Apollo da Daphne na Bernini: aikin da sculptor ya yi

Batun ba sabon abu ba ne a tarihin fasaha, amma masu sassaƙa ba su taɓa magance shi ba. Tare da Bernini's Apollo da Daphne, mai zane ya yi ƙarfin hali don yin abin da har sai da alama ba zai yiwu ba: wakiltar a cikin marmara jikin ɗan adam wanda ya canza zuwa shuka.

APOLLO AND DAPNE BY BERNINI

Bernini's Apollo da Daphne

Apollo ya bi Daphne saboda yana sonta. Nymph, a gefe guda, bai dace da nufin allah ba. Don haka ta gudu zuwa kogin kuma mahaifinta Peneus ya canza ta ta zama shukar laurel. Apollo ya isa Daphne kuma yana gab da kama nymph. Allahn tsirara yake kuma an lullube shi da wani matsattsu a kafadarsa ta dama da kugu. Gashinta yana da tsayi yana murzawa da kyau cikin iska.

Apollo ya kama Daphne da hannunsa na dama. Da hannunsa na hagu, maimakon haka, allah yana kiyaye ma'auni yayin gudu. Apollo yana sa takalma a ƙafafunsa. Allah yana tsaye akan kafarsa ta dama yayin da hagu ya jingina baya. Leɓunansu a wargaje suna huci saboda gudu da sha'awa. Jiki biyun sun yi brush amma basu taba ba.

Daphne ya gudu don ya tsere wa Apollo. Nymph ta baka jikinta don samun riba akan allah. Dafne tayi tsirara jikinta na canjawa. Hakika, ƙafafunsa sun zama saiwoyi. Nymph na ƙoƙarin ɗaga ƙafarta ta dama da ta riga ta manne da ƙasa. Haushi ya nannade jikinsa sannan hannayensa suka tashi sama suka koma ganyaye. Fuskar mai lallashi taji a tsorace bakinta a bude cikin tsoro da gudu. Alkyabbarsa da ke fadowa tana ta bugi iska. Ta rude tana haki.

Nan da nan canjin zai cika, ƙaƙƙarfan haushi zai rufe jikin kyakkyawar mace gaba ɗaya, hannaye da gashi, an riga an canza su kaɗan, za su zama ƙwanƙwasa. Mutane da yawa masu zane-zane da sculptors na karni na XNUMX sun yi ƙoƙari su ba da mamaki ga mai kallo, amma babu wanda ya yi nasara kamar Bernini, wanda a gaskiya ya zama mashawarcin da ba a iya jayayya ba, wanda ya zama wajibi ga tsararrun masu fasaha.

Aikin, wanda ƙididdigansa ya kai ga ma'auni na gaske, an yi la'akari da su don ba da ra'ayi daban-daban. Bernini yana so ya sanya shi ta yadda idan ya shiga dakin da farko zai iya ganin Apollo kawai daga baya kuma ya yi la'akari da gaskiyar Daphne's metamorphosis. Hasali ma, daga wannan kusurwa za ka iya ganin bawon da ya riga ya lulluɓe jikin ƙwanƙwasa amma kuma hannun allahn wanda, bisa ga ayoyin Ovid, har yanzu yana jin bugun zuciyarsa a ƙarƙashin itacen. Ta hanyar tafiya a kusa da sassaka za a iya gano cikakkun bayanai game da canji.

APOLLO DAPNE NA BENINI

Fassarar Apollo da Daphne na Bernini

Wani zane-zane, wanda aka sanya a kan tushe, yana nuna wata magana a cikin Latin ta Maffeo Barberini, Paparoma Paul V na gaba: "Duk wanda yake son ya bi farin ciki a hanyar gudu, ya juya hannunsa zuwa rassan don girbi 'ya'yan itatuwa, maimakon haka ya girbe haushi". Sabili da haka, wannan rubutun yana nuna yadda ake amfani da batun tatsuniyoyi don bayyana ra'ayi na ɗabi'a: Daphne, ya rikide ya zama daji don tserewa zalunci na Apollo, ya zama alamar nagarta; a lokaci guda, ƙungiyar sculptures yana so ya yi gargadin kada su tsaya kawai a kyawawan abubuwan duniya.

Mun karanta a cikin Metamorphoses cewa: “Har yanzu yana addu’a, cewa ƙunci mai zurfi ya mamaye gaɓoɓinsa, ƙirjinsa mai taushi an naɗe da zaruruwa masu kyau, gashinsa ya bazu cikin ganyaye, hannuwansa cikin rassa; Ƙafafu, da sauri da sauri, sun makale a cikin tushen kasala, fuska ta ɓace cikin gashi: kawai tana kiyaye ƙawarta.

Salon mutum-mutumin

Bernini's Apollo da Daphne na ɗaya daga cikin mafi wakilcin sakamakon duk sassa na Baroque: halaye masu ƙarfi; tarwatsewar jiki; bayyanar cututtuka na gestural da physiognomic; marmara surface mai sheki; madauwari da hangen nesa da yawa na aikin; tunani da kuma sarari tasiri na aikin.

Mutum-mutumin da Gian Lorenzo Bernini ya sassaƙa suna bayyana motsin su saboda ƙarfinsu. Apollo da Daphne sun yi gaba kuma maganganunsu suna da ƙarfi. Tsokokin Apollo sun fito waje don wakiltar ƙarfin gudu. Madadin haka, jikin Daphne yana da santsi da kyan gani. Ana sassaƙa saman dutsen ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Tosco don wakiltar haushi. Daidai santsi don yin fata na manyan jarumai biyu.

Tare da Bernini's Apollo da Daphne (da sauran sassa na Scipion Borghese) ya kai matsayi mafi girma kuma mafi cikakken bayanin wakilcin motsi. Ya sami damar gyara lokaci guda na aikin, mai mahimmanci. A haƙiƙa, alkaluman nasa ba sa wakiltar gaskiya amma faruwar wannan gaskiyar, ba ta tabbata ba amma canjin gaskiyar. Apollo da Daphne sun kama cikin tseren, a daidai lokacin da budurwar ta rikide zuwa bishiya: wani lokaci kafin ta kasance mace, bayan wani lokaci ba za ta kasance ba.

APOllo DA DAPHNE NA BERNINI

Wadannan samarin biyu suna cikin ma'auni mai ma'ana, suna da alama ba su da daidaito, suna da alama su fadi a kowane lokaci. Apollo yana da ƙafar hagunsa a baya (batun goyon baya a ƙasa shine har yanzu ƙafarsa ta dama). Dafne, a gefe guda, a zahiri tana ɗagawa ta tushen tushen da suka tsiro daga ƙafafunta. A gaskiya ma, wakilcin motsi yana cikin arcs guda biyu da aka kwatanta da alkaluman da aka haɗa tare da madaidaicin karkace da aka kafa ta gangar jikin, rigar da makamai.

Bernini yana gogayya da Ovid, kuma duka biyun sun yi nasara, domin idan da gaske ne cewa waka ita ce ma’abucin zamani alhali fasahar siffa ita ce ma’abocin sararin samaniya, to, gaskiya ne cewa sculptor na Neapolitan ya juyar da wannan yanayin, yana cin gajiyar ikon. na motsi.

A cikin Bernini's Apollo da Daphne, ƙwaƙƙwaran kula da marmara, daga cikakken wakilcin foliage da yadudduka da iska ta ɗaga zuwa haushin gangar jikin, daga sako-sako da gashin masu fafutuka zuwa kallon da Daphne ya ruɗe da mamaki, yana ba da gudummawar kamawa. daidai aikin da ke gudana a gaban idon mai kallo.

Gabaɗaya, Bernini's Apollo da Daphne tabbas suna wakiltar ɗayan lokuta mafi nasara a cikin sassaken Baroque saboda aikin sa da yanayin tunani. Ƙarfin Bernini, a gaskiya, yana ba da wani sassaka wanda ba shi da ra'ayi mai gata, amma yana ba wa mai kallo damar da za a iya kamawa a cikin kowane daki-daki na kyawawan kyawawan dabi'u, na al'ada na fasahar Hellenistic, kuma a lokaci guda da jin dadi da wadata. cikakken bayani, na hali na baroque poetics.

tsarin abun ciki

Hoton Bernini na Apollo da Daphne yana da daidaito sosai. A haƙiƙa, wasu sassa suna faɗaɗa sararin samaniya yayin da wasu ke yin kwangila. Hakanan, layukan ƙarfi suna haifar da lanƙwasa biyu. Ɗaya yana tafiyar da tsawon jikin Apollo. Na biyu ya zo daidai da baka da jikin Daphne ya zana. Bernini ya ƙirƙiri jerin hanyoyin da sararin samaniya ke haifar da ɓarna waɗanda ke sa sassaka haske. An kirga su zuwa sama kamar suna shawagi.

APOLLO AND DAPNE BY BERNINI

Bernini ya san yadda za a warware hadadden matsala na dangantakar da ke tsakanin tursasawa da matsawa ta hanyar ingantaccen ma'auni mai kyau: jikin, ƙafafu da hannayensu na lambobi biyu sun shimfiɗa zuwa sararin samaniya, suna ƙin dokokin nauyi, amma ko da yaushe ko ta yaya daidaita ta hanyar. sauran sassan da ke shimfidawa a gaba.

Bernini kuma ya san yadda ake ɗaukar tambayar marmara zuwa matsanancin yuwuwar magana. Mai zanen ya kasance ci gaba da fare tare da madaidaicin iyakokin kayan, ƙalubalen da ya yi kama da yin watsi da ƙarancin marmara kuma hakan ya tura shi zuwa neman matsayi mai jajircewa kuma ya juya zuwa iyakar cancantar su, na ra'ayoyi, na'urori, camouflages. , ya sa ya yiwu a ƙetare ƙarfin nauyi.

Irin wannan sakamakon za a iya samu kawai godiya ga m fasaha iko. Kuma ba kwatsam ba ne cewa Bernini ƙwararren ƙwararren ƙwararren ƙwararren ƙwararren masani ne, wanda aka yi bikin saboda ƙwarewar sa na ban mamaki. Apollo na Bernini da Daphne, musamman, suna kama da mu'ujiza ta gaskiya ta fasaha.

Ana samun alkaluman guda biyu daga babban toshe guda ɗaya kuma zanen gadon ya kai ƙaramin kauri, ta yadda za su iya karya da sauƙi na matsi na yatsunsu. Mawaƙin ya kuma ƙware wajen nuna siliki na fata na Daphne wanda ya bambanta da ƙaurin sabon haushinta. Duk wannan yana haifar da mamaki da sha'awa.

Franco Borsi, daya daga cikin manyan malaman Baroque na Italiya, ya rubuta:

Tushen abin ban mamaki ba su keɓance ga duniyar Bernini ta kowace ma'ana ba, amma tabbas sun yaɗu a cikin duniyar al'adun da Bernini ke motsawa, mai da hankali da ƙima don kama muryoyin da za su raira waƙa. neman yarjejeniya”

APOLLO AND DAPNE BY BERNINI

Labarin Apollo da Daphne a cikin metamorphoses

Tatsuniya na Apollo da nymph Daphne ya gaya mana cewa allahn Apollo, ɗan Zeus, yana fahariya da sanin yadda ake amfani da baka da kibau ba kamar sauran ba, yana jawo fushin Cupid. Na karshen, don azabtar da girman kai na matasa, ya buge shi da kibiya da ke ƙauna da kyakkyawar nymph Daphne (wanda sunansa yana nufin "laurel" a cikin Girkanci), 'yar kogin Peneus da Gaia, Duniya.

Duk da haka, Daphne ta keɓe rayuwarta ga 'yar'uwar Apollo, allahiya Artemis, sadaukar da kai ga tsabta da kiyaye budurci, dabi'un da ta kasance mai goyon baya wanda ya tilasta wa nymphs na tawagarta su bi misalinta, a karkashin hukuncin da ya dace. azãba misali.

Apollo, cikin ƙauna, yana ƙoƙarin isa ga ƙaunataccensa Daphne, wanda ya nemi taimakon mahaifinta don kare rashin laifi. Saboda haka, Peneus, don hana samarin biyu haɗin kai, ya tabbatar da cewa siffar ɗan adam ta ’yar ta narke ta wurin taɓawar allah. Apollo, a gaskiya, ya bi Daphne har sai da ya kai kuma ya taba ta, ya ga ta canza zuwa laurel (laurel wreath yana daya daga cikin alamun allahn Apollo).

Wasu fannoni

Cardinal Scipion Caffarelli Borghese ne ya ba da umarnin sassaka sassa na Bernini na Apollo da Daphne daga Bernini. Hakanan ita ce buƙata ta ƙarshe da sanannen mai tarawa ya yi wa mai zane. Mawallafin ya fara aikin yana ƙarami, yana ɗan shekara ashirin da biyu, a shekara ta 1622. Daga nan aka tilasta masa ya katse aikin a lokacin rani na 1623.

Da farko sai da ya gama El David wanda Cardinal Alessandro Pedretti ya umarta. Ta haka ne Bernini ya ci gaba da aiwatar da hukuncin kisa na Apollo da Daphne a shekara ta 1624 tare da taimakon sculptor Giuliano Finelli, wanda ya kula da tushen da ganye. A cikin 1625 an gama sassaka kuma nan da nan ya gamu da babban nasara.

Mai zane

Godiya ga extroverted hazaka Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680, a duniya dauke da mafi muhimmanci artist na Turai XNUMXth karni: sculptor, m, zanen, mataki zanen, birane tsarawa, ya ko da yaushe kai, kuma a duk fannoni, matakan. na cikakkiyar inganci.

A cikin 1615, lokacin da yake ɗan shekara goma sha bakwai kawai, ya riga ya kasance ƙwararren ƙwararren wanda ya yi aiki, tare da mahaifinsa Pietro, mai sassaƙa kamarsa, a hidimar Paparoma mai mulki, Paul V, na Cardinal Maffeo Barberini, Paparoma Urban na gaba. VIII, kuma sama da duk Scipion Borghese (1576-1633). Scipion, ɗan'uwan pontiff, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane a Roma. Babban majiɓinci kuma tsohon mai goyon bayan Caravaggio, ya bambanta kansa da al'adunsa na ban mamaki da kuma sha'awar tattarawa.

Cardinal Borghese da kansa ya ba wa matashi Bernini babbar dama ta farko na aikinsa: ƙungiyoyin sassaka guda huɗu waɗanda za su sa ya shahara a matsayin mai fasaha. Wadannan ayyuka, wanda Scipion ya ba da izini a cikin 1618 don Villa Borghese, kuma aka sani da Borghese Gallery, sun wadatar da kayan fasaha na Cardinal da ya rigaya ya yi (wanda ke alfahari da kyakkyawan Caravaggio) kuma har yanzu suna cikin Roma a yau a cikin Borghese Gallery. Su ne Aeneas, Anchises da Ascanius, sace Proserpina, Apollo da Daphne da David.

An haifi Gian Lorenzo Bernini a Naples a cikin 1598, mahaifiyarsa Neapolitan ce, mahaifinsa Pietro Bernini sculptor ne, yana aiki a Naples, Florence da Roma. Pietro ya koma Roma tare da iyalinsa a shekara ta 1605, kuma Gian Lorenzo ya shafe yawancin rayuwarsa a Roma, sai dai ya daɗe a birnin Paris a shekara ta 1665, wanda Sarki Louis XIV ya kira. , kuma Bernini ya kasance mai kula da mafi mahimmancin kamfanoni a matsayin mai zane-zane, mai tsarawa da kuma gine-gine, musamman ga Paparoma da suka bi juna a cikin shekaru hamsin na aikinsa.

Gidan fasahar Roman a wannan lokacin Gian Lorenzo ne ya mamaye shi, a gabansa kawai Michelangelo ya kasance mai daraja irin wannan daga Fafaroma, haziƙai da masu fasaha. Akwai kamanceceniya da yawa tare da Michelangelo: ko da Bernini ya ɗauki sassaka babban sha'awarsa, tun yana yaro yana cikin dangi inda ake aiki da marmara kuma ya zama kayan da ya fi so. Kamar Michelangelo, shi ne cikakken artist: shi ne mai zane-zane, sculptor, m, mawãƙi, tsara zane da kuma a gaban kowane aiki ya san yadda za a keɓe kansa tare da babban maida hankali da kuma zurfin shiga cikin aikin.

Zane yana wakiltar masa mahimman hanyoyin duk ayyukansa na kirkire-kirkire, ta inda yake rubuta kowane ra'ayi, ra'ayi da mafita daga taƙaitaccen zane-zane zuwa mafi daidaitattun ayyukan da abubuwan ban dariya. Hazaka mai ban mamaki da kerawa da yake gudanar da kowane aiki da ita ita ma ba za ta iya musantawa ba. Bambance-bambancen da Michelangelo ya shafi batun ɗan adam da zamantakewa: Bernini mutum ne mai son jama'a, haziƙi kuma haziƙi, sadaukarwa ga dangi kuma ƙwararren mai tsarawa.

A 1611 Gian Lorenzo ya sami kansa mataimaki ga mahaifinsa Pietro Bernini, wanda ke aiki a kan agaji na Chapel na Paul V a Santa Maria Maggiore a Roma. Wannan bikin ya zama farkon aikinsa da kuma dukiyarsa, tun lokacin da Paparoma da Cardinal Scipion Borghese suka gargade shi, wanda ya ba shi kayan ado na gidansa. Bernini ɗan shekara sha tara ya ƙirƙiro jerin ƙungiyoyin tatsuniyoyi da mutummutumai da aka kashe tsakanin 1619 zuwa 1624, waɗanda har yanzu suke cikin Villa Borghese a Roma. Ya kasance a cikin hidimar Cardinal har zuwa 1624.

Tare da zaben Paparoma Urban VIII Barberini, Bernini, har yanzu yana matashi, ya zama jagora a rayuwar fasaha ta Roma kuma ya rike wannan matsayi a duk rayuwarsa, yana mai da kansa fiye da kowa ga ayyukan addini. Bayan mutuwar Carlo Maderno, a 1629 Gian Lorenzo aka nada " Architect na San Pietro ".

A cikin kuruciyarsa, a farkon shekarun XNUMX, aikinsa ya kasance mai matukar bukata a matsayin mai zanen hoto, amma tare da karuwar manyan kwamitocin, Bernini bai da lokacin da zai ba da kansa ga hoto. Tuni a karshen karni na ashirin da kuma a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa don cika duk alkawurran da ya yi na hayar mataimaka da kuma hotunan da aka yi a cikin shekarun da suka balaga ba su da yawa fiye da ayyukan da suka fi girma kamar mutum-mutumi, kaburbura, wuraren ibada, maɓuɓɓugan ruwa, murabba'ai. , majami'u, da aka gina a lokacin fasfofi na Urban VIII, Innocent X da Alexander VII.

Ko da zanen ya fi mayar da hankali ne a cikin shekaru ashirin, daga baya ya fi son sadaukar da kansa ga sassaka, yayin da yawancin ayyukan gine-ginen sun kasance a sama da matakin karshe na aikinsa, wanda ya dace da lokacin Alexander VII. Bernini ya mutu a Roma a shekara ta 1680.

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