Ana iya tabbatar da cewa Dabbobin Amphibian su ne na farko da suka yi nasarar barin muhallin ruwa don kafa matsugunin su a cikin yanayin yanayin kasa. Amma ba su yi nasarar watsi da shi gaba daya ba, don haka suka ci gaba da rayuwa a tsakanin ruwa da kasa. Idan kuna son ƙarin sani game da rayuwar Dabbobin Amphibian, muna gayyatar ku don karanta wannan bayanin kuma ku fayyace shakku kan waɗannan halittu masu rai na musamman.
Menene Amphibians kuma a ina suke zama?
Dabbobin Amphibian dabbobi ne da ke cikin dangin kashin baya kuma suna da tsarin rayuwa wanda suke haɗa matakan ruwa da matakai. An takure ire-iren halittun da suke zaune ne saboda yawan zagayowar da suke rayuwa a cikin su, da kuma kasancewar su ba mahalli ba ne, wato dabbobi ne masu jin sanyi.
Kasancewa masu jin sanyi yana hana su samun yawan zafin jiki akai-akai. Don haka yana da wuya cewa ana iya samun dabbobin amphibian a cikin ƙananan wurare masu zafi. Wannan shi ne babban dalilin da ya sa ba sa zama a wurare irin su Antarctica ko Arctic, duk da cewa an samu burbushin halittun su a wadannan wuraren, wanda hakan ya tabbatar da cewa a cikin nesa mai nisa sun iya zama a wadannan kasashe.
Metamorphosis
Bugu da ƙari, rashin iyawar su don kula da daidaitaccen yanayin zafin jiki, suna da halayyar da ke da sha'awar a cikin duniyar dabba kuma ya sa su zama halittu masu yawa: metamorphosis.
Metamorphosis wani gyare-gyare ne na juyin halitta wanda ya ba da damar dabbobin amphibian su canza daga haihuwa a matsayin tadpoles zuwa dabbobi masu girma, yana haifar da ba kawai canje-canje na ilimin halitta ba, har ma da canje-canje a cikin nau'in ciyarwa da numfashi.
Rarraba Amphibian
An rarraba dabbobin Amphibian zuwa umarni guda uku, ta dalilin cewa suna da buƙatun daidaitawa daban-daban, saboda haka, duk da cewa suna iya rayuwa a cikin mazauninsu ɗaya, ya zama ruwan dare a lura cewa suna rayuwa a cikin halittu daban-daban. Waɗannan umarni guda uku sune:
- Order gymnophilia (ko masu amphibians marasa kafa): wanda ya haɗa da manyan dabbobin amphibian, amma ba su da tsattsauran ra'ayi, irin su caecilians ko tapaculos. A cikin wannan rarrabuwar za mu iya samun apodes, waɗanda su ne dabbobin amphibian da ke jure yanayin sanyi ƙasa, don haka suna rayuwa akai-akai a wurare masu zafi da na wurare masu zafi.
- Order anura: Dabbobi ne na amphibian da suke da ƙafafu, amma ba su da wutsiya, irin su ƙuruciya ko kwaɗi.
- Order Kaudata: Newts, axolotls, da salamanders an haɗa su cikin wannan rarrabuwa.
Amphibians da ke zaune a yankunan da ƙananan zafin jiki
Kamar yadda muka ambata, dabbobin amphibian da za su iya rayuwa a wurare masu sanyi suna da wuya sosai. Duk da haka, za mu iya samun wasu, yawanci su ne amphibians cewa na cikin oda na anurus ko salamanders. Wani lamari na musamman shine na salamander Siberian (Salamandrella keyserlingi), wanda mazauninsa yake a arewacin yankin Siberiya, ko kuma kurmin daji (Lithobates sylvaticus), wanda ke zaune a yankin arewacin Amurka ta Arewa, wanda ya ƙunshi Alaska da Kanada.
Saboda halayensu na cewa su dabbobi ne masu jin sanyi, suna jin daɗin gyare-gyaren juyin halitta da yawa, godiya ga abin da za su iya rayuwa a cikin yanayin sanyi, ɗayansu shine ikon yin hibernate a ƙarƙashin ƙanƙara, lokacin hunturu, ko kasancewar abubuwan da ke hana daskarewa. a cikin sinadarai na ƙwayoyin jikin ku.
taiga amphibians
Har yanzu yanayin zafi a yankin dajin taiga ko dazuzzukan dajin ya yi sanyi, duk da cewa bai kai na wuraren da muka ambata a sama ba, don haka ana iya samun karin nau'in dabbobin amphibian a wuraren.
Misalai da yawa na dabbobin amphibian da ke zaune a yankin taiga ko a cikin dajin dajin sune koren kwadi (Pelophylax zafi, damisa kwado (Lithobates pipiens), kwadon daji (Lithobates sylvaticus), Amurka toad (Anaxyrus americanussalamander mai launin shudi (Ambystoma daga baya), wuta salamander (salamander salamander) ko kuma gabas newt (Notophthalmus viridescens).
Steppe ko hamada amphibians
Tsibirin, savannah ko hamada busassun wuraren zama ne kuma da wuya su haɓaka rayuwar dabbobin amphibian. Dalilin haka kuwa shi ne, suna da wuraren da babu ruwa a ciki ya bayyana kuma daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ake bukata na rayuwar amphibian don bunkasa shi ne muhalli mai yalwar ruwa, ta yadda tsutsansu za ta iya tasowa.
Amma, yanayi yana da ban mamaki kuma wasu anuras sun sami damar haɓaka haɓakar juyin halitta wanda zai ba su damar rayuwa a cikin waɗannan yanayi kuma, a gaskiya ma, idan an yi bincike mai zurfi, za mu gano cewa a cikin waɗannan wurare a duniya, na kowane nau'i. na dabbobin amphibian da suka wanzu, za mu sami amphibians ne kawai na jinsin anura.
Sauran alamun ci gaban hanyoyin daidaitawar juyin halitta shine yiwuwar riƙe fitsari don adana ruwan da ke cikin jiki da kuma ƙirƙirar gradient na osmotic wanda ke ba da damar sha ruwa ta cikin fata, ko kuma yiwuwar rayuwa a cikin ƙasa. , daga abin da za su iya amfani da ruwa da aka tara, suna zuwa saman kawai a lokacin damina don samun damar shan ruwa mai yawa.
Nau'o'i kamar toad mai dige-dige (ja)Anaxyrus punctatus, koren toad (Bufotes virdis(Cultripe Pelobates), burrowing toad ko Mexican burrower (Rhinophrynus dorsalis) ko natterjack toad (Epidalea calamita).
Ana samun Amphibians a cikin dazuzzukan Bahar Rum
Dazuzzukan Bahar Rum wuri ne da ke da yanayi mai zafi da kuma yawan ruwa mai daɗi, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa yana da sauƙin samun dabbobin amphibian. A cikin waɗannan wuraren za mu iya samun toads, newts, frogs da salamanders, irin su spadefoot toad (Cultripe Pelobates), gama gari (Farin ciki), koren kwadi (Pelophylax zafiSan Antonio frog (hyla arborea), wuta salamander (salamander salamander) ko marmara newt (Triturus marmoratus).
Amphibians na wurare masu zafi ko wurare masu zafi
Wurare masu zafi da na wurare masu zafi su ne waɗanda ke kusa da ma'aunin ƙasa kuma a nan ne za ka iya samun yalwar dabbobin daji, saboda yanayin zafi da yawan ruwan sama, wanda ya zama mafi dacewa da wannan nau'in dabbobi.
Dangane da halittar anura, dabbobin amphibian da ake iya samun su da yawa su ne kwadi, da yawa fiye da ƙwai, waɗanda da yawa daga cikinsu sun zama guba kuma suna da kyawawan launuka da haɗin chromatic, tunda kwadi sune mafi kyawun jure yanayin bushes. . Wasu samfuran da ake iya gani sune kwaɗo mai jajayen ido (Agalychnis callidryas) ko kuma kwadin kan kibiya (Dendrobatidae sp.).
Hakanan ana iya samun nau'ikan apods ko caecilians da yawa a cikin waɗannan wuraren, amma wannan rukuni ne mai wuyar gaske don yin bincike, saboda galibi suna rayuwa a ƙarƙashin ƙasa, a kan ciyawar ganye ko cikin ƙasa mai laushi.
Menene ma'anar amphibian?
Amphibia, ya fito ne daga harshen Helenanci amphi, wanda ke nufin duka biyu da bios, wanda ke nufin rayuwa, don haka kalmar amphibian a zahiri tana nufin duka rayuka ko a cikin kafofin watsa labarai biyu. An zaɓi wannan haɗin ne saboda asalin dabbobin amphibian, waɗanda suka sami damar haɓakawa ko barin yanayin ruwa don rayuwa a ƙasa. Don haka ana iya cewa masu amphibians suna rayuwa biyu, rayuwar farko ta ruwa da kuma wani a kasa.
Suna da anamniotes
Wani nau'in dabbobi ne na anamniotic vertebrate, wanda ke nufin cewa ba su da amnion, kamar kifi, amma dabbobin amphibian kuma suna iya zama tetrapods, ectothermic, wanda ke da numfashi yayin da suke cikin lokacin tsutsa sannan kuma yana da huhu idan sun isa. girma girma.
Kamar yadda muka riga muka fada, babban bambancinsu da sauran dabbobin kashin baya, suna yin wani tsari mai suna metamorphosis, ta yadda suke canzawa daga wata nau’in dabba zuwa wata nau’in nau’in dabba daban-daban a lokacin ci gabansu.
A halin yanzu, ana rarraba amphibians a ko'ina cikin kusan dukkanin duniya, ba a nan kawai a cikin yankunan Arctic da Antarctic, da kuma a cikin mafi yawan hamada da kuma a cikin adadi mai yawa na tsibiran teku. A yau muna da 7492 da aka kwatanta nau'in dabbobin amphibian.
Suna da muhimmiyar rawar muhalli dangane da jigilar makamashi, daga yanayin ruwa zuwa yanayin ƙasa, da kuma dacewa da yanayin trophic a cikin jiharsu ta girma, wanda a cikinsa suke shigar da arthropods da sauran invertebrates. Yawancin nau'ikan amphibians suna amfani da ɓoyewar abubuwa masu guba sosai akan fatar jikinsu azaman hanyar kariya daga mafarautansu.
Juyin Halitta da tsari
A ƙasa akwai abubuwa da yawa masu alaƙa da juyin halitta wanda ya haifar da wanzuwar adabbobin amphibian:
tetrapods
Tetrapods na farko sun haihu ne daga kakanni wanda ya zama ruwan dare a gare su da kuma kifin da ke da fins na lobe, wanda ake kira sarcopterygians, amma suna kiyaye gills da sikeli, amma fins sun sami nasarar rikidewa zuwa ƙafafu masu fadi da fadi tare da adadi mai yawa. Yatsu, wanda har yanzu ana iya gani a yau a cikin nau'in jinsin Acanthostega da Ichthyostega, waɗanda ke da yatsu tsakanin takwas zuwa bakwai.
Juyin halitta ya haifar da canje-canje a rayuwar dabbobi, da kuma daidaitawa wanda ya ba da damar wasu nau'ikan su ci gaba da rayuwa ba wasu ba, sauye-sauyen sun ci gaba da faruwa ta hanyar zaɓin yanayi, ɗaya daga cikin abin da za mu iya ambata shi ne zuwan ɗanɗano da harsuna masu raɗaɗi, wanda dabbobi suka koya. don amfani da su don kama ganima.
Sauran gyare-gyaren da aka samu daga daidaitawa zuwa sabon nau'in rayuwa shine bayyanar glandan fata da ke ɓoye guba, wanda aka halicce shi a matsayin wani nau'i na kariya daga masu cin nama, ci gaban gashin ido na hannu, da kuma samar da gland don tsaftacewa, kariya. da shafan ido da sauran hanyoyin da dama.
Ma'anar amphibians
Har yanzu muna iya gano cewa akwai tattaunawa da yawa game da abin da ke cikin ma'anar amphibian. Matsayin al'ada na ma'anar amphibian, wanda a yau ya cancanta a matsayin paraphyletic, yana la'akari da cewa amphibians ne kawai dukkanin tetrapods na anamniotic, wanda ke nufin cewa su ne nau'in nau'in da ba a kiyaye kwan su ta hanyar amnion ko harsashi.
Bisa tsarin cladistic, ma'anar amphibian ta fi takurawa, ciki har da a cikin wannan rukuni kawai nau'in amphibians na zamani da kakanninsu na kusa, da amniotes da kakanninsu na kusa.
A wannan ma'anar, za mu ga cewa akwai faffadan ra'ayi na masu amphibians da kuma wani wanda aka ƙuntata. A cikin cladogram mai zuwa, bisa bishiyar rayuwa, ana iya samun ra'ayoyin amphibian guda biyu, "fadi" da "ƙantatawa":
Amphibia (paraphyletic)
An fahimce shi azaman faffadan ra'ayi, ya haɗa da nau'in:
- elginerpeton
- metaxygnathus
- salestega
- Acanthostega
- ichthyostega
- hynerpeton
- tulerpeton
- Crassigyrinus
- Baphetidae
- colosteidae
- Tempnospondyli
- Abin kunya
- Gephyrostegidae
- embolomeri
Amphibia a cikin taƙaitaccen ma'ana
Yana rufe kawai da waɗannan nau'ikan:
- aistopoda
- nectridea
- microsauria
- Lysorophia
- Lissamphibia (amfibiya na zamani)
- Amniota (masu rarrafe, tsuntsaye, dabbobi masu rarrafe)
Amphibians na zamani
Kamar yadda ake tsammani, haɗin gwiwar phylogenetic da za a iya samu tsakanin ƙungiyoyi uku na lissamphibians sun kasance batun tattaunawa da jayayya shekaru da yawa. Binciken farko na DNA mitochondrial da jerin DNA ribosomal na nukiliya sun kafa alaƙa ta kusa tsakanin salamanders da caecilians, na ƙarshe na ƙungiyar da ake kira Procera.
Da wannan bayanin, an ƙarfafa dalilin rarraba tsarin da kasusuwan kasusuwa na lissamphibians, saboda gaskiyar cewa ana iya samun kwadi a kusan dukkanin nahiyoyi, yayin da salamanders da caecilians kawai suna da ƙuntataccen rarraba. a cikin tarihin ƙasa sun kasance ɓangare na Laurasia da Gondwana bi da bi.
Mafi yawan tarihin burbushin kwadi da lissamphibians an rubuta su zuwa farkon lokacin Triassic, wanda aka samo a Madagascar kuma ya dace da jinsin Triadobatrachus, yayin da tarihin burbushin halittu mafi tsufa na salamanders da caecilians an rubuta su zuwa lokacin Jurassic.
Duk da haka, sakamakon sakamakon bincike na baya-bayan nan da na baya-bayan nan, inda aka tantance bayanai masu yawa da bayanai, daga cibiyoyin rajistar kwayoyin halittar nukiliya da na mitochondrial, da kuma hadewar duka, an tabbatar da cewa kwadi da salamanders suna da 'yar'uwa. kungiyoyin, wanda clade ake kira Batrachia. Wannan bayani ya sami goyan bayan bincike kan kamanceceniyar dabi'a, wanda a cikinsa aka haɗa samfuran burbushin halittu.
Hasashen farko game da asalinsa
Sai dai har yanzu asalin wannan kungiya bai fito fili ba, kuma hasashe da ake amfani da su a yau sun kasu zuwa manyan rukunai guda uku. A cikin farko, jinsin Lissamphibia ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ƙungiyar monophyletic wanda ya samo asali a cikin temnospondyls, a cikin abin da 'yar'uwar' yar'uwar za ta iya zama genus Doleserpeton, da Amphibamus, Branchiosauridae ko rukuni na rukuni na ƙarshe.
Daga baya hasashe
Hasashen na biyu kuma ya fara ne daga tushen cewa Lissamphibia rukuni ne na monophyletic, amma cewa sun samo asali ne daga lepospondylos. Hasashe na uku yana nuna halin polyphyletic, wanda shine diphyletic kuma a wasu nazarin triphyletic, na lissamphibians, da asalinsu daga kwadi da salamanders, suna farawa daga temnospondiles, amma caecilians, wani lokacin salamanders, zasu sami asalinsu. .
amphibians a yau
A yau duk dabbobin amphibian suna cikin rukunin Lissamphibia, wanda ya ƙunshi clades Gymnophiona, Caudata da Anura, kuma ana rarraba su bisa ga nau'in tsarin kashin baya da gaɓoɓinsu. Sunan gama gari na caecilians ko laƙabi, sun zama rukuni na mafi ƙanƙanta, sananniya kuma mafi ban mamaki dabbobin amphibian na zamani.
Cecilias da Caudates
Caecilians dabbobi ne masu binnewa waɗanda ba su da ƙafafu, amma suna da wutsiya mai farar fata da wasu tanti waɗanda ke da aikin shaƙa. Wurin zama kawai shi ne yankuna masu zafi waɗanda ke da zafi mai yawa. A gefe guda kuma, caudate amphibians, waɗanda suke sabo ne da salamanders, suna da wutsiya da ƙafafu iri ɗaya. Manya sun yi kama da tadpoles, ko da yake sun bambanta da cewa maimakon ƙugiya, suna da huhu, kuma ta haka suna da ikon haifuwa da kuma zama a waje da yanayin ruwa.
Yana da matukar ban mamaki cewa a cikin ruwa suna iya motsawa da ƙarfi, godiya ga motsin gefe da suke yi da wutsiya, yayin da a kan ƙasa suna motsawa ta amfani da ƙafafu hudu don tafiya.
annuran
Daga qarshe, anuran, wanda ya haɗa da kututtuka da kwadi, suna da gaɓoɓi waɗanda ba su daidaita tsayin su kuma lokacin da suka isa girma, ba su da wutsiya, suna nunawa, a matsayin daidaitawa a cikin tsallen juyin halitta, kashin baya. da ake kira urostyle, yayin da suke cikin matakin tsutsa, suna iya samun matakin sifar kifi.
Gabaɗaya suna cin nama, kamar yawancin dabbobin amphibian a matakin manya, kodayake a lokacin tsutsar su galibi ciyayi ne. Abincinsu ya ƙunshi arachnids, tsutsotsi, katantanwa, kwari da kusan duk wani abu mai rai wanda zai iya motsawa kuma ya zama ƙanana da za a iya haɗiye su gaba ɗaya.
Tsarin narkewar abinci a cikin manya gajere ne, wanda shine yanayin mafi yawan dabbobi masu cin nama, kusan dukkanin waɗannan amphibians suna da mazauninsu a cikin kududdufi da koguna, amma wasu sun sami nasarar daidaita rayuwar arboreal wasu kuma suna rayuwa a cikin hamada suna nuna ayyukan kawai a lokacin rani. lokacin damina. An san nau'in caecilians 206, yayin da caudates da anuras ke wakiltar kusan nau'ikan 698 da kusan nau'ikan 6588, bi da bi.
Morphophysiology
A cikin wannan sashe na labarin za mu yi magana game da wasu halaye na musamman na dabbobin amphibian, kamar:
Fata
Kibiya mai ja da shuɗi (Oophaga pumilio) ɗan amphibian ne mai dafi wanda ke nuna launin gargaɗi. Fatar manyan rukunoni uku na amphibians, wadanda su ne anurans, caudates da gymnophian, suna da kama da tsari, amma sabanin sauran masu amphibians, gymnophyans suna da ma'aunin dermal, yana iya jujjuya ruwa, santsi, da ruwa. waɗanda ba su da kowane nau'in haɗe-haɗe, kamar gashin gashi ko sikeli), tare da iyakance iyaka, kuma yana ƙunshe da ɗimbin yawa na gland.
Ayyukan Fata
Wannan siffa ta fata tana yin ayyuka da yawa waɗanda ke da mahimmancin mahimmanci don rayuwarsu, ta hanyar kare su daga abrasion da ƙwayoyin cuta, suna kuma yin aikin numfashi ta fata, sha da sakin ruwa, da haɗin gwiwa a cikin canjin pigmentation a cikin fata. fata. wasu nau'in. Har ila yau, yana da mahimmanci don ɓoye abubuwa ta hanyarsa, kuma, a ƙarshe, suna taimakawa wajen sarrafa zafin jiki na amphibians.
Bugu da ƙari, fatar jiki na iya cika aikin da sau da yawa yakan zama kariya ko rashin yarda da masu cin nama, saboda tana da nau'i na gland mai guba ko kuma yana iya ɗaukar launin launi wanda ke haifar da gargadi ga abokan gaba.
A cikin fatar jikinsu suna baje kolin sifa ta zahiri ta kashin bayan ƙasa, wanda shine wanzuwar manyan yadudduka na waje. Fatar dabbobin amphibian ta ƙunshi nau'i-nau'i da yawa kuma ana zubar da su lokaci-lokaci, kasancewar iri ɗaya ne, a gaba ɗaya, dabbar ta cinye, wannan tsari na canjin fata yana sarrafa shi ta hanyar gland biyu, wanda shine pituitary da thyroid.
Hakanan abu ne na yau da kullun don samun wasu kauri na gida, kamar yadda yake faruwa a cikin al'amuran anuran na zuriyar Bufo, waɗanda suka yi musu hidima a matsayin hanyar daidaitawar juyin halitta zuwa rayuwar duniya.
gland a cikin fata
Glandar da ke cikin fata, sun fi girma fiye da na kifi, kuma akwai nau'i biyu: glandan mucous da gland mai guba. Glandar mucosa suna da ikon ɓoye ƙumburi mara launi da ruwa wanda ke da manufar hana bushewar sa da kiyaye ma'aunin ionic. Har ila yau, ana tunanin cewa yana yiwuwa cewa wannan asiri yana da fungicidal da kwayoyin cuta.
A gefe guda kuma, glandan masu guba suna da manufar kariya kawai, a matsayin martani don samun damar kai hari ga maharbinsu, tun da yake suna samar da abubuwa waɗanda a wasu lokuta suna da haushi wasu kuma suna da guba.
Wani hazaka na fatar dabbobin amphibian shine launin su. Samfurin ne na sel masu launi guda uku, wanda kuma ake kira chromatophores. Wadannan nau'ikan tantanin halitta guda uku sun ƙunshi, a cikin wannan tsari, abin da ake kira melanophores, wanda ke cikin zurfin ɓangaren fata.
Launi
Ana biye da su da guanophores, wanda ya zama tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin, wanda ke dauke da nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i)) wanda ke haifar da launin rawaya kuma yana cikin mafi girman Layer. Canjin launi da za a iya gani a yawancin nau'in amphibian yana faruwa ne ta hanyar ɓoyewa daga glandan pituitary.
Ba kamar kasusuwan kasusuwa ba, masu amphibians ba su da tsarin juyayi kai tsaye akan sel pigment kuma, saboda haka, canjin launin su na iya zama a hankali.
Launin da 'yan amfibian ke ɗauka gabaɗaya mai ɓoyewa ne, ma'ana cewa burinsu shine su kama amphibian tare da kewaye. A saboda wannan dalili, da daban-daban tabarau na kore predominate, ko da yake da dama jinsunan da launi alamu da damar da amphibian ya zama cikakken bayyane, kamar yadda shi ne yanayin da wuta salamander ko Salamandra salamandra ko abin da ya faru da arrowhead frogs (Dendrobatidae).
Waɗannan launuka masu ban mamaki suna da alaƙa, sau da yawa, tare da haɓakar haɓakar glandan dafin paratoid kuma, sabili da haka, suna haifar da launin aposematic, ko gargaɗin haɗari, wanda ke ba da damar gano su da sauri ta hanyar yuwuwar maharan su.
Yawancin nau'ikan kwadi lokacin da suke tsalle ba zato ba tsammani suna nuna tabo masu launi a jikin gaɓoɓinsu na baya, waɗanda ke da aikin ban mamaki da tsoratar da maharbinsu. Har ila yau, kamar yadda muka riga muka nuna, fata na amphibians yana da aikin kariya daga tasirin da haske zai iya haifarwa ko, a cikin yanayin launuka masu duhu, yana sauƙaƙe sha da kuma kula da zafi da suke ɗauka daga yanayin.
Kashi
Ana iya raba kwarangwal na dabbobin amphibian kuma a kwatanta su kamar haka:
Wain
Abin da za mu iya kira ɗokin kafaɗa na azuzuwan farko na amphibian kusan kusan iri ɗaya ne da na kakanninsu, osteolepiforms, sai dai kasancewar wani sabon ƙashi na dermal, interclavicular, wanda ba ya wanzu a cikin amphibians na zamani.
Wannan takalmin kafada yana da nau'o'i daban-daban guda biyu, a gefe guda, abubuwan da suka samo asali daga abubuwan endochondral na fin kakannin kakanni na farko wanda ya kasance pisciform kuma yana da aikin samar da fili don ƙaddamar da iyakar; a daya bangaren kuma, zobe na kasusuwa na asali, wanda za mu iya kira ma'aunin fata kuma ya shiga cikin jiki.
Game da abin ɗamara na ƙashin ƙugu, za mu ga cewa ya fi kamala sosai. A cikin dukkanin tetrapods yana da manyan kasusuwa guda uku, wanda shine ilium, wanda yake a baya da kuma ta waje, pubis, wanda yake gaba, da ischium, wanda yake na baya. Inda waɗannan ƙasusuwa guda uku suka hadu, acetabulum yana samuwa, wanda shine inda shugaban femur ya bayyana.
Ƙarfafawa
Anurans da urodeles, a matsayinka na gaba ɗaya, suna da gaɓoɓi huɗu, amma caecilians ba su da. A cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan anuras iri-iri, gaɓoɓin bayansu suna da tsayi, wanda ya zama juyin halitta mai daidaitawa don samun damar tsalle da iyo.
Sanya kasusuwa da tsokoki da ake samu a gaba da gaba na tetrapods yana da matukar ban sha'awa, kamar yadda ake amfani da su daban-daban don amfani da su. gaba ko na baya, gwiwar hannu ko gwiwa da wuyan hannu ko idon sawu.
Gabas a cikin tetrapods na nau'in chiridium ne. A cikinsu za mu sami kashin basal mai tsayi, wanda zai iya zama humerus ko femur kuma wanda ke bayyana a ƙarshensa kasusuwa biyu, wanda zai iya zama radius da tibia tare da ulna, ko ulna ko fibula tare da fibula.
Wadannan kasusuwa suna haɗuwa da wuyan hannu ko idon sawu tare da carpus ko tarsus, bi da bi, wanda, idan ya girma, ya zama layuka uku na ossicles, tare da uku a jere na kusa, daya a tsakiya, biyar a nesa. Kowanne daga cikin na ƙarshe yana riƙe da yatsa, wanda aka kafa ta phalanges da yawa.
Tsarin narkewar abinci
Bakin dabbobin amphibian ya kai adadi mai yawa, kuma a wasu nau'in ana ba da shi da ƙananan hakora masu rauni. Harshensa mai nama ne, a wasu nau’in kuma a manne shi a gaba, a sake shi a baya, ta yadda za a yi waje, a yi amfani da shi wajen kama ganima. Siffar ‘yan amfibiya ita ce, dabbobin da suke goga, domin yawanci suna gabatar da duk abin da suka fara gani a cikin narkar da abinci, ba tare da yanke shi gunduwa-gunduwa ba.
Gabatar da suke fitar da sharar jiki ta hanyarta ita ce cloaca. Wani rami ne da ake samun tsarin narkewar abinci da fitsari da haihuwa wanda kuma yake da ramin fita guda daya zuwa waje; Hakanan ana iya samun wannan gaɓar a cikin wasu tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu rarrafe.
Dabbobin Amphibian suna da hanci guda biyu masu mu’amala da baki kuma ana ba su layukan da ke hana shigowar ruwa, ta inda suke aiwatar da numfashin su na huhu.
Tsarin jini
Kamar yadda aka ce, ‘yan amfibiya suna fuskantar metamorphosis a lokacin rayuwarsu, domin a farkonsu suna da siffar tsutsa, kamar kifi a mafi yawan lokuta, amma idan sun kai matsayinsu na girma, dabba ce ta daban, kuma wannan ma haka yake. yana nunawa a tsarin jinin ku.
Da yake larvae, dabbobin amphibian suna da zagayawa kamar na kifi, jijiyoyin jini guda huɗu suna fitowa daga ƙwanƙolin ventral aorta, uku daga cikinsu suna zuwa ƙwanƙwasa, yayin da na huɗu ke haɗuwa da huhu, waɗanda ba su haɓaka ba, don haka jigilar jini mai ƙarancin iskar oxygen.
Amma a lokacin da suke cikin yanayin girma, dabbobin amphibian, musamman ma annurans, suna daina yin amfani da kullun su kuma suna haɓaka huhu, to zazzagewar ya zama ninki biyu, saboda ƙananan wurare dabam dabam ya bayyana, a kara zuwa mafi girma wanda ya riga ya kasance. Wannan yana yiwuwa saboda suna da zuciyar tricamera, wanda ya ƙunshi ventricle da atria biyu.
Babban zagayawa yana yin motsi gabaɗaya a cikin jiki, amma ƙananan suna zuwa huhu ne kawai kuma ta hanyar da ba ta cika ba, saboda jini yana haɗuwa a cikin ventricle, kuma lokacin tafiya ta jiki yana samun iskar oxygen kaɗan kawai. Wannan cakudewar jinin jijiya da jinin jijiya, lokacin barin zuciya, ana rarraba ta ne ta hanyar karkatacciyar bawul da ake kira sigmoid valve, kuma ita ce ke da alhakin kai jinin da ke da iskar oxygen zuwa gabobin jiki da kyallen jikin jiki da kuma fitar da jini zuwa huhu. Yadda wannan bawul ɗin ke aiki har yanzu ba a san shi ba.
Haihuwa, Ci gaba da Ciyarwa
Dabbobin Amphibian suna dioecious, wanda ke nufin cewa suna da jinsi dabam dabam, kuma ana iya ganin alamar dimorphism ta jima'i a cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan da yawa. Dangane da nau'in hadi yana iya zama na ciki ko na waje, kuma adadi mai yawa na oviparous, kwanciya, saboda ƙwai ba su da kariya daga bushewa, yawanci ana yin su ne a cikin ruwa mai dadi kuma yana kunshe da adadi mai yawa na ƙananan ƙwai wanda aka haɗa su tare da ƙwai. gelatinous abu.
Wannan nau'in gelatinous taro wanda ke haɗa ƙwai, bi da bi, za a rufe shi da ɗaya ko fiye da membranes waɗanda ke kare su daga bugun, ƙwayoyin cuta da mafarauta.
Akwai 'yan kaɗan waɗanda ke ba da kulawar iyaye ga 'ya'yansu. Daga cikin lamuran da akwai dabarun haifuwa akwai surinam toad (Pipa pipa), kwaɗin Darwin (Rhinoderma darwinii) ko nau'in halittar Rheobatrachus.
embryos suna da kashi na holoblastic marasa daidaituwa, ba tare da ƙarin membranes na amfrayo ba, daga ƙwai suna ƙyanƙyashe matasa a cikin tsutsa, wanda a yawancin lokuta ana kiransa tadpoles. Larvae na Amphibian suna rayuwa ne a cikin ruwa mai daɗi, yayin da lokacin da suka zama manya, galibi suna gudanar da rayuwar rabin duniya, ko da yake koyaushe suna cikin ɗanɗano.
Metamorphosis na dabbobin amphibian ya cika ta hanyar da ke biyowa: yayin da suke girma, larvae suna ci gaba da rasa wutsiyoyinsu, samfurin autolysis na salula, har sai sun sami siffar dabbar da ke cikin ƙasa da na ruwa. A cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan da yawa, manya suna riƙe da yanayin ruwa da na iyo.
Life sake zagayowar
Larvae na dabbobin amphibian sun bi matakai uku na ci gaba, na farko shine pre-metamorphic, wanda ke haifar da girma ta hanyar motsa jiki mai yawa na prolactin da adenohypophysis ya samar. Tuni a cikin mataki na prometamorphic, ci gaban gabobin baya. kuma ya ƙare tare da lokaci na uku, wanda zenith metamorphic ya faru wanda ya ƙare tare da canza tsutsa zuwa dabbar dabba.
Ciyar da dabbobin amphibian kuma suna fuskantar canje-canje, saboda yana da ciyawa a lokacin tsutsa, don dogara ne akan arthropods da tsutsotsi lokacin da suka riga sun fara girma. Babban tushen abinci ga manya shine beetles, malam buɗe ido caterpillars, earthworms da arachnids, da sauransu.
Ajiyewa
Tun daga 1911 an yi yuwuwa a tabbatar da cewa an sami raguwa sosai a cikin al'ummar amphibian a duk duniya.Wannan a halin yanzu yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan barazana ga bambancin halittun duniya. An tabbatar da cewa rugujewar al'ummar amphibian da halakar jama'a sun faru a wasu wurare.
Abubuwan da ke haifar da raguwar yawan jama'a sun bambanta, kamar lalata wuraren zama, da aka gabatar da nau'in, sauyin yanayi da cututtuka masu tasowa. Wasu daga cikinsu ba su zama abin bincike ba, domin a iya sanin takamammen illolin da suka haifar, shi ya sa masana kimiyya daga ko’ina cikin duniya ke tafiya a kan wannan tafarki a daidai wannan lokaci.
Kashi 85% na 100 mafi hatsarin amphibians ba sa samun kulawa kuma ƙarancin kariya. Daga cikin manyan nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari a duniya, na dukkan kungiyoyi, uku sune dabbobi ami ami ami ami ami ami ami amsi; kuma daga cikin dari da aka fi fuskantar barazanar, akwai masu amphibians talatin da uku, kuma a wannan ma'ana, don kammalawa, muna ba ku jerin sunayensu, tare da matsayinsu na hadarin bacewa:
- Andrias davidianus ("Giant salamander na kasar Sin")
- Boulengerula niedeni ("cecilia Sagalla")
- Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis ("kwadi mai ruwan hoda")
- Heleopryne hewitti da Heleopryne rosei ("kwadi fatalwa")
- Proteus anguinus ("olm")
- Parvimolge townsendi, Chiropterotriton lavae, Chiropterotriton magnipes da Chiropterotriton mosaueri da wasu nau'ikan 16 na salamanders na Mexico marasa huhu.
- Scaphiopryne gottlebei ("Malagasy bakan gizo kwado")
- Rhinoderma rufum ("Darwin's Chilean frog")
- Alytes dichilleni ("Ungozoma ta Betic")
- Sechellophryne gardineri, Sooglossus pipilodryas, Sooglossus sechellensis da Sooglossus thomasseti ("Seychelles frogs")
Idan kuna son wannan batu, muna ba da shawarar waɗannan labarai masu ban sha'awa: