mannerist.

Pietro Bernini ne ke da alhakin koya masa rudiments na sassaka a cikin nasa bitar. Bugu da kari, shi ma ya kasance mai kula da cudanya da shi da wasu ma'abota girman al'umma domin ya yi amfani da basirarsa tun yana karami.

Ko da a cikin farkon ayyukansa "Aeneas, Anchises da Ascanius" da "The Sace na Proserpina", da data kasance hutu tare da marigayi Renaissance da kuma shan wani quite m sabon ra'ayi na sassaka, a cikin abin da wasan kwaikwayo tsanani, da girma da kuma amfani. na scenographic effects su ne protagonists.

A cikin shekarun da suka wuce, Bernini ya zama matashi kuma a cikin 1629 Paparoma Urban na VIII ya nada shi a matsayin babban gine-gine na St. Peter's Basilica. Tun daga wannan lokacin har zuwa rasuwarsa, ya taka rawar ma'aikaci marar gajiyawa ga manyan limamai, sai dai a cikin wa'adin Innocent X, wanda ya fifita sauran masu fasaha a kansa.

Daga cikin duk ayyukan da ya yi wa San Pedro, Baldachin mai daraja wanda yake a kan babban bagadin rukunin rukunin sassaka mai ban sha'awa da ake kira " Ubannin Ikilisiya" ya fito waje. Wannan, wanda aka gani ta ginshiƙai daban-daban na Baldachin, yana ba da tasiri tare da ƙarfin wasan kwaikwayo na ban mamaki a hanyar da marubucin ya so daga farko.

Duk da haka, ba a san shi a matsayin mafi kyawun gudunmawar da ya bayar a tarihin Basilica ba, amma a maimakon haka, sanannen mazauninsa, jerin ginshiƙai masu yawa waɗanda suka zama wani abu mai cin gashin kansa kuma yana kewaye da dukan filinsa, a gaban haikalin. . Tun halittarsa, wannan katafaren fili mai tsarin bene mai elliptical ya sami yabo mara iyaka saboda tasirin yanayin yanayin sa mai jituwa.

A sakamakon 'yan kaɗan, amma ayyuka masu mahimmanci ga masu zaman kansu da haɗin gwiwar da suka ba shi shekaru da yawa, aikin da muke magana akai an haife shi kuma wanda ke wakiltar salonsa na sassaka, "The Ecstasy of Santa Teresa. " .

Ko da yake mutane da yawa ba su yi imani da shi, ko da a yau yana da wuya a yi tunanin yiwuwar wani gagarumin tsanani da kuma m tsauri karfi, a cikin wani kisa na diminutive girma da za'ayi ta hanyar irin wannan lafiya jiyya na marmara. .

Ya zo a yi la'akari da shi a matsayin ƙwararren harhada manyan fasaha guda uku: gine-gine, sassaka da zane. Wannan ya faru ne saboda matsayinsa a matsayin wani yanki don dabarun ado na ɗakin sujada da keɓaɓɓen tasirin chiaroscuro. Shi ya sa, ƙarni daga baya, har yanzu sunansa a matsayin wani m model na Baroque sassaka.

Dukan aikin yana ƙarƙashin kulawar Bernini kuma an kammala shi a tsakanin 1647 da 1652, musamman a lokacin wani kyakkyawan ɓangaren Paparoma na Fafaroma wanda ba shi da shi a matsayin ɗan wasan da ya fi so, Innocent X. A wannan lokacin, Bernini ya ƙaura. tun da yake yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da kuliyoyi masu wuce gona da iri na tsohuwar Paparoma, na Urban VIII.

Saboda wannan dalili, an hana shi babban haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka. Bugu da ƙari, akwai gaskiyar cewa Paparoma Innocent yana da fifiko ga abokin hamayyarsa na fasaha, mai ban sha'awa Alessandro Algardi daidai. Saboda haka, Bernini yana da isasshen lokacin kyauta don tuntuɓar ma'aikata masu zaman kansu.

Daya daga cikinsu shi ne Cardinal da Patriarch Federico Cornaro, wanda ya zabi Cocin Santa Maria della Vittoria na Karmel da aka yanke a matsayin dakin ibada da aka binne shi. Cornaro yana da ɗimbin dalilai na gujewa binne shi a ƙasarsa ta Venice, shi ya sa ya zaɓi irin wannan wurin.

Kuma shi ne cewa bayan nada shi a matsayin Cardinal ta Urbano, yayin da mahaifinsa ya taka rawar Doge (mafi girman wakilin cocin Katolika a birnin Venice), an yi ta cin zarafi iri-iri a garin da ya zauna wanda ya haifar da fada tsakanin iyalai da babban iko.

The Venetian, bayan da yawa tunani, opted ga hagu chapel na coci, a cikin abin da wani adadi na "The Ecstasy na Bulus" a baya samu, wanda aka maye gurbinsu da shekaru da siffar Saint Teresa na Yesu, Nun, sufi. wanda ya kafa Order of Discalced Karmelites da kuma marubucin Mutanen Espanya, a daidai lokacin da ta sami farin ciki wanda ya haifar da kibiya na kerub.

A cikin kimanin 1652 an kammala aikin tare da kashe kudade masu yawa na 12 escudos, kudin zamanin zamani wanda a halin yanzu ya kusan dala 120.000. A cewar ɗan siyasan Sipaniya, ɗan jarida kuma marubuci, Luis María Anson, Saint Teresa, don isa ga irin wannan yanayin farin ciki, mawaƙin sufanci da addini Saint John of the Cross ya rinjayi shi. Tatsuniyoyi kawai.

Análisis

Ko da yake a wannan lokaci za mu yi nazari kan ma’anar aikin, ba za mu iya bincika batun ba tare da bayyana yanayin tarihin lokacin da aka halicce shi ba. "The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa" da aka ba da rai ba fiye da kuma ba kasa da a cikin lokaci na Counter-Reformation na cocin Katolika.

Menene wannan yake nufi, yana nufin cewa an haife shi ne a lokacin da Coci ya sami matsala mai tsanani saboda zuwan Furotesta Reformation. A sakamakon haka, Kiristanci na Turai ya rabu kuma an yi yaƙe-yaƙe da rikice-rikice marasa adadi, musamman a yankunan Faransa da Spain.

Kadan kadan, Cocin Katolika na rasa iko a yankuna daban-daban da take jagoranta, kuma tana da bukatar gaggawa ta aiwatar da wani yunkuri na nuna ikonta. Bayan taron da yawa na abin da aka sani da Majalisar Trent a karni na XNUMX, babban umarni ya kammala cewa wannan sha'awar zai kasance ta hanyar fasaha.

Hakan ya ba da ma'ana sosai a lokacin, tun da yawancin al'ummar yammacin duniya ba su iya karatu da rubutu ba, kuma dole ne a yi sha'awar ganinsu da ayyukan da suka dace. Ta hanyar "The Ecstasy of Santa Teresa" za a cika manyan manufofi guda biyu.

Na farko shi ne cewa an nuna musu haruffan samfuri waɗanda muminai masu aminci za su yi marmarin sadaukarwa don su zama su, yayin da a cikin layi daya tare da wata manufa ta didactic an koya musu sha'awar Saint Teresa. Ya kasance bayyananne nau'i na motsa jiki a cikin sarrafa taron jama'a.

Na biyu shi ne za su iya nuna cewa suna da makudan kudade kuma kyawun su ba abin jin daɗi ba ne a gare su, sai dai larura ce kawai. Ikilisiya ta kasance mai arziki da ƙarfi, tare da martaba don murkushe waɗanda suka yi ƙarfin hali don ƙalubalantar su. Duk wannan zai kasance a wata hanya ko wata kama a cikin fasahar baroque.

Dangane da bincike kamar haka, gungu mai sassaka yana wakiltar gogewar sufa da aka sani da “transverberation”, jin daɗin ruhin da ya wuce na zahiri, kuma Bernini ya san yadda ake bayyana shi ta wata hanya ta musamman. Ta wannan hanyar, jin daɗin tsarkaka zai iya zama ɗan fahimta ga ƴan adam kawai.

Kamar yadda aka ambata a farkon, ya dogara ne akan rubuce-rubuce na kansa, amma an ɗauke shi zuwa sassaka ba kome ba ne face ainihin batun Baroque, duka don ra'ayin farfaganda da kuma hangen nesa na motsin zuciyar addini Ba shi da kowane irin jima'i. ma'ana , shine kawai wakilcin ƙauna, zafi da farin ciki lokaci guda.

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