Howler Monkey Features, Reproduction and More

What is the conversation of the howler monkeys about? They seem to be talking to each other but what happens is that with its howl, the howler monkey makes sure that others do not occupy its territory, or it serves to give alerts or for the courtship of females. Surely his howl has other functions, but to find out, we invite you to continue this reading.

Howler monkey

the howler monkey

The howler monkey is a variety of primate from the New World, from Central and South America specifically, which is particularly recognized for its sonorous vocalizations which are described as howls. It is better referred to as the mantled howler monkey, although it is also known as the mantled howler monkey, araguato, coastal howler, black howler, Tumbes monkey preserve, black preserve, golden howler monkey, brown howler monkey, howler monkey, mong monkey, zambo monkey, howler monkey or brown saraguato or carayá.

Etymology

The term "Alouatta", from the French "alouate", which means "loud voice", is a word that originates in the indigenous dialects of the Caribbean. The name "palliata" is derived from the Latin "pallium", which is a kind of Greek mantle and "atus" from the Latin, whose meaning is "provided with". Therefore, its name alludes to the more extensive and yellowish-white fur that it has on the sides of its body, which looks like a cape or mantle (Tirira, 2004).

Taxonomy and Common Names

The howler monkey (Alouatta palliata) is part of the Atelidae family among the New World primates (platyrrhines), a group that includes howler monkeys, spider monkeys, woolly monkeys and muriquíes. The variety forms part of the Alouattinae subfamily whose solitary genus is Alouatta, in which all the howler monkeys congregate, of which three subspecies are recognised:

  • Alouatta palliata aequatorialis in Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama and Peru,
  • Alouatta palliata palliata in Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua and
  • Alouatta palliata mexicana in Mexico and Guatemala.

Other authors consider two additional subspecies, which are frequently classified as subspecies of Allouatta coibensis (Coiba Island howler ape). However, mitochondrial DNA tests have shown that their classification is still incomplete.

Howler monkey

According to the region in which it lives, it is known as howler monkey, howler of the coast, howler monkey araguato, monkey zambo, black howler, black monkey, monkey cotudo, along the Caribbean coast of Colombia; black monkey in the area of ​​the Pacific coast of Colombia (sometimes it also applies to Ateles belzebuth); monkey chongo and chongón, in the southern area of ​​the Pacific coast of Colombia, near Ecuador; Gueviblanco (Chocó).

These are some Colombian indigenous denominations: kotudú (Noahamá); cuara (Choko); uu (Cuna); and Ecuadorians: Aullaj munu (quichua). Meanwhile in French it is called hurleur manteau; in German Mantelbrüllaffe; and in English black howler, black howling monkey, mantled howler or Golden-mantled Howling Monkey.

Characteristics of the Howler Monkey

It is large and stocky with long, strong limbs, when compared with numerous other classes of monkeys in the American tropical forests. Its average total length is between 70 and 140 centimeters and its average weight between 3,6 and 7,6 kilograms. The weight of males is greater than that of females, so it is estimated that there is a slight sexual dimorphism. Its head is of considerable size and its face is naked and pigmented in a dark color.

Its fur is soft and shiny, brown to reddish brown, yellowish on the sides; certain individuals show blond patches in places such as the tail, base of the back or underside of the hand. The position of his thumbs is opposite and opposable. Its tail is long and thin, it can even be longer than its entire body, and it is very useful for them to maintain their balance. It is also prehensile, that is, with grasping capacity, in such a way that a howler monkey can cling to a branch with its tail as if it were another hand.

It has a small and not very long snout with powerful jaws and rounded nostrils. The neck is also extensive. It has large vocal cords, and the males have special chambers in their throats that allow the sounds they emit to achieve great range and power. The howls it produces, primarily at dawn and dusk, are so powerful that they can be heard many kilometers away and serve to warn other groups of its presence.

They congregate in groups of about 20 individuals, but usually meet in modest groups. Males and females become independent upon reaching sexual maturity. In each group there is a dominant male who demands his right to mate with the females. Usually females can have their first offspring at the second year of age, the gestation period can last a semester, the wait between births is two years.

Your diet is composed in even proportions of tender leaves and fruits, and to a lesser extent of flowers, which is variable according to the place, sex, season of the year and existence of food. Despite being under threat due to deforestation, its kind of diet and its willingness to live in small areas, allows it to adapt, being able to subsist in fragmented and intervened forests. Its nature is territorial.

Geographic Area and Habitat

This variety of howler monkey inhabits most of Central America and northwestern South America. It is located in southern Mexico, the central region of Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, north and west of Colombia, western Ecuador and the Tumbes Region in Peru.

In Mexico, it is distributed primarily in the south of Veracruz, Tabasco and Chiapas, places where its populations have been severely reduced, so its distributions are restricted to very small spaces. Its main habitat is the humid tropical forest. It populates a great variety of environments such as secondary class, semi-deciduous, humid, dry or mountain forests. It is inclined towards tropical climates of the warm sub-humid type, in low altitude areas. In Mexico it can be found at altitudes close to 900 meters above sea level.

Alouatta palliata shares its same geographic area with another variety of howler, the Guatemalan black howler (Alouatta pigra) in a delimited area in Guatemala and Mexico close to the Yucatan peninsula.

Probably it has not adapted like its relative Alouatta seniculus to subsist in areas of intervened and fragmented forest, being, instead, better suited to populate forests with more closed vegetation, the latter adapting better to floodplain forests, gallery forests and wastelands. In Colombia, in the vicinity of the Atrato River, it also converges with the Alouatta seniculus variety.

The howler monkey is found in Colombia primarily in humid to semi-deciduous forests on mountainous slopes. In Central America it inhabits a great diversity of forests, mainly in low-altitude enduring forests, it is also found in mangroves, dry deciduous forests and intervened forests. It establishes predominantly in the middle and high canopy; like Alouatta seniculus, they usually come down to the ground and can swim deftly. Regularly avoids floodable forests and mangrove swamps near coasts.

In short, the howler monkey can be located in the following regions by country:

  • Mexico: States of Veracruz, Tabasco, Oaxaca, Chiapas and the south of the state of Campeche.
  • Guatemala: In the department of Chiquimula.
  • Honduras: throughout the nation, excluding certain borders with El Salvador.
  • Nicaragua: throughout the nation.
  • Costa Rica: throughout the nation, excluding Cocos Island.
  • Panama: throughout the nation.
  • Colombia: Departments of Magdalena, Atlántico, Bolívar, Córdoba, Sucre, Antioquía, Chocó, Valle del Cauca, Cauca and Nariño.
  • Ecuador: all the coastal provinces: Esmeraldas, Manabí, Santa Elena, Guayas, Azuay, El Oro and Los Ríos.
  • Peru: Departments of Tumbes and Piura.

Anatomy and Physiology

The morphology of this variety is similar to that of other species of the Alouatta genus except for the coloration, which is predominantly black with golden or yellowish lateral bands, however, brown or dark gray animals have been known. The head is of considerable size compared to the body, the face is black and hairless. Like all members of the Atelidae family, the tail is prehensile, long and strong with a hairless pad near the tip. Adult males show a white scrotum.

There is a clear sexual dimorphism, where males are larger than females, weighing 5,5 to 9,8 kilograms, while females weigh 3,1 to 7,6 kilograms. The hair around the face is quite extensive and abundant. The length of its body alone is from 481 to 675 millimeters, with an average of 561 millimeters for males and 520 millimeters for females. Its tail reaches 545 and 655 millimeters with an average of 583 millimeters for males and 609 millimeters for females.

Other analyzes carried out in Colombia estimate a body weight of 6 to 8 kilograms with an average for both sexes of 6,6. The brain mass of this ape barely weighs 55 grams, smaller than some more modest platyrrhines. such as the white-headed capuchin (Cebus capucinus). This variety of primate is adapted for a primarily folivorous diet, which is why their molars have raised ridges on their molars, very useful for this vegetarian diet.

Behavior

The behavior shown by howler monkeys when it comes to feeding, organizing and reproducing, despite the fact that it can differ between species, maintain certain similarities. The impact that the alteration of their habitats has had has also introduced modifications to such behaviors, and to which we will refer below.

Diet

Your dietón is cComposed of leaves and fruits in relatively equal proportions, but also eat flowers. Research has determined that the percentage composition of their diet is 48,2% leaves, 42,1% fruits, and 17,9% flowers. The percentage of time dedicated to the consumption of leaves, according to a study, is as follows:

  • Ficus yaponensis (Moraceae) 20,95%,
  • Ficus insipidus (Moraceae) 14,89%,
  • Brosimum alicastrum (Moraceae) 6,08%,
  • Platypodium elegans (Leguminosae) 5,65%,
  • Inga fagifolia (Leguminosae) 3.86%,
  • Poulsenia armata (Moraceae) 3,63%,
  • Spondias mombin (Anacardiaceae) 2.63%,
  • Cecropia insignis (Moraceae) 2.24%,
  • Hyeronima laxiflora (Euphorbiaceae) 1.99%, and
  • Lacmellea panamensis (Apocynaceae) 0.67%.

While the percentage of time dedicated to the consumption of fruits according to their family is:

  • Moraceae 47,79%,
  • Leguminosae 9,5%,
  • Anacardiaceae 2.62%,
  • Euphorbiaceae 1,99% and
  • Apocynaceae 1,67%.

They prefer fresh leaves, which provide them with more protein than the mature ones. In an investigation carried out in Mexico, 27 varieties were recorded as a food source, with 89% of the time dedicated to 8 species, frequently from the Moraceae family (58,4 .22,6%), being the most important Ficus spp., Poulsenia armata, Brosimum alicastrum, Cecropia obtusifolia and Pseudomedia oxyphyllaria. The other documented families were Lauraceae with 4,9% and Leguminosae with XNUMX%

In another study, the time used to eat mature leaves was recorded in 19,5%, fresh leaves in 44,2%, flowers 18,2%, fruits 12,5% ​​and nectar 5,7%. In that same investigation, 62 varieties of 27 families were determined, where the most important were Leguminosae, escorted by Moraceae and Anacardiaceae.

The food varieties with the greatest presence were Andira inermis (15%), Pithecellobium saman (10,04%), Pithecellobium longifolium (7.92%), Anacardium excelsum 7,23%, Licania arborea (7,06%), Manilkara achras (6.19 %), Astronium graveolens (5.46%) and Pterocarpus hayseii (4.71%). In Costa Rica, the time used to feed on leaves was recorded in 49%, fruits in 28% and flowers in 22,5%.

In Colombia, in the rain forest of Chocó, it was determined that the howler monkey eats 51 varieties of plants that are part of 22 families and 35 genera. The families that appeared most frequently were Moraceae and Mimosaceae, in which he spent 76% of the time spent, followed by Caesalpinaceae, Sapotaceae, Cecropiaceae, Annonaceae and Myristicaceae. The most frequently consumed varieties were: Brosimum utile, Ficus tonduzii, Inga macradenia, Pseudolmedia laevigata and Lacmellea cf. floribunda.

Social structure

They are generally not aggressive, although they can resort to violence. Cases have been observed in which groups of single males dislodge the males of another group, killing the youngest specimens, which stimulates sexual heat among the females.

Alouatta palliata gathers in groups of 6 to 23 individuals, a higher figure on average than in Alouatta seniculus. In locations such as Barro Colorado Island, groups with average numbers of 20,8 and 21,5 were found, one of the highest ever recorded for this species. Usually in each group there are two or three adult males, which contrasts with Alouatta seniculus, whose groups usually have only one male. These groups regularly count from 4 to 6 females, being able to reach 7 to 10.

Each group extends over territories of 10 to 60 hectares, but more modest territories of between 3 and 7 hectares have been recognized in certain forests of Panama, probably due to overpopulation caused by migration from nearby forests that have been cut down. The daily journeys to obtain food that have been recorded average 123 meters (range from 11 to 503 meters), 443 meters (range from 104 to 792 meters) and 596 meters (range from 207 to 1261 meters).

In the coastal forests of Panama overpopulated by individuals from devastated forests, a density of 1.050 individuals per square kilometer (km²) was found. However, densities of 16 to 90 specimens per km² are regularly achieved on Barro Colorado Island, Panama, 23 per km² in Mexico and 90 per km² in Costa Rica. In Colombia, 0,7 to 1.5 clusters per km² were located.

Social Systems

Most varieties of howlers subsist in groups of 6 to 15 animals, with one to three adult males and multiple females. In contrast, mantled howler monkeys are an exception, since their groups regularly consist of 15 to 20 individuals with more than three adult males. The number of males in a given group is inversely proportional to the size of their hyoid (a bone inside their throat that enlarges to make their howl more powerful), which cual is didirectly related to the size of his testicles.

In such a way that this results in two different groupings, in one there is a male with a larger hyoid and smaller testicles that mates with a particular group of females. In the other grouping there are more males with hyoidis more psmall but with large testicles that mate freely with the entire group of females. The greater the number of males, the smaller the hyoids, and the larger the testicles.

In contrast to most New World primates, in which one sex remains with its natal grouping, the young of both sexes leave their original groupings, so howler monkeys would spend most of their adulthood in company of apes with which they had no prior relationship.

Physical confrontations between members of the group are unusual and frequently short-lived, however, serious injuries can occur. Within the same sex fights rarely break out, but even more rare are aggressions between different sexes. The size of each group varies according to species and location, with a ratio of about one male to four females.

Tools use

Howler monkeys were considered to be animals incapable of using tools. However, in 1997 a howler from Venezuela (Alouatta seniculus reportedly) could be seen using a stick to try to hit a Linnaeus two-toed sloth (Choloepus didactylus), which was resting in its tree. This suggests that other howler monkeys, like this one, could also use tools in ways that have not yet been observed.

Communication

The most notorious of this species are its vocal maneuvers, its howl being one of those recognized for its power among the New World apes. This sound is emitted primarily to warn males of other groups or when they hear thunder and airplanes, and is generally accompanied by growls emitted by females and young in the group. Other sound manifestations according to Neville et al. (1988) are listed below:

  • «initial roar»: short roar (popping) of adult males in disturbances as referred to above.
  • «bombastic roar»: high tone at the end of the common roar of adult males at the end of their howl.
  • «accompanying roar»: high-pitched whimper of females and juveniles to accompany male roar.
  • «Barking (wuf) of the male»: deep bark with 1-4 repetitions exclaimed in groups of adult males when disturbed.
  • «female bark»: high-pitched bark of females when disturbed.
  • «Initial male bark»: faint barking of adult males when slightly disturbed.
  • «Initial female bark»: faint barking of females when males are slightly disturbed.
  • «Oodle»: rhythmic reiterations of air pulses emitted by disturbed and violent adults.
  • «Moan»: sound laments of infants, young people and adult females when they are «frustrated».
  • «Eh»: repeated exhalation every few seconds by infants to maintain contact.
  • «Cackle»: high and repeated clucking by infants, young and adult females when feeling threatened.
  • «Squawk»: succession of three notes of crying uttered by infants when they get lost or are away from his mother.
  • «wrah ha»: sonority of 2-3 syllables of the mother when she is separated from her son.
  • «Howl»: like the canine howl, uttered by infants, youngsters and adult females when they are very frightened.
  • «Shriek»: Striking EEEeee of infants, youngsters and adult females when they are very frightened.
  • «infant barking»: loud and explosive barking, rarely manifested by infants when distressed.
  • «Purr»: like the cat's purr, uttered by infants when in close contact with the mother's body.

Locomotion

In an investigation carried out in Barro Colorado where the use of time throughout the day was evaluated, it was determined that they spend 65,54% on their rest, 10,23% on moving, and 16,24% on eating. Another study showed that howler monkeys spent 58,42% of the time resting, 15,35% eating, 14,68% moving around, and 11,54% socializing.

It moves in a quadrupedal position 70% of the time; they jump rarely and frequently hold on to their tails while feeding. Another study evidenced a quadruped displacement in 47% of the occasions, they hang in 37% of the times, and mixed 10% of the opportunities. The positions adopted by this species are: 53% sitting, 20% standing, 12% lying down, and 11% holding their feet and tail. They doze on horizontal branches in medium-sized trees around the place where they fed. previous day.

Reproduction

Males reach sexual maturity at 42 months and females at 36 and their sexual period is 16,3 days. Pheromones are likely to play a role throughout the sexual cycle, as males sniff the genitalia and lick urine from females. The predominant male in the group has the right to mate with the females. Gestation lasts 186 days and births take place throughout the year.

Usually a single calf is produced, which is completely dependent on its mother. As soon as it is born, its prehensile tail does not work, being useful at 2 months. They hold on to their mother's womb until 2 or 3 weeks, which is when they start clinging to her back. Maternal care extends up to 18 months.

In this species, the care of the father is notorious since the mothers are rather passive, even so they can wait for them and support them when the young cannot overcome the spaces between trees. For this, they can also get the support of the other adult members of the group.

Predators

Among its natural predators are the jaguar (Panthera onca), the puma (Puma concolor), the ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) and the harpy eagle (Harpia harpyja), to which are added weasels and snakes, which primarily feed on infants, resulting in only about 30% of howler infants living longer than a year.

As their infant mortality is the lowest, it can be pointed out as a great reproductive triumph that achieved by the females of medium rank, which, having the alpha position of greater inferiority, probably caused by competitive pressures, congregate at the time of the births. If surviving infancy, a howler can usually live for about 25 years.

Howler Monkey Conservation

This variety of howler monkeyor is considered on the Red List of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as a species of least concern. In all the territories where it is distributed, it is not under severe threat, however in certain localities their populations face habitat loss and illegal hunting. For example, in the Azuero peninsula there is a profound devastation of its habitat and in other cases its fragmentation.

In the Colombian department of Chocó, the howler monkey has been subjected to an extended hunting process by Afro-Colombian and indigenous people. In addition to this, on the Atlantic coast of the country at least 90% of the forests have been destroyed in order to extend crops.

However, Alouatta palliata is a variety that can adapt to living in young forests over 60 years old, and can withstand fractionation and the edge effect (approximation to a different habitat), when compared to other species. This is due to the fact that their lifestyle requires a low energy consumption, the small size of the territory they need and their varied diet.

It has great ecological relevance for various reasons, primarily as a seed disseminator and as a germinator, since the seeds that travel through the digestive tract of the howler monkey are more likely to germinate. Beetles of the superfamily Scarabaeoidea, which are also seed dispersers, appear to depend on the existence of Alouatta palliata. To prevent their international commercialization, these primates are under the protection of different agreements worldwide.

Ecology of the Amazon Red Howler Monkey

Due to its extensive distribution area, the ecology of the Amazonian red howler monkeyco varies significantly between study sites. Red howlers are primarily herbivores with a frugivorous and folivorous propensity, where they incorporate the consumption of fruits, fruit pulp and leaves, and additionally supplement their diet with roots, flowers, epiphytes, seeds, berries, drupes, petioles, buds, bark, wood, vines, lianas and other plant elements.

Among the frequent foods for this primate are plants of the Ficus, Clarisia, Xylopia, Cecropia, Ogcodeia, and Inga genera. Generally, red howlers are inclined to consume large or medium-sized fruits that have a juicy pulp and a bright color. Of the neotropical apes, they are possibly the most folivorous, choosing to consume the freshest leaves over the mature ones.

The number of plant varieties that they eat can be quite high, even registeringThere are 195 species from 47 families in their diet, however this number is unusual. It is possible that this data is an exception and primarily refers to the high biodiversity and existence of said food in the study site. This species of ape is also a relevant component in the spread of plants through the seeds they eat and then disperse in their habitat.

The existence of the fruits in the natural environment of the Amazonian red howler monkey is frequently very seasonal, and as a consequence, its relative significance within the dieta varies fromAccording to the year and between places of study. In such a way that, at certain times throughout the annual cycle, this variety of primate is predominantly folivorous, while other times they can be primarily frugivorous.

In Colombia in the Tinigua National Park, what the Amazon howler eats changes according to the existence of food, but the two most important foods are fruits and leaves that comprise between 10-49% and 43-76% of their diet, respectively. throughout the year. In the period of lack of fruits, between September and November, the leaves come to occupy a higher proportion in the diet than the fruits. The rest of the diet throughout the year is made up of seeds (2-8%), flowers (3-6%) and other foods (1-2%).

It is known that in Tinigua, the richness of fruits rises at the beginning of the rainy season (March-May) as well as in the dry season (December-February). In Peru, in the Pacaya-Samiria National Reserve, the availability of fruits is similar to what happens in Tinigua, except that there is a general shortage in the dry season. In this place of the study, the time dedicated to feeding was distributed in fruits (72%), leaves (25%) and flowers (3%).

Amazonian red howler monkeys do not need to drink water, so they can survive in areas far from natural water. These apes have also been seen eating from the ground in areas of salt accumulation, as well as feeding on termite nest material, something that they usually repeat for two or three days.

In addition to the above, a male howler monkey was observed catching and eating green iguanas in French Guiana. However, this is the only documented example of predatory behavior in the species, so it can only be attributed to that individual.

Although the Amazonian red howler monkeys are a kind of diurnal habits, they show differences in their daily behavior between the dry and rainy seasons. In Venezuela, throughout the dry season, their daily activities were divided between resting (37.9%), dozing (24.0%), eating (19.8%) and moving around (18.4%). Throughout the rainy season, the proportions of daily activities varied from resting (43.2%), dozing (18.2%), eating (23.8%), and moving (14.8%).

In other places, the proportions of time they spend on such activities are similar, with the propensity to spend half the time resting and eating, while the remaining time is spent moving. It has been suggested that Amazonian red howlers rest much of their time as a result of a diet primarily made up of leaves and the inconveniences related to the digestion of this material.

Throughout the rainy season, Amazonian red howler monkeys spend more time feeding and less time resting than in the dry season. Throughout a typical day of the dry season, there are two main periods in which they feed, a period of great intensity in the morning and one in the afternoon, the same pattern that was also observed in the Andean region. In addition to this intensive feeding pattern, there may be up to three or four more modest feeding sessions throughout the day.

A general pattern that has been recognized is feeding with more fruit in the morning and more leaves in the afternoon. Daily chores, particularly feeding, usually begin before dawn and stop just before night falls. Amazonian red howlers spend the night in the canopy and are kept in intimate contactphysical act within their group.

The home environment varies from 0,03 to 1,82 square kilometers (0,1 to 0,7 square miles), but in most studies, these areas are within the lower parameters of what can vary . There are some indications that hint at relatively stable home environment areas.

These home environments often overlap with those of other groupings, so this species cannot be considered strictly territorial. The trees that these primates use to sleep are located in specific areas within the aforementioned home environment as well as in areas that overlap with the home environments of other groups.

The average length of the daily trips made by these primates is between 980-1150 meters (3.215,2-3.773,0 feet) per day, but they can travel between 340 and 2.200 meters (1.115,5 and 7.217,8 feet). feet). A probable case of the use of instruments or intentional manipulation was seen in a wild male Amazonian red howler monkey, which was seen repeatedly hitting a sloth (Choloepus didactylus) with a stick. of this behavior is still unknown.

Due to its wide distribution over huge areas, the Amazonian red howler can continuously cohabit in the same environments as other varieties of primates. These include members of the genera Callithrix, Saguinus, Saimiri, Aotus, Callicebus, Pithecia, Cacajao, Cebus, Lagothrix, and Ateles.

The spider monkeys (Ateles paniscus) are evicted by the Amazonian red howlers when they find themselves in the same tree where they provide themselves with wild fruits. In addition to this, white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) form associations with Amazonian red howler monkeys. The deer stay under the trees in which the apes eat their food, which provides them with some of the food that these apes may accidentally drop on the forest floor.

Birds of prey are par excellence, the predatory animals of the Amazonian red howler monkeys. Harpy eagles (Harpia harpyja) have been observed attacking, killing, and consuming adult howler monkeys, particularly in cleared or forest border environments where these primates are defenseless against harassment by these raptors.

There is evidence that suggests that jaguars (Panthera onca) are also predators of the Amazonian red howler monkeys, despite the fact that this has not been observed directly. Other potential predators, although not confirmed, include cougars (Felis concolor), foxes (Cerdocyon thous), ocelots (Leopardus pardalis), alligators (Caiman crocodiles), and boa constrictors.

Communal defecation is typical of Amazonian red howler monkeys, although certain individuals may defecate alone. In general, the group defecates at the same time and from the same tree or group of trees and this behavior usually takes place in the mornings luewake up, at noon and after the period of rest.

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