Toltecs sun kasance ɗaya daga cikin wayewar Mesoamerican waɗanda suka sami damar haɓaka gine-gine a zamaninsu, waɗanda aka yi niyya da farko don dalilai na addini da na biki, don haka kyakkyawan aikinsu ne na ginin gine-gine. Cibiyoyin Bikin Toltec, cewa waɗannan sun zama wahayi zuwa ga sauran wayewa.
Halaye da ayyuka na cibiyoyin bukukuwan Toltecs
An san Toltecs saboda babban gudunmawar da suka bayar ga gine-gine a zamanin da, wannan ya sa ake kiran su manyan magina. Gina pyramids da cibiyoyin biki na Toltec, an yi aiki dalla-dalla waɗanda suka kasance kuma suna ci gaba da zama alamar kyakkyawa ta musamman, a cikin ci gaban waɗannan sun ƙara tunanin tatsuniyoyi da na addini.
Cibiyoyin bukukuwan Toltec su ne wuraren da ake miƙa sujada, girmamawa, da girmamawa ga alloli. An samo waɗannan a tsakiyar biranen wannan wayewar, kuma yawanci ana gano su ta hanyar manyan wurare masu siffar murabba'i, waɗanda aka tashi a kan wani dandali na dutse tare da ƙaƙƙarfan ɓangarorin, baya ga samun wasu matakan da ake amfani da su don isa saman waɗannan. Har ila yau, suna da manyan wuraren da aka rufe, da ginshiƙan katako da ginshiƙan dutse.
Yawancin lokaci ana sassaƙa ginshiƙan a cikin nau'ikan mayaka masu fuka-fukai ko macizai, da kuma mugayen al'amuran mutane da kwanyar. A kewayen wannan nau'in ginin akwai wasu ayyuka da aka yi da duwatsu, wanda shi ne inda manyan al'umma ke zaune, kamar shugabanni da limamai da jami'an wannan al'umma.
Sauran gidajen da ke cikin birni kuma masu wakiltar ƙananan jama'a irin su manoma, masu sana'a da 'yan kasuwa, an yi su ne da kayan da ba su da tsayin daka kamar bulo da laka.
A zamanin yau, an sami wasu masana tarihi waɗanda suka yi iƙirarin cewa wayewar Toltec tatsuniya ce, cewa wannan shine kawai jigon Aztec don ɗaukar sunan zuriyar ƙwararrun magina. Duk da haka, al'adun Nahuatl sun nanata cewa Toltec su ne farkon wayewa kuma sun haifar da babban hasashe a fasaha, gine-gine, da al'adu.
Muhimman Cibiyoyin Biki na Olan wasa
An kafa shi da farko azaman cibiyar bikin Toltec. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa duk da cewa wasu haikalin da aka ambata a nan suna da alaƙa da wasu al'adun maƙwabta, gine-ginen wuraren bikin yana nuna tasiri sosai na al'adun Toltec. Bayan haka, za mu yi cikakken bayani kan waxanda su ne manyan ayyuka masu girma da girma da wannan wayewar ta haifar, waxannan su ne:
Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli Temple
A cikin kusancin birnin Mexico, mai nisan kilomita 80 daga Tenochtitlán mai nisa, mun sami Tula, wanda a cikin kusan 700 AD shine birni mafi girma na Toltecs da yankin Mesoamerican; an kiyasta cewa fiye da mutane 85.000 ne suka zauna a wurin. Asalin sunan Tula, wannan birni mai nisa na Toltec shine Tollan Xicocotitlan, wanda a cikin Nahuatl yana nufin "wurin tul (babban bishiya) ko kuma ciyayi".
Yana cikin jihar Hidalgo da ke kudancin kasar kuma an gina shi a kan wani karamin dutse, wanda ke taimaka masa wajen kare shi daga masu cin nasara. Toltecs da ke zaune a wurin yawancin sojoji ne, amma kuma manoma da yawa ne ke zaune a cikinta.
Tula wani birni ne mai mahimmancin tattalin arziki, wanda aka sani don sarrafa turquoise da kasuwancin obsidian, muhimmancinsa yana da girma sosai cewa al'adunsa sun bazu zuwa Yucatan, ya isa El Salvador har ma da Nicaragua. Ranar farin ciki na Tula ya faru ne saboda faduwar Teotihuacán, saboda mutane da yawa sun yi ƙaura zuwa wurare da ke kusa.
Tarihin rugujewar wannan birni bai fito fili ba, amma ana kyautata zaton hakan ya faru ne saboda dalilai na addini. Masu bi na Quetzalcoatl sun ci gaba da jayayya da mabiyan gunkin Tezcatlipoca, wanda ya ci nasara kuma ya kori almajiran Quetzalcoatl daga birnin.
A halin yanzu, birnin Tula wani wurin shakatawa ne na kasa inda ake kiyaye tsoffin gine-gine kuma abin da ya fi jan hankalin maziyarta shi ne wuraren bukukuwansa, kamar:
An kafa haikalin Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli a cikin shekarun 1100, aiki ne mai girman gaske kuma an ƙawata shi gabaɗaya. Haikali mai tsayin mita 43 yana ƙarewa cikin bagadi; daki-daki na wannan haikalin yana nuna damuwar wannan al'ada don abubuwan da suka faru a sararin samaniya.
Ganuwar dakunan rana guda 5 an sassaka su da firizes masu yawa da ke nuna gungun masu tsananin fushi na ocelots, coyotes da gaggafa da ke mamaye zukatan mutane, da kuma abubuwan da ke tattare da duniyar Venus da ke da alaƙa da allahn ƙauna a al'adun Girka, an nuna Venus a nan kamar Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli. Ubangijin alfijir allah mai karfin hali.
Haikalin mai tsayin mita 9 ya rufe wani dogon ɗaki da aka lulluɓe da katako na katako kuma yana kan dutsen pilasters wanda ke nuna mayaƙan Toltec, yayin da aka ba da umarnin haikalin da Venus.
Huacapalco
Ana jin daɗin duk yankin Huapalcalco a matsayin ɗayan mafi girman sararin samaniya na wayewar kafin Hispanic, tunda asalin Toltecs ya zauna a wannan ɓangaren. A cikin wannan yanki da ke kan gangaren yammacin Cerro del Tecolote, wanda aka haɗa tare da ƙungiyoyin gine-gine 2. Bugu da ƙari, kasancewar haikali da sauran tsoffin abubuwan da aka gano, yankin yana da zane-zanen kogo da yawa tun kusan shekaru 13.
Ita ce wurin zama na Daular Toltec ta Biyu, kafin hijira zuwa Tula; A wannan wuri, cibiyar biki mai sassa uku ta fito da sifofin Teotihuacan, tsayinta ya kai mita 12, tsayinsa kuwa mita 8 ne. Hakazalika, akwai wani bagadi inda aka yi imani cewa yana aiki a matsayin ajiya na hadayu, saitin zane-zanen kogon da ke da dadadden tarihi kamar yadda aka ambata, ya sa wannan wuri ya zama wuri na farko da aka fara zama a cikin nahiyar Amurka.
Haikali na Warriors - Chichen Itza
An gina haikalin mayaƙan Chichen Itza a cikin shekara ta 1200 kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun ayyuka da ingantaccen kulawa a wannan wuri. Musamman, gininsa yana ba da halaye masu kama da na haikalin Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli a Tula, babban birni na Toltecs; musamman, don kafuwarta a zahiri sabuwar wayewar Mayan-Toltec wacce aka samar a nan Chichén Itzá.
Daga halaye dangane da gine-ginen sauran haikalin Toltec, zamu iya tantance kamanceceniya masu zuwa:
- Gabaɗayan ra'ayi na haikalin, wanda ke goyan bayan babban wuri mai tsarki na sama.
- Akwai wakilci iri ɗaya na Chac Mool a ƙofar.
- Yana da irin wannan nau'in kayan ado, kamar ga gaggafa da ocelot a gindin matakan.
- Yana da ginshiƙai masu siffar maciji, kansa a ƙasa, bakinsa a buɗe, yayin da jikinsa ya yi ƙugiya kuma jelarsa ta tashi don ɗaukar ƙwanƙolin ƙofar.
- A gindin haikalin, kun haɗu da nau'in ginshiƙai iri ɗaya tare da zanen mayaka.
Haikalin mayaƙan an saka shi a matsayin El Castillo, saboda ainihin aikin da aka samu a cikin haikalin da ake da shi. Haikalin na asali kuma yana da Chac Mool a ciki da kuma nau'ikan da ake amfani da shi da Mayans.
Wannan ginin yana kunshe da wani dandali mai siffar murabba'i wanda ya kai kimanin mita 40 a kowane gefe. Tana da gangar jikin wanda ya kunshi gangara da masara da aka yi wa ado da bas-reliefs inda muke ganin mayaka da gaggafa da dowa suna ta ratsa zukatan mutane.
Matakan yana fuskantar yamma kuma yana da kayan taimako na macizai masu ruɗewa waɗanda kawunansu ke fitowa. Akwai wani haikali mai siffar murabba'i tare da tushe na mita 21 a kowane gefe, yana barin wani faffadan dandali a gaba tare da pilasters da aka yi wa ado da siffofi na alloli da mayaƙa waɗanda suka tayar da katako a kan rufi.
Gaban haikalin yana hade da bango mai karkata da kuma tsaye, kamar wani shinge mai katsewa don samun damar farko, kuma an ƙawata shi a kowane wuri ta hanyar panel tare da mashin fuska uku na Chac, 1 tare da siffar allahn Kukulkan yana fitowa daga bakin maciji mai yatsa mai cokali mai yatsu, da wasu mayuka 3 na Chac a kusurwa, daya a saman daya kuma mai lankwasa da fitattun hanci. Sa'an nan kuma wani santsi mai santsi tsakanin cornice guda biyu, yana ƙarewa da yaƙi a kan rufin, wanda babu abin da ya rage.
A kan dandali da kuma gaban babbar kofar shiga akwai Chac Mool, da dadewa ana ganinsa a matsayin wani abin bautar da ke aiki a matsayin matsakanci tsakanin Allah Madaukakin Sarki da 'yan Adam, domin daukar kyautar da suka yi.
zompantli
Wannan bagadi ne inda aka rataye kawunan ƴan bautar da aka kashe a gaban jama'a don ɗaukaka gumakansu. Rarraba ce da ta samo asali daga al'adar Mesoamerican na fille kan wadanda aka yi wa yankan dan Adam da kuma ajiye kwanyarsu a cikin wani nau'in shinge na katako. Ana iya ganin irin wannan bagadai a sassa daban-daban na Mexico kamar Chichen Itza, Tula da kuma a cikin Templo Mayor da ke tsakiyar birnin Mexico.
Idan kun sami wannan labarin game da Cibiyoyin Bikin Toltec mai ban sha'awa, muna gayyatar ku don jin daɗin waɗannan labaran: